Series Expansion

Questions Exercise 1A (1) Find the first three terms and the last term in the expansion of (1 + 3x ) as a series of ascending powers of x. For what values x is this expansion valid?
9

(2)

1 as a series of ascending powers of x, giving the first four terms 1+3x and the range of values of x for which the expansion is valid.

Expand

(3)

2x as a series of ascending 1 2x powers of x, giving the range of values of x for which the expansion is valid.

Find the first three terms in the expansion of

(4)

1 x as a series of ascending powers of x, as far as the term 1+ 2x is x 3 , giving the values x for which the series converges to f (x).

Express f (x) =

(5)

1 in partial fractions. Hence find a quadratic (1 x)(1 + 2 x) function which is approximately equal to f (x) when x is small enough for powers of x greater than x 2 to be ignored. Express f (x) =
1+x Find the coefficient of x when is expanded as a series of ascending 1 x powers of x.
2

(6)

(7)

e 3x 2 1 + 4 x + x 2 if x is small enough for x 2 and higher powers x e of x to be ignored. Show that Find the first three terms in the expansion of e x + lu(1 + x ) as a series of ascending powers of x. Show that 3x = e x l n 3 . Hence find the first four terms in the expansion of 3x as a series of ascending powers of x. Use your series with x = 110 to find an approximate value for 10 3=31/10 .

(8)

(9)

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(10)

(a)

1 as a series of ascending powers of x, giving the first 1-2x four terms and the range of values of x for which the series converges. Expand Use the expansion in part (a) to find an approximate value for 2

(b) (11) When

1 1 is expanded as a series of ascending powers of x, the 2 (1 + ax) 1 3x first term is -27 16 x 2 (a) (b) Find the value of a Find the second term of the series

Solutions Exercise 1A (1)

(1+3x )

=1+

9 1

( 3x ) + 9 ( 3x ) 2

The expansion is valid if |3x |< 1 That is, | x |< 1 3

(2)

+ K + (3x )9 = 1 + 27 x +324x 2 + K + 19683x 9

1 ( 1) (1)( 2) ( 1)( 2)( 3) = (1 + 3 x) 1 = 1 + (3x ) + (3x )2 + (3 x) 3 +K 1+3x 1! 2! 3! 2 3 =1-3x + 9 x 27 x + ... The expansion is valid if

| 3x |< 1 | x |< 1 3
(3)
2x = 2 x(1 2 x) 1 = 2 x(1 + 2 x + 4 x 2 + ...) = 2 x + 4 x 2 + 8 x3 + ... 1 2x ( 1) ( 1)(2) (1 2 x )1 = 1 + ( 2 x) + (2 x )2 + ... = 1! 2! = 1 + 2 x + 4 x 2 + ...

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This is valid if | 2 x |< 1 | x |< 1 2

(4)
f (x) = 1 x 1+ 2x

1 x = (1 x )(1 + 2 x) 1 = (1 x)(1 2 x + 4 x 2 8 x 3 + ...) 1 + 2x = 1 2 x + 4 x 2 x + 2 x 2 ... ( 1) (1)( 2) ( 1)( 2)(3) (1 + 2 x ) 1 = 1 + (2 x ) + (2 x) 2 + (2 x) 3 + ... 1! 2! 3! 2 3 = 1 2 x + 4 x 8 x + ... = 1 3 x + 6 x 2 12 x3 + ... The series converges to f ( x) if |2 x |< 1 That is | x |< 1 2 (5) 1 A B A(1 + 2 x) + B(1 x ) = + = (1 x)(1 + 2 x ) 1 x 1 + 2 x (1 x )(1 + 2 x) A + B + (2 A B ) x = (1 x )(1 + 2 x ) A+ B =1 2A B = 0 A = 13 , B = 2 3 3 A = 1 => Thus, 1 1 f (x) = + 3( A x) 3(1 + 2 x) 1 = ( A x ) 1 = +(1 + x + 2 x 2 + ...) = +1 + x + x 2 2 ( A + x) 1 = (1 + 2 x) 1 = 1 2 x + 42... 1+ 2x Thus f (x) =
2 2 f ( x ) = + 1 3 + x 3 + x 3 + 2 3 4 3 x + 8 x 3 = +... 2 = 3 x + 9 x + ... = 1 x + 3x 2 + ... 3 3

