Applications of wavelet transforms in electric power quality: harmonic distortion

J. Barros, Senior Member IEEE, R I. Diego, Member IEEE, M. de Apriz

Dept. of Electronics and Computers University of Cantabria Santander. Spain

AbstractWavelet transform is, at present, one of the most useful digital signal processing tools for time-frequency analysis of power quality disturbances in power systems. This paper presents a review of the applications of wavelet transforms in the measurement and analysis of harmonic distortion in power systems, discussing the performance, advantages and limitations of the different methods proposed in the technical literature. Keywords-harmonic distortion; power quality; power systems; wavelets.

I.

INTRODUCTION

short and long duration voltage variations and harmonic distortion. The authors proposed the use of short wavelet functions, such as Daubechies with 4 coefficients (db4) or with 6 coefficients (db6), for the case of fast transients and longer wavelet functions, such as db8 and db10, for the case of slow transients. Robertson et al. explored in [8] the use of the wavelet transform for power system transients and described a methodology for building a transient recognition system, separating power transient signals into meaningful components. The system was initially proposed for capacitor switching and fault transients. Since those first applications of wavelets in power systems, many new applications of wavelets have been proposed in the technical literature in all areas of power engineering, from the analysis of non-stationary and stationary signals, to the detection, classification, compression and storage of power quality disturbances, to power system relaying and protection. References [9-12] present an interesting review of the use of wavelet transforms in different areas of power system engineering. In this context the purpose of this paper is to present a review of the different methods proposed in the technical literature for the measurement and analysis of harmonic distortion using wavelets. In section II of the paper the methods applied for estimation of harmonic, interharmonic and subharmonic distortion using different wavelet transforms are summarised. Section III describes the methods proposed for the detection and tracking of time-varying harmonics. Section IV studies the application of wavelets in harmonic compensation and, finally, Section V considers the special case of the waveform distortion produced by voltage notching and the use of wavelets for its characterization. II. WAVELETS AND HARMONIC DISTORTION

The two basic signal processing methods proposed in the international standards for analysis of electric power quality are the r.m.s. value, used for the measurement of the magnitude of voltage or current wavefoms and Fourier analysis, used for the estimation of the magnitudes of the fundamental and harmonic components [1-4]. Although these methods are defined for analysis of stationary signals, they are also used for non-stationary signals, producing erroneous results. Different digital signal processing tools have been proposed to overcome to some extent the limitations of the standard methods, such as the Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT), Kalman filtering (KF), wavelet transforms (WT) and others, but until now, none of them have been considered in the measurement standards. Wavelet analysis is an advanced mathematical tool that uses short-duration oscillating waveforms with zero mean and sharp decay to zero at both ends, instead of stationary sinusoidal waveforms as are used in Fourier analysis. These short-duration waveforms are shifted and translated to vary the time-frequency resolution. Wavelet analysis is well suited to non-periodic signals that may contain both stationary components as well as transient signals, such as the ones that can be found in power quality disturbances. The capacity of wavelets to adapt the window size improves the analysis of these types of non-stationary signals. P.F. Ribeiro was the first to apply wavelet transform for analyzing non-stationary signals in power systems [5, 6]. In these papers the author presents the basic concepts of wavelet theory and investigates the potential for its application in power system distortion analysis. Santoso et al. proposed in [7] an approach using wavelets to detect and localize electric power quality disturbances, such as fast voltage fluctuations,

The suitability of wavelets for studying signals in different frequency bands has lead to different proposals for their application in the analysis of harmonic distortion in power systems. Furthermore, using the time information provided by the wavelet transform, it is possible to track the time evolution of harmonic, interharmonic and subharmonic components in power system waveforms. Continuous wavelet transform (CWT), discrete wavelet transform (DWT), wavelet packet transform (WPT) or

The authors wish to thank the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, National Plan of R+D+I (2008-2011), for its support of this research project under grant ENE2009-13978-C02-01, of which the present paper is a part.

