INTERNSHIP REPORT ON

SAEED AHMED CHAUDARY (2008-URTB-8275) B.Sc. (Hons) Agriculture DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE

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CERTIFICATE
It is to certify that Mr. SAEED AHMED CH, Reg # 2008-URTB-8275 Student of B.Sc.(Hons) Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, university of Poonch,Rawalakot, have completed the Islamabad, from 9th internship at NIOA, National Agricultural Research Center July to 20th September, 2012 under our supervision and

completed all the experiments necessary at this level of study.

Supervisory Committee Supervisor at NARC: _________________________

Dr. M. Riaz Chattha PSO/Director National Institute of Organic Agriculture National Agricultural Research Center Islamabad.

Co- Supervisor at NARC: __________________________

Mr. Abdul Sattar Anjum Scientific Officer National Institute of Organic Agriculture National Agricultural Research Center Islamabad.

Internal Supervisor at UOP:

________________________________ Mr. Raiz Ahmed Lecturer Department of Horticulture University of Poonch, Rawalakot.

Chairman of Department:

_________________________________ Prof. Zulfiqare Ali Shah Department of Horticulture University of Poonch, Rawalakot

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DEDICATION

To HOLY PROPHET (PBUH)

AND TO MY EVER LOVING PARENTS, ALWAYS GUIDING TEACHERS, MY FRIENDS AND MY BROTHERS WHO UPLIFTED ME ALL THE TIME AND ALL THE WAY.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are highly grateful to Almighty ALLAH, the omnipotent; the most compassionate who bestowed us with his blessing and his beloved Prophet HAZRAT MUHAMMAD (S.A.W) who made it compulsory for every Muslim to get knowledge from cradle to grave. Now we would like to pay our sincere gratitude and deep thanks to Supervisor Dr. M. Riaz Chattha (PSO/Director NIOA), Co-supervisor Mr. Abdul Sattar Anjum (SO), Mr. M. Imran (SSO), for providing guidance, moral and technical support throughout our internship period. We feel high privilege in taking this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to Mr.Zulfiqare Shah, Chairman, Department of Horticulture, UOP and Mr Raiz Ahmed lecturer, Department of horticulture, UOP for their dexterous supervision, inspiring and impetuous guidance, valuable suggestion and technical help throughout the progress of study.

Mr. Saeed Ahmed Ch, (Regd. No. 2008-URTB-8275)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr. # 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16 Certificate Dedication Acknowledgement Background Introduction of Islamabad Pakistan Agriculture Research Council (PARC) National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) Crop Sciences Institute(CSI) National Institute of Organic Agriculture (NIOA) Compost Preparation And Its Use In Organic Farming Introduction Review of literature Materials And Methods Results And Discussion Conclusion References Contents Page No. 2 3 4 6 8 11 19 20 27 33 31 32 34 39 40 41

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INTERNSHIP REPORT
BACKGROUND Pakistan's estimated population is over 187 million making it the world's sixth mostpopulous country and 40 % of its population is living below poverty line. During 1950 2011, Pakistan's urban population expanded over sevenfold, while the total population increased by over fourfold. In the past, the country's population had a relatively high growth rate that has, however, been moderated by declining fertility and birth rates. The population growth rate now stands at 1.6%. The total geographical area of Pakistan is 79.6 million hectares. About 27 percent of the area is currently under cultivation. Of this area, 80 percent is irrigated. In this regard, Pakistan has one of the highest proportions of irrigated cropped area in the world. The cultivable waste lands offering good possibilities of crop production amount to 8.9 million hectares. Growth in cropped area is very impressive: from 11.6 million hectares in 1947 to 22.6 million hectares in 2007. More specifically; the agricultural sector plays an important part in Pakistan's economy by: contributing 24 percent towards GDP, providing food to about 130 million people, earning about 60 percent of the country's total export earnings, providing employment to 47 percent of the total work force, providing the main source of livelihood for the rural population of Pakistan, providing raw materials for many industries and a market for many locally produced industrial products. Pakistan is being as agricultural country is facing rural poverty, land degradation, low yield, natural catastrophe and climate change. Organic farming is a production system that respond to site-specific conditions by integrating cultural, biological, and mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources, promote ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity Organic agriculture is a holistic way of farming: besides production of goods of high quality, an important aim is the conservation of the natural resources fertile soil, clean eater and rich biodiversity.

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There are some benefits of organic farming, which are given as; Organic farming is a science within itself that conventional farmers can learn while they transfer their capital resources and skills to master a trade that can be even more profitable than conventional farming. Researchers in the United States have found that by following organic farming methods, conventional farmer can actually reduce production cost by over 25%. This is accomplished by eliminating the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, minimizing soil erosion by up to 50% and increasing crop yields up to five-fold within five years. Regardless of products produced, a well planned transition strategy will allow conventional farmers to adopt new, more effective organic farming process in as little as three to five years. Organic farms can support substantially higher levels of wildlife especially in lowlands and where animals can roam pastures or graze on grassland. Not only does wildlife benefit, but entire ecosystems and ground water are improved by simply following organic farming methods. Organic farming practices not only benefit farmers and consumers; but the dairies can benefit. When dairies feed their cows organic feed and graze them on organic fields, the cows experience better health, less sickness, diseases and ultimately produce better tasting milk for consumers. Organic farming promotes soils that are teaming with life and rich in micro nutrients which can be used for decades to grow crops virtually year round in many parts of the world. Organically grown products are free from harmful chemicals, artificial flavors and preservatives that ultimately cost consumers money when they purchase nonorganically grown products. Eating organic foods may in fact, reduce the risk of heart attacks, strokes and cancer for individuals who abstain from consuming products produced by conventional farming methods. Since organic farming is a new practice it needs competent and reliable management. Major problem is lack of public awareness of organic food. Development of viable producer and consumer linkages. Poverty alleviation, sustainable development, food security, agrarian reforms and appropriate technologies better farm management is needed. Due to lack of marketing structure, organic products are sold at the market rate of conventional produce. Artificial price structure bring disadvantage to consumer as well as producer. Organic farms spent more on labor for spreading manure. Organic farmer suffers due to labor charges and shortage of labor.

