Literature Review

The word automobile comes, via the French automobile, from the Ancient Greek word (auts, "self") and the Latin mobilis ("movable"); meaning a vehicle that moves itself, rather than being pulled or pushed by a separate animal or another vehicle. The alternative name car is believed to originate from the Latin word carrus or carrum ("wheeled vehicle"), or the Middle English word carre ("cart") (from Old North French), or from the Gaulish word karros (a Gallic Chariot). An automobile, motor car or car is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods.( Karl Benz's, 1894) The term motorcar has also been used in the context of electrified rail systems to denote a car which functions as a small locomotive but also provides space for passengers and baggage. These locomotive cars were often used on suburban routes by both interurban and intercity railroad systems. Everyone should tackle some great project at least once in their life. should make an effort to complete something that will benefit society. Sachichi Toyoda Automobile Industry History : In the year 1769, a French engineer by the name of Nicolas J. Cugnot invented the first automobile to run on roads. This automobile, in fact, was a self-powered, three-wheeled, military tractor that made the use of a steam engine. The range of the automobile, however, was very brief and at the most, it could only run at a stretch for fifteen minutes. In addition, these automobiles were not fit for the roads as the steam engines made them very heavy and large, and required ample starting time. Oliver Evans was the first to design a steam engine driven automobile in the U.S. A Scotsman, Robert Anderson, was the first to invent an electric carriage between 1832 and 1839. However, Thomas Davenport of the U.S.A. and Scotsman Robert Davidson were amongst the first to invent more applicable automobiles, making use of non-rechargeable electric batteries in 1842. Development of roads made travelling comfortable and as a result, the short ranged, electric battery driven automobiles were no more the best option for travelling over longer distances. The Automobile Industry finally came of age with Henry Ford in 1914 for the bulk production of cars. This lead to the development of the industry and it first begun in the assembly lines of his car factory. The several methods adopted by Ford, made the new invention (that is, the car) popular amongst the rich as well as the masses. According the History of Automobile Industry US, dominated the automobile markets

around the globe with no notable competitors. However, after the end of the Second World War in 1945, the Automobile Industry of other technologically advanced nations such as Japan and certain European nations gained momentum and within a very short period, beginning in the early 1980s, the U.S Automobile Industry was flooded with foreign automobile companies, especially those of Japan and Germany. The current trends of the Global Automobile Industry reveal that in the developed countries the Automobile Industries are stagnating as a result of the drooping car markets, whereas the Automobile Industry in the developing nations, such as, India and Pakistan, have been consistently registering higher growth rates every passing year for their flourishing domestic automobile markets. The Toyota Motor Co. Ltd (Toyota) was first established in 1937 by Kiichiro Toyoda as a spinoff from Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, one of the worlds leading manufacturers of weaving machinery. The Toyoda Automatic Loom Works was established by Japans King of Inventors, Sakichi Toyoda, who was Kiichiros father. The seed-money for the development and test building of Toyota's first automobiles was obtained by selling to Platt Brothers (U.K.) the patent rights to one of Sakichi Toyodas machines. (Lilli Guyer, August 22,1998) In the 1950s Toyotas production systems were improved, culminating in the establishment of the Toyota Production System (TPS) by Taichi Ohno,1953, a system that has become the basis for highly efficient lean manufacturing in industries worldwide. Based on the principles of Jidoka (automation with a stop system when the machine finds defects), Justin-Time (through the tool of Kanban) and Kaizen (continuous improvement), the system is a major factor in the reduction of inventories and defects in the plants of Toyota and its suppliers, and it underpins all the companys operations across the world. Toyota of Paris (TX) dealer Jerry Bawcum August 2008 stretched his reach 50 miles (80 km) to open Toyota of Mt. Pleasant, a rural market that depends on work trucks. Bawcum is part of a select dealer grotip that Toyota Motor Sales USA Inc. chose to launch its rural opportunity market (ROM) strategy. The Ford Motor Company, founded in 1903 by Henry Ford, is one of the largest auto makers in the world. During a time of crisis throughout the auto industry in recent years, Ford emerged as the sole American automaker in a position to survive the steepest sales downturn in decades without a government bailout. That helped the company improve its reputation and win new customers. (Alan R. Mulally November 18,1995) All manufacturing and service companies that want to be successful in the long term must become learning enterprises. Toyota is one of the best models in the world. ( Jeffrey K. Liker, PhD) The Machine That Changed the World (Womack, Jones, Roos, 1991) and Lean Thinking (Womack and Jones, 1996), and both stand as excellent resources on the subject. The first introduced the world to the tools and techniques of lean manufacturing by extracting its