978-1-61284-946-1/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE

recursive wavelet transform (RWT) have been proposed for estimation of harmonic distortion in power system waveforms. Reference [13] provides the theoretical basis for r.m.s. and power/energy measurements of fundamental or harmonic components using the wavelet transform. In [14], the use of a combination of CWT and DWT for identification of harmonics and to quantify their amplitudes and phase angles is proposed. In [15], the same authors proposed a method for compensation of the distortion introduced by the filter banks used in the implementation of wavelet transform. CWT is also used in [16] for identification of harmonics, interharmonics and subharmonics. The authors proposed an approach based on the method in [14], using the Chaari complex wavelet function instead of the Gaussian function for the evaluation of harmonic content in power system waveforms. References [17-18] proposed an approach where CWT is applied, using the Morlet wavelet function, for detection and estimation of the frequency and magnitude of harmonic, subharmonic or interharmonic components. The choice of the mother wavelet function is one of the key factors in the successful application of wavelets in the analysis of harmonic distortion or any other power quality disturbance. There is no agreement about the most suitable wavelet function for analysis of harmonics. As a general rule, wavelets with large numbers of coefficients present lower spectral leakage than wavelets with small numbers of coefficients, and are better suited for analysis of harmonic components. Vaidyanathan with 24 coefficients [19, 22], Daubechies with 20 coefficients [23] and Coiflet 5 [24] have been proposed in the literature as the most adequate wavelet functions for harmonic analysis. More recently, in [25] an algorithm for selecting the most suitable mother wavelet for measurement of harmonics and interharmonics using WPT is proposed. The authors concluded that discrete Meyer wavelet provides better performance than db10, Symlet 8 and Coiflet 5. On the other hand, in [26] a statistical approach for the computation of the r.m.s. value to compare the performance of different wavelet families using DWT is presented. Using this criterion the authors proposed db7 as the most suitable wavelet for analysis of power system harmonics. Reference [27] suggested the use of the Gaussian wavelet for estimation of harmonics using the continuous wavelet transform. DWT is also proposed in [28-30] for a new definition of the power components contained in IEEE Standard 1459-2000 in the wavelet domain. A five-level wavelet decomposition tree with db10 as the mother wavelet is used in order to reduce the spectral leakage. The logarithmic decomposition of the frequency spectra produced by the DWT does not exactly correspond to the harmonic components of a signal and cannot be used to obtain a precise estimation of the harmonic distortion. This limitation in the estimation of harmonic distortion is overcome using the wavelet packet transform. E.Y. Hamid et. al. proposed in [19-21] the use of the WPT to separate and to improve the results obtained using DWT in

