Animal Organ Systems (Part 1) How do animal structures well suited to specific functions come about?

Natural selection favors the most functional structures for a particular environment.

Which of the following ideas is not consistent with our understanding of animal structure?
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Different animals contain fundamentally different categories of tissues.

Which of the following is true of interstitial fluid?

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It provides for the exchange of materials between blood and body cells.

In a typical multicellular animal, the circulatory system interacts with various specialized surfaces in order to exchange materials with the exterior environment. Which of the following is not an example of such an exchange surface?
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Muscle

Which statement best links the group of tissues known as connective tissue? A connective tissue will have
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relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix.

If you gently twist your ear lobe it does not remain distorted because it contains
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elastin fibers.

What holds bones together at joints?

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Ligaments

Matrices of connective tissue include all of the following except

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actin and myosin of muscle.

The functional unit of nervous tissue

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neuron

Which of the following traits is characteristic of all types of muscle tissue?

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cells that contain actin and myosin

Which of the following describes cardiac muscle?

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striated and branched

The most significant single factor in preventing you from being able to run for a full 24 hours without stopping is the
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lack of sustainable levels of cellular respiration

The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant internal environment is termed

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homeostasis.

How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?

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In positive feedback, the effector's response is in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it.

Where is the thermostat of vertebrates located?

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Hypothalamus

Animal Organ Systems (Part 2)

In which animal does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body? - Frog A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. From this point in the artery, how many capillary beds must this red blood cell pass through before it returns to the left ventricle of the heart?
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Two

Through how many capillary beds must a human red blood cell travel if it takes the shortest possible route from the right ventricle to the right atrium?
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Two

Which sequence of blood flow can be observed in either a reptile or a mammal?

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vena cava right atrium ventricle pulmonary circuit

Average blood pressure is lowest in which structure(s)?

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venae cavae

Which of the following is correct for a blood pressure reading of 130/80? I. The systolic pressure is 130. II. The diastolic pressure is 80. III. The blood pressure during heart contraction is 80.
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I and II only

What can be expected to happen to the blood pressure of a healthy individual during inhalation?
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There will be a transient decrease in blood pressure.

If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then
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fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues.

If a person were suffering from edema, which of the following conditions would help to reduce the accumulation of interstitial fluid?
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decrease of the systolic blood pressure

Cyanide acts as a mitochondrial poison by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. What will happen to human red blood cells if they are placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide?
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The cells will probably be unaffected.

high blood pressure - Hypertension defect in one or more of the valves of the heart - heart murmur plaque formation by infiltration of lipids into arterial smooth muscles - atherosclerosis Why is the velocity of blood flow the lowest in capillaries?
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The total surface area of the capillaries is larger than the total surface area of the arterioles.

To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n)
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four-chambered heart.

Animal Organ Systems (Part 3)

Why is gas exchange more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs? Water is denser than air. Water contains much less O2 than air per unit volume.

Which of the following is an example of countercurrent exchange? the flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills

Tracheal systems for gas exchange are found in which organism? Insect

All of the following respiratory surfaces are associated with capillary beds except the tracheae of insects.

The blood level of which gas is most important in controlling human respiration rate? carbon dioxide

The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in pH.

How is most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood in humans? bicarbonate ions in the plasma

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe? rising CO2

In negative pressure breathing, inhalation results from contracting the diaphragm.

A decrease in the pH of human blood caused by exercise would increase heart rate.

Prokariotic and Eukariotic Cell Differences The cell has true nucleus, consisting of nuclear membrane and nucleoli e Which has larger ribosomes? Membrane enclosed organelles are absent p This is an external structure of a prokariotic cell that may protect pathogens from phagocytosis and it enable adherence to surfaces, prevent desiccation and may provide nutrients. Cells usually involves mitosis during cell division. Which statement is not correct: E Lysosomes and peroxisomes are absent in these cells. P Prokariotic cells have chloroplasts. Capsules or Glycocalyx E Prokaryotes are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Yes

You cannot find cytoskeleton in these cells p

Vesicles are present in prokariotic and eukariotic cells. Yes

Bonds Quiz A chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion Ionic Bond

Hydrogen bond is a chemical bond formed between an electropositive atom (typically hydrogen) and a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the bonding of water molecules in liquid and solid states, and are weaker than covalent and ionic bonds True

Covalent bond is used to describe the bonds in compounds that result from the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons True

A bond between 2 nonmetal atoms that have different electronegativities and therefore have unequal sharing of the bonding electron pair Polar Covalent Bond

A bond between 2 nonmetal atoms that have the same electronegativity and therefore have equal sharing of the bonding electron pair Non-Polar Covalent bond