principles from their initial Japanese application and examining them in detail. And, the second explained how to make value flow smoothly at the pull of the customer in pursuit of perfection. Honda Motor Company, Ltd. Honda Giken Kgy KK?, .Honda is a Japanese multinational corporation primarily known as a manufacturer of automobiles and motorcycles. Honda has been the world's largest motorcycle manufacturer since 1959,as well as the world's largest manufacturer of internal combustion engines measured by volume, producing more than 14 million internal combustion engines each year.Honda surpassed Nissan in 2001 to become the second-largest Japanese automobile manufacturer.As of August 2008, Honda surpassed Chrysler as the fourth largest automobile manufacturer in the United States. Honda is the sixth largest automobile manufacturer in the world. ( Fukui Takeo , July 11,2001)

Referance

1. Hillebrand, Walter. "Zetsche's Schlachtplan." Capital, September 2006, . 2. Parts of the global overview of Toyota were taken from IMDcase "Toyota: Repositioning the brand in Europe (D): Growing step-by-step" (Case IMD-5-0701), by George RMdler and Dominique Turpin, 2006. 3. "10 questions for Katsuaki Watanabe." Interview in Time Magazine, August 22,2005,. 4. "Formel Toyota." Manager Magazine, December 2004.. 5. "Toyota searches for love." Wall Street journal Europe, January 11, 2006, . 6. Toyota press release January 12, 2006. Quote taken from Mr. Shinichi Sasaki, President & CEO of Toyota Motor Europe (TME). 7. See Auto Motor Sport, September 2006. 8. Krix, Pia. "Von schweinen, frauen und lifestyle." Automobilxvoche Online, June 11, 2005. 9. Automotive News, July 11, 2005. 10. Kanter, James. "Toyota leads Asia drive in Europe." International Herald Tribune, July 23,2005. 11. Jonas, Adam and David Cramer. "PSA Peugeot Citroen The Toyota of Europe." Morgan Stanley Company Update, November 18,2005. 12. Automotive Nexus Europe, July 25,2005. 13. Eschment, Wolfgang. "PSA plant keine weiteren Kooperationen." Automobilwoche Online, March 12, 2005. 14. Radtke, Philipp and Eberhard Abele/Andreas E. Zielke. "Die smarte Revolution in der Automobilindustrie." Ueberreuter (Redline Wirtschaft), 2004. 15. Kochan, Anna. "Toyota transfers high standards to Czech factory." Automotive News Europe, July 11,2005. 16. Frink, Lyle. "Day One at Kolin: Czech plant starts regular output of PSA." Automotive News Europe, March 7, 2005. 17. Frink, Lyle. "Add a shift? Build a parking lot." Automotive Neios Europe, September 19, 2005,. 18. Weernink, Wim Oude. "Toyota taps US Scion brand for Aygo Marketing." Automotive News, March 7,2005,. 19. Court, David C, Jonathan W. Gordon and Jesko Perry. "Boosting returns on marketing investment." McKinsey Quarterly 2005, Number 2. 20. Honda's Midlife Crisis: Honda's slipping market position and views of Fukui Takeo (Chief Executive magazine, December 2005 issue)