the estimation of the r.m.s. magnitudes of harmonic components in power system waveforms. L. Eren and M.J. Devaney in [31, 32] proposed different implementations to reduce the computational complexity of WPT for its application in real-time measurement of harmonics. By selecting a suitable sampling frequency of the input signal and the wavelet decomposition tree, uniform frequency decomposition can be obtained that corresponds to the harmonic and interharmonic groups as defined in standard IEC 61000-4-7 [2]. References [33, 34] propose the use of a wavelet packet decomposition tree, with Vaidyanathan with 24 coefficients and 1.6 kHz sampling frequency, to obtain fifteen 50-Hz width bands up to harmonic group of order 15, with each harmonic frequency in the centre of each band, compatible with the harmonic groups defined in the IEC standard. The method proposed presents an error in the acceptable range for an IEC standard measurement instrument, for the case of stationary harmonic distortion and better results than the standard method in the case of non-stationary harmonic distortion and in the case of the presence of interharmonic components. A WPT decomposition compatible with the harmonic groups defined in IEC standards is also used in [35] for detection and identification of harmonics in voltage and current waveforms in an arc furnace. An integrated approach for estimation of harmonic, interharmonic and subharmonic groups, and the time-evolution of harmonic using simultaneously different levels of the same wavelet packet transform decomposition tree is proposed in [36], comparing the performance of this method with the standard method. On the other hand, reference [37] presents a method for estimation of the magnitude of the subharmonic components computed using the WPT. A new approach based on wavelet packet transform is proposed in [38] for power calculation of fundamental and all harmonics of a signal. WPT is also proposed in [39, 40] to redefine power quality indexes, such as THD, distortion index, power factors and others, in the time-frequency domain, instead of using FFT. A hybrid wavelet-Fourier approach is proposed in [41] to reduce the computation complexity in the analysis of harmonic distortion. DWT is applied to the input signal and then DFT is applied to wavelet coefficients in the different decomposition levels. In [42, 43], a method is presented for estimating frequency and harmonic parameters in real time using a recursive wavelet transform. The authors study the effect of sampling frequency and data window size on the performance of the algorithm, selecting the two parameters to fulfil the requirements of a specific application. Finally a method for estimation of waveform distortion in the frequency range from 2 kHz to 9 kHz using the WPT is proposed in [44]. This paper presents an instrument for timefrequency analysis of the waveform distortion in voltage supply using wavelets and proposes a new performance index for assessment of the distortion in this frequency range.

III.

WAVELETS AND TIME-VARYING HARMONICS

In contrast to DFT analysis, which provides a frequency resolution that is a function of the sampling window used and no time resolution, wavelet analysis enables the time-frequency analysis of a signal with different resolutions, which makes it possible to identify any event occurring in the input signal. Wavelet analysis provides high time resolution for highfrequency components of a signal and low time resolution for the low-frequency components. Different authors have proposed the use of wavelets for analysis of time-varying harmonics. Driesen et. al. proposed in [45] the use of the DWT, with the Meyer wavelet function, to analyse time-varying power system harmonics, showing the performance of the method in three practical examples. However, as was previously stated, the use of DWT does not permit the assignation of the scales of the multi-resolution algorithm to the different harmonic frequencies. In [46], wavelet transform in combination with least mean squares and recursive mean squares algorithms are used to track non-stationary harmonics in real time. In [47], T. Zeng et. al. proposed the use of transient and steady-state models for power systems in the wavelet domain for transient and timevarying harmonic analysis. The authors reported the performance of the method proposed in the analysis of an arc furnace system. In [48] a Morlet wavelet transform for the study of timevarying harmonics is proposed. The inrush current from singlephase and three-phase transformers and the input current of an arc furnace system are used as test signals to show the performance of this approach. A combination of wavelets and Kalman filtering is used in [49] for on-line tracking of power system harmonics. Wavelet transform, with Haar wavelet function, is employed to develop a new harmonic model to shorten the tracking time when using Kalman filtering. On the other hand, CWT with Gabor mother wavelet function is used in [50] for tracking the performance of power electronic converters. A method for locating bursts of harmonics in power systems using DWT with the Symmlet wavelet function is presented in [51]. The method only used the high-frequency coefficients of the first level of the decomposition tree for detection purpose and it is sensitive to high-frequency noise, requiring a careful selection of the detection threshold. In [52], the same authors proposed a wavelet-based method for measurement of waveforms with harmonics that step-change between different levels for use in the calibration of IEC standard harmonic analyzers. A combined method for analysis of time-varying harmonics using the wavelet transform and the Short Time Fourier transform is presented in [53]. The wavelet transform is used to detect the time and the main frequency range of the transient signal, applying the STFT to the transient signal. An algorithm based on the use of the WPT is presented in [54, 55] for timefrequency characterization of power system harmonics. The method proposed simultaneously uses different levels of the filter bank used to analyze the time-varying characteristics of

