Answers to AS problems in Chemical Ideas

Section 4.1
Standard enthalpy change of combustion is the enthalpy change when 1 mole of the compound is burnt completely in oxygen, under standard conditions (i.e. the compound and the products in their most stable states at 1 atmosphere pressure and at a stated temperature, often 298 K). b Standard enthalpy change of formation is the enthalpy change when 1 mole of a compound is formed from its elements, with both the compound and its elements being in their standard states (i.e. their most stable state at 1 atmosphere pressure and at a stated temperature, often 298 K). 2 The formation of a compound from its elements may be an exothermic reaction (Hf negative) or an endothermic reaction (Hf positive). However, energy is liberated whenever a substance burns, so combustion reactions are always exothermic (Hc negative). 3 1a
1 2

H2(g) +

1 2 Cl2(g)

H = 92.3 kJ mol1 HCl(g)

Progress of reaction

8 a Mr(C7H16) = 100 b i 481.7 kJ released ii 481 700 kJ released (Assumed combustion is complete and CO2 and H2O are the only products. Also, that combustion is carried out under standard conditions.) c Density of heptane 9 a H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l) b H (H2O) = 286 kJ mol1 f,298 c 143 kJ (assuming combustion takes place under standard conditions) d +286 kJ mol1 10 a The water starts to dissolve reactants or products rather than completing the reaction (or alternative wording). b 5 0.025 18 = 2.25 g = 2.25 cm3. This is 2 cm3 to the accuracy to which volumes are being measured. c First reaction: 65.9 kJ mol1 Second reaction: +10.7 kJ mol1 d No heat losses; calorimeter and solid products etc. absorb negligible thermal energy; specific heat capacity of water mass of water = specific heat capacity of solution mass of solution. Hr e CuSO4 5H2O(s) CuSO4(s) 5H2O(l) aq Hreaction 1

Enthalpy

aq Hreaction 2

Cu2(aq) SO4 2 (aq) 76.6 kJ mol1 First part: volume 0.5 cm3 (1%) temperature difference 0.01 C ( 0.13%) mass 0.005 g ( 0.125%) Total first part: 1.25% Second part: volume the same mass 0.005 g ( 0.08%) temperature difference 0.01 C ( 0.8%) Total second part: 1.88% h The measuring cylinder used for measuring the water. i The experimental value of 76.6 kJ mol1 is within the calculated uncertainty range. In this case, heat losses etc. have been reduced to below the level of the apparatus uncertainty. (It would certainly be worth using a burette to measure the water out!) 11 a 4C(s) + 5H2(g) C4H10(g) H1 b C4H10(g) 4C(s) 5H2(g) f g 6 1 O2(g) 2 H2 4CO2(g) c H3 5H2O(I) 6 1 O2(g) 2

Enthalpy

H (g)
1 2

H2(g) +

1 2 2(s)

H = +26.5 kJ mol1

Progress of reaction

4 a 2C(s) + 3H2(g) + O2(g) C2H5OH(l) b C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) c 4C(s) + 5H2(g) C4H10(g) d C4H10(g) + 6O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l) e 6C(s) + 6H2(g) + 3O2(g) C6H12O6(s) f C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) 5 H (C) is enthalpy change when 1 mole of carbon burned completely under standard conditions, i.e. C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) H (CO2) is enthalpy change when 1 mole of carbon dioxide is formed from its elements with both the carbon dioxide and its constituent elements in their standard states, i.e. C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) 6 a Thermometer, measuring cylinder, gas meter. b Volume of water used, temperature rise of water, volume of gas used. c Cooling losses, impurity of the gas, etc. 7 a 585 kJ mol1 b 100 g (measured by measuring cylinder 1 cm3 1%) 7 C (two thermometer readings 1.0 C 14%) 0.16 g (balance, assume tared reading, 0.005 g 3%) Overall about 18% 585 105 kJ mol1 c The thermometer d 726 kJ mol1 e This lies outside 585 105 kJ mol1, so heat losses are more significant than measurement uncertainties.