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In future, Governments will have to design better Trade regulation which is socially fair, ecologically sound and better standards for green and fair trade. In future, it is important to establish promotion and training programs to foster export opportunities for organic products. Future attention should be given to meet the guarantee system that will ensure organic quality and allow consumer to develop their preferences for organic products with feeling of trust. In future we have to develop a practical and sophisticated monitoring procedure that is applicable to different farming structures and maintain international standards. In future need proper organic standards, rules and regulation.

INTRODUCTION
ISLAMABAD Islamabad is beautiful. As the city was newly founded, the growth of the population was slow. Being the seat of the Government of Pakistan, initially government servants and employees of the federal administration settled here. Since then, there has been a steady growth in the population of the city, which has swelled to somewhere in excess of a million inhabitants. The reason: at the moment, the capital city is the fastest growing urban settlement in the country. There is an increased interest in the city from The President and The Prime Minister, as well as a renewed drive from foreign investors to invest in the city. This has caused a growth in the economy, produced employment at all levels and ensured development. Owing to all these factors, Islamabad is now becoming a lively and bustling metropolis, full of vibrancy. Combining a rich history, the confluence of many a civilization and temperate climate, Islamabad - the capital city of Pakistan, is one of the most beautiful cities in the South Asian region. Wide, tree-lined streets adorn the various sectors and zones of the city, making it accessible and spectacular. Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan and the tenth largest city in the country. Located within the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), the population of the city has grown from 100,000 in 1951 to 1.152 million in 2011. The greater Islamabad-Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area is the third largest conurbation in Pakistan with a population of over 4.5 million inhabitants. Islamabad is located in the Pothohar Plateau in the northern part of the country, within

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the Islamabad Capital Territory. The region has historically been a part of the crossroads of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with Margalla pass acting as the gateway between the two regions. Islamabad has the highest literacy rate in Pakistan and is home to the some of the top-ranked universities in Pakistan, including Quaid-iAzam University, Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences and the National University of Sciences and Technology. Allama Iqbal Open University in Islamabad is one of the world's largest universities by enrollment.

THE AREA OF ISLAMABAD

The area of Islamabad is 906 square kilometers. A further 2,717 square kilometers area is known as the Specified Area, with the Margala Hills in the north and northeast. The southern portion of the city is an undulating plain. It is drained by the Kurang River, on which the Rawal Dam is located. Islamabad's micro-climate is regulated by three artificial reservoirs; Rawal, Simli, and Khanpur Dam. Khanpur Dam is located on the Haro River near the town of Khanpur, about 40 kilometres from Islamabad. Simli Dam is located 30 kilometres north of Islamabad. 220 acres of the city consists of Margalla Hills National Park. Loi Bher Forest is situated along the Islamabad Highway, covering an area of 1,087 acres.

CLIMATE
Islamabad features an atypical version of a humid subtropical climate, with warm to hot humid summers accompanied by a monsoon season followed by cold winters. The

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hottest months are from May to July, where average highs routinely exceed 38C (100.4F). The monsoon season is from July through September, with heavy rain falls and evening thunderstorms. Highest monthly rainfall of 743.3 millimeters (29.26 in) was recorded during July 1995. Winters are from October to March with temperatures variable by location. In the city, temperatures stay mild to cold with sparse snowfall over the highest elevations points on the Margalla Hills. The weather ranges from 3.6 C (25.5 F) in January to 40 C (104 F) in June. The highest temperature recorded was 46.6 C (115.9 F) on 23 June 2005 while the lowest temperature was 6 C (21.2 F) on 17 January 1967. On 23 July 2001, Islamabad received a record breaking 620 millimetres (24 in) of rainfall in just 10 hours. It was the heaviest rainfall in Islamabad in the past 100 years and the highest rainfall in 24 hours as well.

Pakistan Agriculture Research council (PARC)

Pakistan Agriculture Research council established in 1982 is an autonomous apex body with the mandate to undertake aid, promote and coordinate research at the federal provincial levels in the country to provide science based solution for agricultural development. STATUTORY FUNCTIONS Undertake aid and promote coordination agricultural research
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Expedite utilization of research results Establish research establishment Train high-level scientific man power Generate, acquire and disseminate agricultural information Establish research library Perform any other related functions.

PARC STRIVING FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AGRI SECTOR

Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) is making radical changes for the development of agricultural sector in the country. Dr Iftikhar Ahmad, Chairman PARC at an inter-national meeting organized by Agriculture Department, Government of Sindh, in collaboration with donor agencies said PARC has initiated an intensive process of internal review in August 2011. This review aimed to reprioritize and integrate all the activities of the Council and focus these on enhancing the resource productivity and overall efficiency of the agricultural sector in Pakistan.

ROLE OF PARC IN AGRICULTURAL CRISES MANAGEMENT

Pakistan agricultural research council (PARC) has played a pivotal role to manage a number of national crises that occurred in agriculture over the past 25 years. Some of these are listed as follows. Leaf rust epidemic in wheat crop resulted in crop failure in 1978 causing loss of rupees 5.1 billion to the national economy. PARC evolved the rust screening system which resulted in development of resistant varieties Chickpea blight epidemic during 1979-81 resulted in loss of more than 50% production. PARC identified resistant sources through screening program leading to development of resistant varieties The cotton crop(s) failed in Pakistan during 1991-93 due to cotton leaf curl virus (CLCV) disease resulting in loss of 2 million bales. PARC scientist characterized and identified the virus and its vector which helped in developing disease resistant varieties. Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) disease outbreak in fish was diagnosed, which provided the fish farming industry a rescue in the year 1996-197.