the different harmonic frequency bands in the input signal with different resolutions. In [56], the use of DWT with dmey wavelet function is proposed to analyze and visualize time-varying harmonics in voltage and current waveforms. However, the use of the DWT does not allow the adequate separation of the different harmonic components. In [57-59], a methodology to separate and reconstruct odd and even harmonic components up to order 15 in the input signal is proposed. A conventional decomposition filter bank is used to obtain band-pass filters centred at each harmonic frequency and a non-conventional synthesis bank structure with up-sampling is used for separately reconstructing each harmonic component waveform to its original sampling rate. In spite of what is stated in these references, due to the use of band-pass filter banks none of the methods proposed is valid to track individual harmonic components. IV. WAVELETS AND HARMONIC COMPENSATION

Wavelets have been proposed in [60-67] for harmonic compensation both in active power filters and in unified power quality conditioners (UPQC). In [60], wavelet analysis is used to extract the disturbance and to generate the reference signal to drive the shunt part of the unified power quality conditioner. Driesen et. al. presented in [61] an algorithm to determine the reference filter current for an active power filter, based on definitions of active and reactive power quantities in the time-frequency domain associated with complex wavelets. Reference [62] made a performance comparison of an extended Kalman filtering (EKF) and wavelet-based algorithm to obtain in real time the reference current for an active power filter with respect to the dq method, concluding that both methods present better performance than the dq method with the EKF method showing faster response in transient conditions. DWT with the dmey wavelet function is applied in [63] to obtain the reference compensation of a shunt active power filter. The method proposed presents short transient time, less than cycle, even when the source voltage is asymmetrically distorted. On the other hand, a wavelet-based controller is applied in [64] to control the dc link voltage of a shunt active power filter. To this end, DWT with db4 and 24 decomposition levels is applied to the dc voltage error signal. In [65], the fundamental component of the load current is extracted using a wavelet transform decomposition, then a least-squares algorithm is applied to compute its amplitude, phase angle and frequency to control an active power filter. Morsi and El-Hawary proposed in [66] a method based on WPT to decompose the load distortion current into active and residual components. The main advantage of this method is that these two components are accessible at each frequency band over time, allowing selective harmonic elimination, interharmonic compensation and non-active power measurement. Finally, in [67] a repetitive current control scheme which utilizes a real-time delay-less digital filter based on wavelet transformation is proposed to control an active power filter.

V.

WAVELETS AND VOLTAGE NOTCHING

[1]