(6)

1+ x 2 2 2 2 = (1 + x) (1 x ) = (1 + 2 x + x )(1 + 2 x + 3 x + ...) 1 x
2

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= 1 + 4 x + 8 x2 + 12 x 3 + ... ( 2) ( 2)(3) (1 x) 2 = 1 + ( x) + ( x) 2 ... = 1 + 2 x + 3x 2 + ... 1! 2! 2 Hence, the coefficient of x is 8

(7)

exp(3x ) 2 9x2 x2 = ( 1+ 3 x + + ...)(1 x + + ...) = 1 + 4 x + x 2 3x 3 exp( x) 2 2 2 2 9x 9x 9x2 9x3 ex(3 x) = 1 + 3x + + + ... => exp(3x ) 2 = 1 + 3x + + + ... 2 2 2 2 1 x2 x3 = 1 x + + ... exp( x) 2 6 Thus,
e 3x 2 1 + 4 x + x2 x e

(8)

e x + ln(1 + x ) x 2 x3 + + ... 2 6 ( 1)( ) 2 1 1 1 ln(1 + x ) = ln1 + 1 x + 1 x 2 + x3 + ... = 1! 2! 3! 2 3 = x x + x ... 2 3 ex = 1 + x + And so,

2 3 2 3 e x + ln(1 + x) = 1 + x + x 2 + x 6 + ... + x x 2 + x 3 ... 3 = 1 + 2 x + x + ... 2

(9)

3x = e xlu3 : e xlu3 = e lu 3x = 3x shown ( x ln3) 2 ( x ln3) 3 xlu3 e = 1 + x ln3 + + + ... = 2! 3! 2 3 ( ln3 ) 2 ( ln3) 3 = 1 + (ln3) x + x + x + ... 2 6 x = 110 : 3 1 1 (ln3) 2 1 (ln3) 3 1 10 3 = 3 10 = e 10 ln = 1 + (ln3) 110 + + 100 1000 + ... 2 6 = 1.1161

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(10)

(a)

(b)

1 2x 1 ( 12)( 32) ( 12)( 3 2)( 5 2) = 1 + 2 ( 2 x) + ( 2 x ) 2 + 1! 2! 3! 3 ( 2 x) + ... = 1 + x + 3 2 x 2 + 5 2 x 3 + ... the series converges if | 2 x |< 1 | x |< 1 2 That is - 1 < x < 1 2 2 1 2 = 1 + 1 4 + 3 2 . 116 + 5 2 . 1 64 + ... 1 1 2 4 = 1 + 1 4 + 3 32 + 5128 + ... = 1.3828

= (1 2 x )

(11)

1 1 2 (1 + ax) 1 3x 1 ( 2) ( 2)( 3) 2 2 ( 2)(3)( 4) 3 3 = (1 + ax) 2 = 1 + ax + a x + a x + ... 2 (1 + ax ) 1! 2! 3! 1 1 = (1 3 x) 2 1 3x ( 1 2) ( 12 )( 3 2) ( 12)( 3 2 )( 5 2) = 1+ ( 3 x ) + ( 3 x ) 2 + ( 3 x ) 3 + ... 1! 2! 3! 2 3 = 1 + 3 x + 27 x + 135 x + ... 2 8 16 This implies, 1 1 = 1 2ax + 3a 2 x3 4 a 3 x 3 + ... 2 (1 + ax ) 1 3x 1 + 3 x + 27 x 2 + 135 x3 + ... = 2 8 16 = 2a 3 2 x + 3a 2 27 8 x 2 +... Since the first term in the series is - 27 16 x 2 Then, (a) 2 a 3 2 = 0 2 a = 3 2 a = - 34

) (

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(b)

The second term in the series is:

( -4a

13516 ) x 3 = ( 4.27 16 135 16 ) x 3 = 10816 x 3 = 27 4 x 3

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