12 a

H1 + H3 = H2 H1 = H2 H3 = 4(393) kJ mol1 + 5(286) kJ mol1 (2877) kJ mol1 1 = 125 kJ mol Hr SiO2(s) 4HCl(g) SiCI4(l) 2H2O(l) H (SiCI4) f H2 2H (H2O) f H (SiO2) f 4Hf (HCI)

Si(s) 2Cl2(g) 2H2(g) O2(g) Hr = 640 + (2 286) 910 (4 92) = 66 kJ mol1

206

Salters Advanced Chemistry, Pearson Education Ltd 2008. University of York. This document may have been altered from the original.

Answers to AS problems in Chemical Ideas

Section 4.2
1 a b c C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
H H C H H C H H C H H 5O O 3O C O4H O H

2 (CC) 8 (CH) 5 (O=O) d 6 (C=O) 8 (OH) e +6489.5 kJ mol1 f 8542 kJ mol1 g 2052.5 kJ mol1 2 a CH3OH(l) + 1O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) H b
H C H O H 11 O 2 O O C O 2H O H

3 (CH) 1 (CO) 1 (OH) 1.5 (O=O) d 2 (C=O) 4 (OH) e +2786.5 kJ mol1 f 3466 kJ mol1 g 680 kJ mol1 c

3 N2H4(g) + O2(g) N2(g) + 2H2O(g) Bond enthalpies/kJ mol1: (+158) + 4(+391) + (+498.3) (+945.4) 4(+464) H = 581.1 kJ mol1 4 C2H4(g) + Br2(g) C2H4Br2(g) Bond enthalpies/kJ mol1: (+612) + 4(+413) + (+192.9) 4(+413) 2(+290) (+347) H = 122.1 kJ mol1 5 Bonds broken: 3 CH = 1239 1 C=C = 612 1 CO = 358 1 OH = 464 Total: 2673 Bonds made: 4 CH = 1652 1 CC = 347 1 C=O = 745 Total: 2744 H = 71 kJ mol1 6 a CH2 + 1.5O2 CO2 + H2O b Bonds broken: 1 CC = 347 2 CH = 826 1.5 O=O = 747.5 Total: 1920.5 Bonds made: 2 C=O = 1610 2 OH = 928 Total: 2538 H = 617.5 kJ mol1 c Bond enthalpies are averages the fact that many alcohols and water are liquid in their standard states has not been taken into consideration.

Section 4.3
1 a Increase b Decrease c Increase d Increase e Decrease f Decrease 2 a Molten wax (Liquids have higher entropies than solids.) b Br2(g) (Gases have higher entropies than liquids.) c Brass (Mixtures have higher entropies than the pure substances.) d Octane (Complex molecules have higher entropies than simpler molecules.) 3 1 in 256 4 a Ar atom larger than He. b Gases have higher entropies than liquids. c Cl2 molecule larger than F2. 5 a Greater. A gas is formed as a product. b Smaller. Number of molecules of gas in product smaller than the number of molecules of gas in reactants. c Smaller. One reactant is a gas; product only solid. d Smaller. Number of molecules of gas in product smaller than the number of molecules of gas in reactants.

Section 5.1
1 a b c d e f 2 a b c d e f g 3 a b c d Ca2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Mg2+(aq) + SO42(aq) 2Na+(aq) + O2(aq) K+(aq) + OH(aq) Ag+(aq) + NO3(aq) 2Al3+(aq) + 3SO42(aq) NaBr Mg(OH)2 Na2S BaO CaCO3 Ca(NO3)2 K2CO3 Ba2+(aq) + SO42(aq) BaSO4(s) Mg2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Mg(OH)2(s) Ca2+(aq) + CO32(aq) CaCO3(s) Ba2+(aq) + CrO42(aq) BaCrO4(s) 4 2Na+(aq) + SO42(aq) + 10H2O(l) Na2SO4.10H2O(s) 5 a H+(aq) + OH(aq) H2O(l) b Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + H2(g) c CuO(s) + 2H+(aq) Cu2+(aq) + H2O(l) d CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) Ca2+(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) 6 a i Cubic ii Eight iii Eight b The attractions between the oppositely charged caesium and chloride ions greatly outweigh the repulsions between ions with the same charge. The net attractive force is very high. The solid is hard and has a high melting point as this strong attraction has to be overcome to separate the particles.

Salters Advanced Chemistry, Pearson Education Ltd 2008. University of York. This document may have been altered from the original.

207