REFERENCES
International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC 61000-4-30. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques. Section 30: Power quality measurement methods, Switzerland, 2008. [2] International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC 61000-4-7. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 4-7: Testing and measurement techniques - General guide on harmonics and interharmonics measurements and instrumentation, for power supply systems and equipment connected thereto, Switzerland, 2002. [3] IEEE 519-1992, IEEE Recommended practices and requirements for harmonic control in electrical power systems, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York, USA, 1992. [4] IEEE Std 1159-2009, IEEE Recommended practice for monitoring electric power quality, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York, USA, 2009. General applications and literature surveys [5] P.F. Ribeiro, Wavelets: a new approach to analyze power system distortions, EPRI-Power Quality Steering Committee, Baltimore, MD, USA, 1993. [6] P.F. Ribeiro, Wavelet transform: an advanced tool for analyzing nonstationary harmonic distortion in power systems, IEEE International Conference on Harmonics in Power Systems 1994, ICHPS VI, Bologna, Italy, September 21-23, 1994, pp. 365-369. [7] S. Santoso, E.J. Powers, and W.M. Grady, Electric power quality disturbance detection using wavelet transform analysis, IEEE-SP International Symposium on Time-Frequency and Time Scale Analysis, Philadelphia, USA, 1994, pp. 166-169. [8] D. Robertson, O.I. Camps, and J. Mayer, Wavelets and power system transients: feature detection and classification, International Symposium on Optical Engineering in Aerospace Sensing, SPIE vol. 2242, 1994, pp. 474-487. [9] C.H. Lee, Y.J. Wang, and W.L. Huang, A literature survey of wavelets in power engineering applications, Proc. Natl. Sci. Counc. ROC(A), vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 249-258, 2000. [10] T. Lin, A. Domijan Jr, and F. Chu, A survey of techniques for power quality monitoring, International Journal of Power and Energy Systems, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 167-172, 2005. [11] S. Chen and H.Y. Zhu, Wavelet transform for processing power quality disturbances, EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, vol. 2007, pp. 1-20. [12] N.C.F. Tse and L.L. Lai, Wavelet-based algorithm for signal analysis, EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, vol. 2007, pp. 120. Wavelets and harmonic distortion [13] W.K. Yoon and M.J. Devaney, Power measurement using the wavelet transform, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1205-1210, October 1998. [14] V.L. Pham and K.P. Wong, Wavelet transform-based algorithm for harmonic analysis of power system waveforms, IEE Proc.-Gener., Transm. and Distrib., vol. 146, no. 3, pp. 249-254, May 1999. [15] V.L. Pham and K.P. Wong, Antidistortion method for wavelet transform filter banks and non-stationary power system waveform harmonic analysis, IEE Proc.-Gener., Transm. and Distrib., vol. 148, no. 2, pp. 117-122, March 2001. [16] D. Montoya, Harmonic analysis of power system waveforms based on Chaari complex mother wavelet, 7th WSEAS International Conference on Power Systems, Beijing, China, September 15-17, 2007, pp. 7-11. [17] N.C.F. Tse, Practical application of wavelet to power quality analysis, IEEE PES General Meeting 2006, 18-22 June 2006, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, pp. 1-5. [18] G. Jing, A new scale-frequency method for inter-harmonic detection based on continuous wavelet transform, 2010 International Conference on Computer, Mechatronics, Control and Electronic Engineering, CMCE 2010, vol. 5, pp. 137-139.

Voltage notching is a type of power quality disturbance produced by the normal operation of power electronic converters. Voltage notches occur continuously and periodically and can be characterized using the standard harmonic distortion indexes, but the frequency components associated with them can be quite high so that they cannot be characterized using harmonic measurement equipment. Voltage notches are defined using two parameters, the depth and the area, and they should be limited in order to avoid their negative effect on equipment. Standard IEEE 519-1992 defines limits for voltage notching [3] and refers to the use of an oscilloscope for the estimation of the area of voltage notches in low-voltage systems. Several methods have been proposed for the detection and analysis of voltage notching using wavelets. Angrisani et. al. [68] proposed the use of the CWT for detection of voltage notching and estimation of its duration, combined with the use of the DWT for decomposition and sub-band reconstruction of the signal for estimation of the amplitude of the disturbance. Santoso et. al. proposed in [69] the number of peaks in the square of the high-frequency wavelet coefficients, obtained applying DWT, with db4 as the mother wavelet, to estimate the number of notches per cycle in a voltage notching waveform. References [70, 71] propose a fuzzy expert system using Fourier and wavelets for detection and classification of voltage notches and other power quality disturbances. In [72] a method where a B-spline wavelet function is embedded inside a wavelet transform is proposed for notch detection and estimation. Mindikowski et al. [73] and Tarasiuk [74] proposed the use of the DWT for assessment of voltage notches, studying the effect of the sampling frequency in their correct estimation. Finally, a method for detection and estimation of voltage notches using DWT with db4 as the mother wavelet is presented in [75]. The number of peaks over a specific threshold and the energy of the detail coefficients of the first level of the wavelet decomposition tree are used for detection of voltage notching. The duration and the depth of the voltage notches can also be assessed using the method proposed, which was implemented in a low-cost virtual measurement instrument. The performance of the method has been tested using real signals. VI. CONCLUSION

This paper has presented a review of the methods proposed in the technical literature for analysis of harmonic distortion in power systems using wavelets. Harmonic, interharmonic and subharmonic distortion can be studied using different wavelet transforms, both in stationary and non-stationary conditions, showing better performance in the measurement of timevarying waveform distortion. Different methods using wavelets have also been included for harmonic compensation and for analysis of voltage notching.