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Diagnose the Bird Flue (Avian Influenza) in poultry and contained its spread to humans through vigorous monitoring and surveillance in 2006.

NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL LINKAGES

PARC being the apex national agricultural research organization is maintaing and strengthening national and international linkages to improve performance.

NATIONAL LINKAGES
PARC has MoU with university of Agriculture, Faisalabad for collaborative research. The cooperation between PARC and university of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi is actively under implementation. PARC sponsors provincial research scientists for participation in national and international conferences and seminars/visits.

RESEARCH COORDINATION
Animal Sciences, Crop Sciences, Horticulture, Farm Machinery, Natural Resources Social Sciences, Agricultural Information
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RESEARCH INSTITUTES
PARC has following major research establishments in Pakistan conducting research according to the agro-ecological needs of various regions. National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) Islamabad. Southern Zone Agricultural Research Centre (SARC) Karachi Arid Zone Research Centre (AZRC) Quetta. Arid Zone Research Institute (AZRI) Bhawalpur. National Tea Research Institute (NTRI) Mansehra. National Sugar Crops Research Institute (NSCRI) Thatta. Mountain Agricultural Research Centre, (MARC) Gilgit. Research Station Shaheed Benazir Bhuttoabad (RSSBB) Sakrand, Sindh. Summer Agricultural Research Station (SARS), Kaghan. Besides, PARC has Coastal Area Research Station, Karachi; Federal Pesticide Research Lab, Multan; and PARC-IPM Lab, Multan.. Agricultural Economics Research Units (AERUs) PARC also has its Liaison Offices in Lahore, Karachi, Peshawar and Quetta and its research units in Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Lahore and Dokri, Sindh.

FUNCTIONS OF PARC
Undertake aid, promote and coordinate agricultural research. Arrange expeditious utilization of research results. Establish research establishments mainly to fill in the gaps in existing programmes of agricultural research. Arrange the training of high level scientific manpower in agricultural sciences. Generate, acquire and disseminate information relating to agriculture. Establish and maintain a reference and research library. Perform any other functions related to the matters aforesaid. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) is the apex agricultural research organization at the national level. Its main objective is to strengthen

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Pakistan's agricultural research system, comprising the federal and provincial components. PARC conducts research, specially of a basic and long term nature in areas of national importance, which are either neglected or inadequately covered or are beyond the resources of the provincial institutions requiring sophisticated and costly equipment and facilities as well as highly qualified but scarce manpower and frequent interaction with international agricultural research institutions. AGRICULTURAL MAP OF PAKISTAN

COMMERCIAL TECHNOLOGIES "Nimboli", Neem based Household Insecticide. "Nimbokil", Neem based Crop Protection Pesticide. Potato Seed Production and Marketing. Development and Production of Hydropericardium Vaccine. Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Influenza Vaccine Development. Legume Rhizobium Technology Biofertilizer. Solar Dryer. Rice Transplanter. Quality Wheat Seed Evaluation and Production. Tea Production and Processing Technology. No-Till Seed Fertilizer Drill. Rice Transplanter. Quality Seed Production and Management of Selected Fodder Crops.

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Sunflower Hybrid Seed Production Technology. Virus Free Seed Potato Production through Tissue Culture. Virus Free Banana Production through Tissue Culture. Maize Seed Production & Crop Management Technology. Farm Level Cereal Storage Technology. Quality Seed Production, Crop Management and Nursery Raising Technology. Sorghum & Millet Seed Production and Management Technology. Off-Season Vegetable Production Technology.. Vertebrate Pest Control Technology. On-Farm Quality Seed Production Technology. Services for Quality Evaluation of Dairy Products. Viable Animal Feed Formulation Technologies. Services for Establishment of Poultry Farming.

NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTRE (NARC)

National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad established in 1984, is the largest research centre of the Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC). NARC, With a total land area of approximately 1400 acres, is located near Rawal Lake, six kilometers south-east of Islamabad. Physical facilities in term of experimental fields, laboratories, green houses, gene bank, library/ documentation, auditorium, machinery & lab equipment repair workshops, stores, hostels, cafeteria, audio visual studios, are also available at NARC.

OBJECTIVES
NARC coordinated programmes serve as a common platform for the scientists working in different federal, provincial agricultural research, and academic institutions to jointly plan their research activities, avoiding unnecessary duplication of research efforts. Research which can best be addressed at a national centre rather than by provincial institutions is undertaken at NARC. The adaptation of technologies available from the international research system is also managed by NARC, in collaboration with the provincial research and extension institutions. In particular, research requiring sophisticated instruments like electron microscopes, ultracentrifuges, and elaborate

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analytical and quality testing facilities is undertaken at NARC, supported by highly qualified and trained manpower.

LOCATION
The location of NARC at Islamabad facilitated liaison with international and national scientists. NARC governance and planning functions were carried out through a Board of Management; a Research Management Committee (RMC) and Technical Working Group (TWG). It is situated near RawalLake on the Park Road. NARC IN MAP

HISTORY
In 1968 Agriculture Research Council (ARC) established. In 1974 Concept of Strengthening Agriculture Research Capabilities. In 1978 Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) assigned to develop Center of Excellence for Agriculture Research. In 1980 National Agriculture Research Center (NARC) foundation laid down. In 1984 NARC inaugurated by President of Pakistan.