[19] E.Y. Hamid and Z. Kawasaki, Wavelet packet transform for r.m.s. values and power measurements, IEEE Power Engineering Review, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 49-51, September 2001. [20] E.Y. Hamid and Z. Kawasaki, Instrument for the quality analysis of power systems based on the wavelet packet transform, IEEE Power Engineering Review, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 52-54, March 2002. [21] E.Y. Hamid, R. Mardiana, and Z. Kawasaki, Method for rms and power measurement based on the wavelet packet transform, IEE Proc. Sci, Meas, Technol, vol. 149, no. 2, pp. 60-66, March 2002. [22] J. Barros and R.I. Diego, Analysis of harmonics in power systems using the wavelet packet transform, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 63-69, January 2008. [23] C. Parameswariah and M. Cox, Frequency characteristics of wavelets, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 800-804, July 2002. [24] A. Domijan, A. Hari, and T. Lin, On the selection of appropriate filter bank for power quality monitoring, International Journal of Power and Energy Systems, vol. 24, PowerCon Special Issue, pp. 46-50, 2004. [25] W.G. Morsi and M.E. El-Hawary, Suitable mother wavelet for harmonics and interharmonics measurements using wavelet packet transform, Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering 2007, CCECE 2007, pp. 748 752. [26] S. Kashyap and A.K. Singh, Most suitable mother wavelet for measurement of power system harmonics using DWT in view of IEEE Standard 1459-2000, 13th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power, ICHQP 2008, pp. 1-6. [27] A. Srivastava, A. Siddharth, A.K. Singh, and A.K. Singh, Some observations on selection of most suitable mother wavelet for measurement of power system harmonics using CWT, IEEE Region 10 Conference TENCON 2009, pp. 1-6. [28] W.G. Morsi and M.E. El-Hawary, Reformulating power components definitions contained in the IEEE standard 1459-2000 using discrete wavelet transform, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1910-1916, July 2007. [29] W.G. Morsi and M.E. El-Hawary, Reformulating three-phase power components definitions contained in the IEEE standard 1459-2000 using discrete wavelet transform, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1917-1925, July 2007. [30] W.G. Morsi and M.E. El-Hawary, A new perspective for the IEEE standard 1459-2000 via stationary wavelet transform in the presence of nonstationary power quality disturbance, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 2356-2365, October 2008. [31] L. Eren and M.J. Devaney, Calculation of power system harmonics via wavelet packet decomposition in real time metering, IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, IMTC2002, Anchorage, AK, USA, 21-23 May 2002, pp. 1643-1647. [32] L. Eren and M.J. Devaney, Harmonic analysis via wavelet packet decomposition using special elliptic half-band filters, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 2289-2293, December 2007. [33] J. Barros and R.I. Diego, Application of the wavelet-packet transform to the estimation of harmonic groups in current and voltage waveforms, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 533-535, January 2006. [34] J. Barros and R.I. Diego, A new method for measurement of harmonic groups in power systems using wavelet analysis in the IEC standard framework, Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 76, no. 4, pp. 200208, January 2006. [35] M. Anxo, B. Novo, and F. Manzanedo, Arc furnace current and voltage harmonics analysis using the wavelet packet transform, 13th Int. Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power, ICHQP 2008, pp. 1-6. [36] R.I. Diego and J. Barros, Global method for time-frequency analysis of harmonic distortion in power systems using the wavelet packet transform, Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 79, no. 8, pp. 12261239, August 2009. [37] R.I. Diego and J. Barros, Subharmonic measurement using DFT and wavelet-packet transform in an IEC extended framework, Measurement, vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 1603-1608, December 2010.

[38] F. Vatansever and A. Ozdemir, Power parameters calculations based on wavelet packet transform, Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 31, no. 10, pp. 596-603, November-December 2009. [39] W.G. Morsi and M.E. El-Hawary, Fuzzy-wavelet-based electric power quality assessment of distribution systems under stationary and nonstationary disturbances, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 2099-2106, October 2009. [40] W.G. Morsi and M.E. El-Hawary, Wavelet packet transform-based power quality indices for balanced and unbalanced three-phase systems under stationary and nonstationary operating conditions, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 2300-2310, October 2009. [41] T. Tarasiuk, Hybrid wavelet-Fourier spectrum analysis, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 957-964, July 2004. [42] J. Ren and M. Kezunovic, A wavelet method for power system frequency and harmonic estimation, North American Power System Symposium (NAPS), 2010, pp. 1-6. [43] J. Ren and M. Kezunovic, Use of recursive wavelet transform for estimating power system frequency and phasors, IEEE Transmission and Distribution Conference 2010, 19-22 April 2010, pp. 1-6. [44] J. Barros, M. de Apriz, and R. I. Diego, Measurement of voltage distortion in the frequency range 2 9 kHz, IEEE International Workshop on Applied Measurements for Power Systems, AMPS 2010, Aachen, Germany, Sept. 22-24, 2010, pp. 70-73. Wavelets and time-varying harmonics [45] J. Driesen, T. Van Craenenbroeck, R. Reekmans, and D. Van Dommelen, Analysing time-varying power system harmonics using wavelet transform, IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, IMTC1996, Brussels, Belgium, 4-6 June 1996, pp. 474-479. [46] W. Jianze, J. Yanchao, W. Fei, and R. Qiwen, New method for transient harmonics measurement based on wavelet transform, 24th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 1998, IECON98, vol. 2, pp. 636-639. [47] T. Zheng, E. Makram, and A.A. Girgis, Power system transient and harmonic studies using wavelet transform, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 1461-1468, October 1999. [48] S.J. Huang and C.T. Hsieh, Visualizing time-varying power system harmonics using a Morlet wavelet transform approach, Electric Power System Research, vol. 58, pp. 81-88, June 2001. [49] Y.Z. Liu and S. Chen, A wavelet based model for on-line tracking of power system harmonics using Kalman filtering, IEEE PES Summer Meeting 2001, vol. 2, pp. 1237-1242. [50] G. Takata, J. Tahara, M. Michihira, A. Tsuyoshi, K. Amako, H. Omori, and K. Yasui, The time-frequency analysis of the harmonics with wavelet transform for the power electronics systems, Power Conversion Conference 2002, PCC 2002, Osaka, Japan, vol. 2, pp. 733-737. [51] P. Clarkson and P.S. Wright, Wavelet-based method for locating bursts of harmonics applied to the calibration of harmonic analysers, IEE Proceedings Science, Measurement and Technology, vol. 151, no. 5, pp. 368-375, September 2004. [52] P. Clarkson and P.S. Wright, A wavelet-based method of measuring fluctuating harmonics for determining the filter time constant of IEC standard harmonics analyzers, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 488-491, April 2005. [53] C. Zhao, M. He, and X. Zhao, Analysis of transient waveform based on combined short time Fourier transform and wavelet transform, 2004 International Conference on Power System Technology, PowerCon 2004, Singapore, 21-24 November 2004, pp. 1122-1126. [54] J. Barros and R.I. Diego, Time-frequency analysis of harmonics in power systems using wavelets, WSEAS Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 1, no. 11, pp. 1924-1929, November 2006. [55] R.I. Diego and J. Barros, Global method for time-frequency analysis of harmonic distortion in power systems using the wavelet packet transform, Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 79, no. 8, pp. 12261239, August 2009. [56] P.M. Silveira, M. Steurer, and P.F. Ribeiro, Using wavelet decomposition for visualization and understanding of time-varying