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ORGANIZATIONAL SETUP OF NARC

CROP SCIENCES

CROP SCIENCES INSTITUTE (CSI)

The is organized into commodity oriented research programmes that include national coordinated programme of wheat, rice, oilseeds, pulses, sugar crops, fodder, maize ( picture on page 3 ), sorghum and millet. The major research focus is on developing high yielding varieties and efficient and resource saving crop management techniques; germplasm enhancement and evolution of varieties; tillage and stand establishment; yield gap analysis; suitability of cropping systems; climate change and crop modeling. It also evaluates promising varieties across the agro-ecological zones in National Uniform Yield

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Trials and makes data available to Varietal Evaluation Committee (VEC). The Crops Sciences Institute (CSI) has the following Coordinated Research Programmes:

Rice Wheat Fodder Maize , Sorghum & Millet Oil Seed Pulses Sugar Crops Plant Physiology NIOA(national institute of organic agriculture)

HORTICULTURAL RESEARCH

They introduce and evaluate the germpalsm of fruits, flowers, vegetables and potato for selection of varieties suited to various agro-ecological zones of the country.

Programs of horticultural crops include, 1. Vegetable crops 2. Fruit crops 3. Potato crops

AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY:
Research areas include plant tissue culture and genetic engineering. Plant tissue culture focuses on quality potato seed production, virus elimination and micro-propagation of banana and sugarcane, clonal multiplication of ornamental plants and varietal improvements of rice/wheat through anther culture.

FARM MACHINERY:
FMI has been working for the promotion of agricultural mechanization in the country through designing, performance evaluation and commercialization of appropriate farm
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machinery. It is equipped with required facilities of designing, prototype fabrication workshop, and farm machinery testing laboratory and testing yard. Some pictures of the working machinery at NARC.

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

The research at this includes study of pre and post harvest damages and losses caused by insect pests, weeds and vertebrate wild life. Insect pest management focuses on cotton, sugarcane, vegetables, stored grains and problem of resistance to pesticides.

CROP DISEASES RESEARCH

This is concentrating on fungal, bacterial, nematode and viral diseases of crops of economic importance. The is developing expertise in molecular biology for the investigation of genomic diversity among pathogens as well as providing disease diagnostic and advisory service to the farmers.

ECOTOXICOLOGY RESEARCH:
This is conducting research to determine pesticide residues in the food chain especially in ground water, fruits and vegetables. The is conducting research for the judicious use of agrochemicals to safeguard the beneficial microorganisms. It is also providing advisory service on the use of agrochemicals to farmers.

PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES:

The collects and preserves the genetic resources of various crops both from national and international s to save them from extinction and make them available to scientists
throughout the country.

NATURAL SCIENCES
Land Resources Research:
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Water Resources Research: Rangeland Research: Potash Development (PDI): Honeybee Research

SOCIAL SCIENCES
The comprising Agricultural Economics Research Unit (AERU) and Computer and Statistical Section (CSS) focus on socio-economic and ecological viability of new technologies, identify constraints and the pattern of diffusion process, to evaluate social benefits and costs of new technologies/interventions and their socio-economic consequences. The major areas of research are baseline/benchmark survey, farming system, project evaluation, impact assessment, policy analysis, farm planning and management issues, economics of improved technologies, technology verification and adoption surveys, improvement of experimental design, field variability studies and womens role in agriculture, etc.

AGRICULTURAL COMMUNICATION Agricultural Communication:

It comprises Scientific Information, Audio Visual Communication, Publications and Management Information System. A large numbers of scientists from within and outside NARC and students of different educational s avail the database facility of ACI. PARC web site has been established in Jun 1999 and Home Pages containing vital information about the organization have been developed. Three out of four DSIdeveloped databases have online access on Internet. Audio Visual programmed on various technologies developed at the Centre are produced at AVC and telecast from various channels of PTV.

Agricultural Training:
They impart theoretical and practical trainings in various disciplines to federal,

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provincial and international scientists, extension workers and progressive farmers. Facilities at ATI include lecture halls, computer lab., conference room, hostels and cafeteria.

Technology Transfer:
They regularly hold field days, exhibitions, fairs, colloquia, disease and pest control and promotional campaigns for farmers in collaboration with agro based industry. There is an exhibition hall to abreast visitors about the quality and dimensions of research undertaken at NARC.

National Institute of Organic Agriculture Introduction:

Organic farming consists of natural agricultural techniques without using chemical inputs and without causing harm to the nature for achieving maximum production. Directorate of Organic Farming was established on September 22, 2008 and developed as National Institute of Organic Agriculture (NIOA) on February 11, 2010. The main objective behind the establishment of NIOA was to formulate simple eco-friendly products at NARC and to disseminate its technology among the farming community for the sustainable livelihood of Pakistani communities. Objectives: i. Demonstration of growing field crops, fruits and vegetables without using any chemicals fertilizers and pesticides. ii. Establishment of Bio-fertilizer, Bio-pesticide and Bio-herbicide processing units at NARC and outstations for preparation of organic products and their promotion. iii. Dissemination of organic farming technologies to the farming community across Pakistan and demonstration of organic soil fertility management.

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iv. Educational activities leading to degree/training of farmers for growing of crops by using organic farming techniques. v. Further research to enhance organic matter in nutrients depleted soils of Pakistan. vi. Participation in national/international workshops symposium and events etc. on the subject related to organic farming. vii. Establishment of research laboratory/facilitates and devise organic

standards/certification for imports/exports of organic products. Program Detail: National Institute of Organic Agriculture (NIOA) has established 3 research programs for the research and development of organic agriculture within the country. The three research programs are as under: 1. Organic Certification Program 2. Organic crops Program 3. Program for formulation of eco-friendly organic products for promoting safe food production across different agro-ecologies of Pakistan Technical Collaboration: A. National Collaboration: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. Social Sciences Research Institute, NARC Horticulture Research Institute, NARC Audio Visual Communication, NARC Agricultural Poly technique Institute, NARC Animal Sciences Institute, NARC Livestock Research Institute, NARC Water Resources Research Institute, NARC Pulses Program, CSI, NARC Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi Green Circle Organization

B. International Collaboration:

Name:

Mr. Dilip Dhaker

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Qualification: Institution/Organization: Postal Address:

Agriculture Graduate (Mharana Partap Singh Agric. University, India) Managing Director, Biocert. India 74-Sarthak Residency SectorD, Shivsham, Khandwa Road, Limbodi, Indore, India.

Telephone: 0917314082381 Fax: 07314080836 E-mail: info@biocertindia.com

Salient Achievements 1. Preparation of bio-fertilizer having different formulations Organic fertilizer was manufactured using the following Ingredients: Rock phosphate Mud sulphur Gypsum FYM (Farm Yard Manure) Poultry waste

Total production since the establishment of biofertilizer plant at NARC 5897 bags (weighing 50 kg each) was manufactured. Out of these 4252 bags were used by NIOA, NARC, IDPs and for demonstration purpose whereas 1645 bags were sold to private clients/farms. 2. Formulation of micro-nutrient solution The micronutrients solution was formulated using the following ingredients: Humic acid K2SO4 MgSO4 FeSO4 CuSO4 ZnSO4 Boron 10-15 gms/liter 15-20 gms/liter 15-20 gms/liter 15-20 gms/liter 15-20 gms/liter 15-20 gms/liter 15-20 gms/liter

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MnSO4

15-20 gms/liter

The solution when applied as foliar spray enhanced plant growth and increased yield. 3. Different formulations of Bio-pesticides The Biopesticide plant installed at NARC was used for formulation of biopesticide using the following ingredients: Green chilli Garlic Aak Surfactant Tara mera oil Organic emulsion Water (10%) (10%) (10%) (1%) (6%) (2.5%) and (60.5%)

The above formulation has been reported as effective against sucking and chewing pests on vegetables and field crops. 4. Preparation of Bio-herbicides

Bioherbicide plant installed at NARC was used to prepare bioherbicide from the extraction of following plants: Heaven tree Chenopodium Mulberry Sorghum Euclyptus Corn gluten

Efficacy of bioherbicide is under trial. 5. NIOA Response to Emergencies Summary of NIOA response to emergencies is given below:

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Extended Support to IDPs (Internally displaced persons) during 2009 Provision of different useable items i.e. tool kits, vegetables and fodder seed bags, wheat straw, chicken, egg laying hens, vaccination to animals, food items, shoes, clothing and toys.

Extended Support to flood affected people during 2010 9800 families in Swat, Bonair, Charsada, Nowshera, Mianwali, Layyah, Rahim yar khan and Dera ismail khan provided vegetable seeds, technology, clothes, food, animal vaccines etc. 6. Development of organic farming technologies NIOA was initiated observational development research on vegetables, field crops and mushrooms besides some allied activities with some success are summarized below: Crops and vegetables production by using bio-fertilizer, humic acid and micronutrients at different stages. Judicious use of irrigation water by making furrows or ridge sowing at different stages according to prevailing conditions. Green manuring. Organic mushroom production. Land use without degradation; hill farming, terracing, soil and water conservation techniques. 7. Tunnel Farming Three different types of tunnels i.e. high tunnels, walk in tunnels and low tunnels were used for growing organic vegetables out of season and vegetable seedlings. Raising vegetable seedlings under these tunnel structures resulted better remuneration. 8. Trainings

Detail on trainings imparted and knowledge transferred to different clients is given below:

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On farm trainings provided to more than 5000 farmers, agricultural professionals and extension workers from different areas of Pakistan in various disciplines.Advisory services to small farmers at private farms.

Imparted trainings to 24 internee students from different universities. Disseminated knowledge through T.V channels, meetings, demonstrations, exhibitions and lectures (formal and in-formal).

9. Current Activities: Preparation and testing of organic gardening products. Research and production of year round organic vegetables. Effects of climate change on organic farming.

10. Future Prospects Future prospects of NIOA are as under: Concentration on small farmers regarding integrated agricultural system. Cultivation of organic vegetables and its marketing through PATCO. Organic seed production. Organic herbal, fruit and flower production. Participatory training systems within farming community using different media. Establishment of organic forum for promotion of organic farming system in Pakistan. 11. Organic certification system. Publications

Following publications were produced-fertilizer preparation and application in organic crop production. Preparation and use of bio-pesticides and herbicides. 1. Organic Sunflower cultivation in rain fed areas. 2. Comparison of sunflower hybrids under organic farming systems. 12. PROPOSAL FOR IMPROVEMENT
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Research institutions should be established in all the four provinces of the country to promote the organic research work in local conditions. In schools syllabi of organic farming should be included. Permanent training schedule should be devised to train students and small farmers in the art of organic farming for the promotion of kitchen gardening in Pakistan. The rules and regulations of organic farming should be formulated and experts should be sent to abroad for the trainings of organic certification system. Countrywide surveys should be done for the collection of data related with organic farming community to establish national organic forum. The working of National Institute of Organic Agriculture should be established on concrete grounds for promotion and certification of organic farming system in Pakistan