waveform distortion in power systems, VII CBQEE, Brazil, August 2007, pp. 1-6. [57] C.A. Duque, P.M. Silveira, T. Baldwin, and P.F. Ribeiro, Novel method for tracking time-varying power harmonic distortions without frequency spillover, IEEE PES General Meeting 2008, 20-24 July 2008, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, pp. 1-7. [58] C.A. Duque, P.M. Silveira, and P.F. Ribeiro, Visualizing time-varying harmonics using filter banks, Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 81, no. 4, pp. 974-983, April 2011. [59] R.P. Rodrigues, P.M. Silveira, and P.F. Ribeiro, A survey of techniques applied to non-stationary waveforms in electrical power systems, 14th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power, ICHQP 2010, Bergamo, Italy, Sep. 26-29, 2010, pp. 1-8. Wavelets and harmonic compensation [60] A. Elnady, A. Goauda, and M.A. Salama, Unified power quality conditioner with a novel control algorithm based on wavelet transform, Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering 2001, vol. 2, 12-16 May 2001, pp. 1041-1045. [61] J. Driesen and R. Belmans, Active power filter control algorithms using wavelet-based power definitions, 10th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power, ICHQP 2002, pp. 466-471. [62] F. Cupertino and M. Marinelli, EKF and wavelet-based algorithms applied to harmonic detection for shunt active filters, 11th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power, ICHQP 2004, pp. 721727. [63] H. Liu, G. Liu, and Y. Shen, A novel harmonics detection method based on wavelet algorithm for active power filter, 6th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation, 21-23 June 2006, Dalian, China. [64] M. Basu and B. Basu, A wavelet controller for shunt active power filter, 3rd IET International Conference on Power Electronics and Drives, 2006, pp. 76-79. [65] M. Forghani and S. Afsharnia, Online wavelet transform-based control strategy for UPQC control system, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 481-491, January 2007. [66] W.G. Morsi and M.E. El-Hawary, Time-frequency non-sinusoidal current decomposition based on the wavelet packet transform, IEEE PES General Meeting 2007, 24-28 June 2007, Tampa, FL, USA, pp. 1-8.

[67] T.S. Lee, K.S. Tzeng, and C.J. Chang, A repetitive control approach for thee-phase shunt active power filters with real-time wavelet transform, International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems 2009, PEDS 2009, pp. 376-380. Wavelets and voltage notching [68] L. Angrisani, P. Daponte, M. DApuzzo, and A. Testa, A measurement method based on the wavelet transform for power quality analysis, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 990-998, October 1998. [69] S. Santoso, W.M. Grady, E.J. Powers, J. Lamoree, and S.C. Bahtt, Characterization of distribution power quality events with Fourier and wavelet transforms, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 247-254, January 2000. [70] M. Kezunovic and Y. Liao, A novel software implementation concept for power quality study, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 544-549, April 2002. [71] H. Andami and A. Jalilian, Voltage notch detection using fuzzy expert system, Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computing Engineering 2003, CCECE 2003, Montreal, Canada, vol. 1, pp. 479-482. [72] C.W. Lu and S.J. Huang, An application of B-spline wavelet transform for notch detection enhancement, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1419-1425, July 2004. [73] J Mindykowski, M. Szweda, and T. Tarasiuk, Measurement equipment for ships electrical power systems, IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, IMTC 2004, Como, Italy, 18-20 May 2004, pp. 1367-1372. [74] T. Tarasiuk, Hybrid wavelet-Fourier method for harmonics and harmonic subgroups measurement case study, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 4-17, January 2007. [75] J. Barros, M. de Apraiz, and R.I. Diego, Voltage notch detection and analysis using wavelets, IEEE International Conference on Virtual Environments, Human-Computer Interfaces, and Measurement Systems, VECIMS 2008, Istanbul, Turkey, July 14-16, 2008, pp. 151-155.