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INTRODUCTION
Soil organic matter affects crop growth and yield, either directly by supplying nutrients or indirectly by modifying the soil physical properties, thereby improving the root environment and, thus, stimulating plant growth. The highest total aerial dry matter and grain yields were associated with the highest organic matter contents of the soils. In addition, crop production based on the use of organic manures rather than chemical fertilizers is assumed to be a more sustainable type of agriculture. Therefore, in recent years the application of organic fertilizer has received great attention from environmentalists, agriculturists and consumers alike. Owing to the threats of heavy rains and typhoons during the summer months, cultivation of vegetables in greenhouses is popular, especially for organic farming. Organic farming has become very popular and the acreage under cultivation is steadily increasing. For vegetable cultivation, six to ten crops in a year, depending on the type of crop, is common. Vegetable crops require an adequate and continuous supply of nitrogen for proper growth and maximal high quality yields. Therefore, a high rate of N fertilizer is applied in vegetable cultivation. The nutrients released after the biological breakdown of the soil organic matter supply the nutrients essential for plant growth in organic farming. The mineralization rate of soil organic matter is slow. Therefore, to establish and maintain soil organic matter content to a certain level through the initial application of a large quantity and the continuous application of compost are important in organic farming. However, climate and soil significantly affect the accumulation and storage of organic matter in the soil because of the interactions of temperature and moisture on plant productivity and the ability of the soil mineral components to retain organic matter. Under tropical and subtropical climatic conditions, high cultivation frequency, and a low input of the organic matter content in the farmland soil is generally low, and it is common for the soil organic matter content to be lower than 20 g kg1. The biological component of soils usually responds more rapidly to changing soil conditions

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than either the chemical or physical properties. Soil enzymatic activities have been used as indicators of soil fertility because they are a reflection of the effects of cultivation, soil properties and pedological amendments. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of different amounts of compost on selected chemical and enzymatic activities of an agricultural soil under intensive cultivation of vegetables for three consecutive years and to find out what an adequate rate of compost application is in the organic cultivation of vegetables..

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
(Partab-2003) concluded that Traditional system of medicine consists of large number of plant with various medicinal and pharmacological importances and hence represents a priceless tank of new bioactive molecules. Luffa cylindrica found all over the world. It is commonly known as tori and has been recognized in different traditional system of medicines for the treatment of varied diseases of human being. The phytoconstituents present in it mainly belong to the category of flavonoids. Different part of this plant are traditionally claimed to be used for the treatment of broad chronic bronchitis, asthma, sinusitis and fever to be list a few. (V.M.kitku2005) There was no significant difference in rooting success between bitterbrush (Persia tridentate Pursh) plants from 7 different locations in south-central Wyoming. Over 60%of all plants had roots at least 2 cm in length 45 to 60 days following propagation. Transplantation from propagation media to containers had no major negative impact on the plants, based on the 85% survival of all transplanted plants. When plants were subjected to artificial winter conditions of 25 oC, 2 hrs/day for 2 weeks, about 50% Survived and resumed growth in the spring. The morphological development that followed exposure to winter conditions suggests propagation by cutting and out planting prior to winter is a feasible method of preparing containerized bitterbrush plants for field spectrum of ailment including snake bites, convulsions, cramps, tetanus, emetic, cathartic, dropsy, nephritis,

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Luffa/Sponge Gourd/Luffa cylendrica Introduction:

Luffa (Luffa cylindrica (L.) commonly called sponge gourd, luffa, vegetable sponge, bath sponge or dish cloth gourd, is a member of cucurbitaceous family. Nepalese farmers (ailed it Ghiraula The number of species in the genus Luffa varies from 5 to 7. Only two species L. cylindrica and nhhed or ridge gourd (L. acutangula (L.)Roxh) are domesticated. Two wild species are L. graveo lens and L.eclunata. These two cultivated and one wild species, L. eclunata exist in Nepal. Luffa is diploid species with 26 chromosomes (2n = 26) and a cross pollinated crop. It is a sub-tropical plant, which requires warm summer temperatures and long frost-free growing season when grown in temperate regions. It is an annual climbing which produces fruit containing fibrous vascular system. It is summer season vegetable growing. Mid hills is most important ion where most of the farmers grow sponge gourd. It is difficult to assign with accuracy the indigenous areas of Luffa species. They have a long history of cultivation in the tropical countries of Asia and Africa. Indo- Burma is reported to he the center of diversity for sponge gourd. The main commercial production countries are China, Korea, India, Japan and Central America. Many diversity also exits in different types of landraces e.g. Basaunc Ghiraula, Hariyo Chitoto, Boso Ghiraula etc exit in different areas and these are generally part of home garden of most of the Nepalese farmers. The Iibrous vascular system inside the fruit after separating from the skin, flesh and seeds, can he used as a bathroom sponge, as a component of shock absorbers, as a sound proof linings, as a utensils cleaning sponge, as packing materials, for making crafts as a filters in factories and as a part of soles of shoes. Immature fruit is used as vegetables, which is good for diabetes. Oil is also extracted from seeds for industrial use.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS Sowing Time

Matter and humus are favorable for vegetable production. There should be no hard pan in the land. A layer of calcium carbonate is quite beneficial. Although Vegetables in India are grown in various types of soils but the sandy loam soils are best for growing vegetables as such soil is better in texture and structure, easy to work, drain away excess moisture quickly and retain necessary moisture. The time of sowing of vegetable depends upon the soil and weather conditions, kind of the vegetable and demand in the market. The vegetables like all the other crops if not sown in time fail to perform to their potential. Sowing time is February-March, June-July

Spacing
Every plant needs a specific space around its vicinity to develop to its full potential. This space varies according to soil conditions, plant vigor, growth habit of plant, interplant competition etc. Thus spacing refers to distance between crop rows (inter-row) and between plants with in the rows (intra-row spacing), that is 150 x 45cm.

Management of Water
Water is the most critical input for maximization of the yield. In northern and central regions of country, where rains are more or less frequent, supplemental irrigation is required. But in the coastal regions of country and in areas where rains occur more frequently vegetables can be grown as rain fed crops but even then irrigation is needed during winters. The water management in vegetables not only refers to irrigation but also to drain away the excess water, as most of the vegetables cannot withstand the excessive moisture in the root zone. Irrigation in vegetables is done by either flood or furrow irrigation. Now a days drip irrigation is being followed to reduce the irrigation

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cost and for optimal use of irrigation water. Light irrigation after sowing followed by 910 irrigations at 8-10 days interval.

Weed management
Weeds are unwanted plants in gardens that reduce available moisture, nutrients, sunlight and growing space needed by crop plants. Their presence can reduce crop growth, quality and yield. In addition, they can make harvest difficult. Weeds also provide cover for diseases, insects and animals (rodents, box turtles, snakes, etc.). Garden weeds are hard to control because they grow rapidly, produce abundant seeds, and spread aggressively by vegetative structures and/or seeds. There are several methods that should be used in a combined, coordinated effort to control weeds. They include cultural, and mechanical method.

Cultural Methods
Fast growing vegetable crops can effectively suppress weeds by shading. The vegetables like Peas, Cucumber and gourds can suppress the weeds effectively. Mulches can also be used to check weeds and ultimately reduce time and labor required to remove them. The mulches used are of -- organic mulches, which are derived from plant material that decompose naturally in the soil.

Mechanical Methods
Weeds can be removed mechanically by hand, weeds can be hand pulled or removed by using hand tools. Several small hand tools like hand hoe, wheel hoe are available that are very effective on small weeds and for working near garden plants.

Nutrient Management
Nutrients can be supplied to vegetables by organic manures. Organic manures not only add the essential nutrients to the soil but they also improve the soil texture and structure. They also increase the water holding capacity and aeration of soil. The organic manures are needed in bulk as they have little proportion of the nutrients and these nutrients are also released slowly.

Harvesting and Yield

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Harvesting is the final agricultural operation in field. It depends upon kind and variety of crop, weather, conditions at time of sowing, distance of market and the purpose of marketing. Commercial vegetable growers, wholesalers and retailers are experts at selecting the optimum harvest time and storage conditions to ensure that the vegetables will have the longest possible shelf life. The production reaches to 90-110 kg in a tunnel measuring 110x12

Method of Harvesting
They are harvested after 60-90 days of sowing when fruits are fully developed and mature.

Bitter gourd/Momordica charantia Introduction

Bitter gourd is one of the most popular vegetables in Southeast Asia. It is a member of the cucurbit family along with cucumber, squash, watermelon and muskmelon. Native to China or India, the fast growing vine is grown throughout Asia and is becoming popular worldwide. Depending on location, bitter gourd is also known as bitter melon or balsam pear. The immature fruits and tender vine tips are used in a variety of culinary preparations. The fruits and shoots are soaked in salt water to remove some of their bitterness and then boiled, fried or pickled. The fruit of bitter gourd fruit is similar in nutritional value compared to other cucurbits with the notable exceptions that it is much higher in folate and vitamin C. The vine tips are an excellent source of vitamin A. The medicinal value of the gourd in the treatment of infectious diseases and diabetes is attracting of scientists worldwide

Climate and soil requirements

Bitter gourd grows well under the same conditions preferred by other cucurbits. It is normally grown as an annual crop, but can perform as a perennial in areas with mild, frost-free winters. The plants thrives in the tropics from lowland areas to altitudes of up to 1,000 m. Bitter gourd requires a minimum temperature of 18oC during early growth, but optimal temperatures are in the range of 24-270 c. It is more tolerant to low temperatures compared to other gourds, but cool temperatures will retard growth and

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frost will kill the plant. The plant is adapted to a wide variety of rainfall conditions, but regular irrigation is needed to ensure high yield. Bitter gourd tolerates a wide range of soils but prefers a well-drained sandy loam soil that is rich in organic matter. The optimum soil pH is 6.0-6.7, but plants tolerate alkaline soils up to pH 8.0.

MATERIAL AND METHODS Preparing the field

Thorough land preparation and a well-prepared bed is required. Prepare a finely pulverized nursery bed of 1 m wide, 15-20 cm high and convenient length. Form 15 cm high beds.
Bitter gourd sowing time February-March, June-July Seed rate is 2-3 kg per/hec

Planting
Direct seeding is the most common method of planting. In cooler climates, it may be necessary to start the seedlings in a greenhouse to ensure good germination.

Direct seedling
Optimum plant density differs with variety and usually ranges from 400 to 500 plants per tunnel. In some intensively managed plantings, a closer spacing of 50 X 50 cm is used. On raised beds, sow two or three seeds per hole at a depth of 2 cm. Space holes 40-60 cm apart. Plants density using this spacing will range from 450 to 530plant/tunnel.

Staking
Bitter gourd grows very fast and vines elongate rapidly within two weeks after planting. There after. The plant sends out lateral stems. Staking and trellising will increase fruit yield and size, reduce fruit rot and make spraying and harvesting easier. There are several methods of trellising bitter gourd, Bamboo poles, wood stakes, PVC pipes or other sturdy materials are used to provide support and keep the fruit and foliage off the ground. The trellis is arranged either in a lean to or tunnel structure. The trellis should be 1.8-2.0 m high, constructed from stakes 1.2-1.8 m apart which is almost similar to the plant row spacing. For the lean to type, the stakes are joined between two adjoining

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beds forming an A-shape structure. Horizontal stakes are installed at the top joining all other beds. The stakes support the climbing vines and lateral stems. Strings are used to secure adjoining stakes. Plantings are easier to manage and mote productive when 2 m high rather than 1 m high string trellises are used For the tunnel type, plants are grown inside an arch-shape structure made of iron pipe. Plants are supported by bamboo stakes where vines freely climb and reach the top. The vines and lateral stems will then grow along the structure. Another type of trellising consists of a system of vertical strings running between top and bottom of horizontal wires or horizontal wires running across all directions on top.

Nutrient Management
Bitter gourd requires a balance of nutrients from organic fertilizers No matter the soil type, the first side dressing is applied when plants have four to six true leaves. Subsequent side dressings are applied at two week intervals. Compost or manure can be used to satisfy the basal application of organic fertilizer.

Irrigation
Bitter gourd will not tolerate drought. Maintain good soil moisture in the upper 50 cm of soil where the majority of roots are located. Fields are furrow-irrigated every 10 days during the cool dry season and weekly during the hot dry season. During the rainy season, drainage is essential for plant survival and growth. In water limited environment, tickle or drop irrigation is an efficient method of supplying water and nutrients to bitter gourd plantings.

Controlling weeds
Mulching is commonly used for bitter gourd crops grown on raised beds. Use organic or plastic mulch depending on availability. Organic mulch such as dry rice straw or grass is usually available and cheaper than plastic mulch. If you use organic mulch, be sure that it is free or weed seeds. Mulch can be laid down before or after transplanting and after sowing Hand or hoe weeding can be performed as needed. also use the organic weedicide.

Controlling diseases and pests

Bitter gourd is susceptible to many of the same diseases that affect other cucurbits. It is a host of water melon mosaic pot virus and is infected by downy mildew. Carpospores leaf spot, bacterial wilt, fusarium wilt and root knot nematode. Fungal infections often

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occur during prolonged wet periods, compound complex organic insecticide may be used under such conditions to prevent infection. The use of resistant varieties is the best defense for most of these diseases. Fruit fly is the most destructive insect pest of bitter gourd. This fly is difficult to control because its maggots feed inside the fruits, protected from direct contact with compound organic insecticide any infested fruits to prevent the build up of fruit fly populations. To prevent flies from laying eggs inside the fruits, enclose the gourd in paper while it is on the vine. A cylinder of paper, longer than the fruit is tied with string around the stalk. Where consumers want their bitter gourd straight rather than curved, tie a pebble at the end of a long piece of string to the flower end to weigh down the fruit and keep it from curling. Double layer paper bags may be used against fruit fly and are applied when gourds measure 2-3 cm in length. Beetles, trips, cutworms, bollworm, aphids and mites are other common pests of bitter gourd. Avoid pesticides that kill or inhibit the development of beneficial organisms especially the pollinators.

Harvesting and Handling

Bitter gourd requires close attention at harvest time. The fruits develop rapidly and must be harvested frequently to keep them from becoming too large or too bitter. Normally it takes 15-20 days after fruit set or 90 days from planting for fruit to reach marketable age, however, bitter gourd can be harvested at earlier stages depending on the purpose for which it will be used. Fruit should be light green, thick and juicy and the seeds should be soft and white. Harvest every 2-3 days using a pair of scissors or a sharp knife to cut the fruit stalk. If a fruit remains too long on the vine, ill will turn spongy, sour yellow or orange and split open. Bitter gourd yield can vary depending on variety and crop management. Average marketable yields are 8-10 t/ha. Production of bitter gourd is 70-80 kg per tunnel measuring 110 ft 12 ft.

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

In the present investigation a field trial was laid out to study the effect of different organic manure combinations on growth, yield, quality and economics of Bitter gourd and sponge gourd during July 2012 to Sep 2012, at the C-2 plot in NARC. The treatments consisted of combination of manure and FYM with and without biofertilizers. Organic management 2012 proved a better season for the growth, yield and quality of Bitter gourd and sponge gourd during July 2012 to Sep 2012, at the C-2 plot in NARC. Morphological characters like plant height, number of leaves, leaf area were found to be significantly with FYM (recommended package) and control (insect, diseases). Organic manures along with biofertilizers have given next best results of growth parameters.net plot yield (kg), yield per Tunnel (kg/tunnel) revealed that if nutrient requirement of the plant is met properly by using organic manures together with biofertilizers, comparable results with recommended package of fertilizers can be obtained without much yield reduction. FYM proved to be the best treatment as far as yield is considered (as bitter gourd and sponge gourd is a heavy feeder). Yield related attributes of Bitter gourd and sponge gourd showed a favorable response to bacterial inoculants. Economics of different treatments showed that conventional recommended package gives better return in comparison with organic manures. Application of poultry manure and compost together with seedling dip of biofertilizer has given higher economics among organic treatments. As cost of cultivation involved in organic cultivation is more, use of on farm inputs will be more beneficial, which can increase ratio.Serious pest or disease infestation was not observed in the field as Bitter gourd and sponge gourd is comparatively a hardy crop among cocurbetaceae members. Leaf eating caterpillars were observed during season which was effectively managed by spraying of compound complex organic pesticide.

Conclusions
Integrated application of Poultry manure +compost + Biofertilizers and Sheep manure + compost + Biofertilizers were found effective and produced on par yield with FYM

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alone with improved quality parameters. All the organic manure treatments given lesser yield than recommended package. Quality of Bitter gourd and sponge gourd found to be improved with application of organic manures. Cultivation of Bitter gourd and sponge gourd is recommended in season which can give yield of good quality and size.

REFERENCES:
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9- Jeffrey, C., 1967. Cucurbitaceae. In: Milne-Redhead, E. & Polhill, R.M. (Editors). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations, London, United Kingdom. 157 pp. 10- Morton, J.R., 1967. The Balsam pear, an edible, medicinal and toxic plant. Economic Botany 21: 5768. 11- Nguyen Huu Hien & Sri Hayati Widodo, 1999. Momordica L. In: de Padua, L.S., Bunyapraphatsara, N. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Editors). Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 12(1). Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, Netherlands. pp. 353359. 12- Oyedapo, O.O. & Araba, B.G., 2001. Stimulation of protein biosynthesis in rat hepatocytes by extracts of Momordica charantia. Phytotherapy Research 15(2): 9598.

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