Effective management of health and safety: is vital to employee well-being has a role to play in enhancing the reputation of businesses

es and helping them ac hieve high-performance teams is financially beneficial to business 4 Cs Competence Control Co-operation Communication Health the protection of the bodies and minds of people from illness resulting fr om the materials, processes or procedures used in the workplace. Safety the protection of people from physical injury. Ill health- the two words are normally used together to indicate concern for the physical and mental well-being of the individual at the place of work. Welfare the provision of facilities to maintain the health and well-being of indi viduals at the workplace. e.g. washing and sanitation arrangements, the provisio n of drinking water, heating, lighting, and accommodation for clothing, seating (when required by the work activity), eating and rest rooms, first aid arrangeme nts. Occupational or work-related ill-health is concerned with those illnesses or phy sical and mental disorders that are either caused or triggered by workplace acti vities. The time interval between exposure and the onset of the illness may be s hort (e.g. asthma attacks) or long (e.g. deafness or cancer). Environmental protection arrangements to cover those activities in the workplace which affect the environment (in the form of ora, fauna, water, air and soil) and , possibly, the health and safety of employees and others. Eg include waste disp osal and atmospheric pollution. Hazardis the potential of a substance, activity or process to cause harm. Hazards take many forms including, for example, chemicals, electricity and working from a ladder. A hazard can be ranked relative to other hazards or to a possible lev el of danger. Risk - likelihood of a substance, activity or process to cause harm. A risk can be reduced and the hazard controlled by good management. Hazard and a risk the two terms are often confused and activities such as constr uction work are called high risk when they are high hazard. Although the hazard will continue to be high, the risks will be reduced as controls are implemented. The level of risk remaining when controls have been adopted is known as the res idual risk. There should only be high residual risk where there is poor health a nd safety management and inadequate control measures. Insured Direct costs: Claims on employers and public liability insurance Damage to buildings, equipment, vehicles Absence from employees

Uninsured Direct costs: Fines resulting from prosecution by the enforcement authority Sick pay

 Some damage to the product , equipment, vehicles or process (not directly associ ated with accident Increases in insurance premium Any compensation not covered by insurance Legal representation following a compensation claim Insured Indirect costs: A cumulative business loss Product or process liability claims Recruitment or replacement staff

Uninsured Direct costs: Loss of goodwill and a poor corporate image Accident investigation time Production delays Extra overtime payments Recruitment and training replacement staff First aid-provision and training Lower employee morale possibly leading to reduced productivity Employers Liability Compulsory Insurance (Act) legal requirement (2500/day fine) ensures that any employee who successfully sues his employer following an accide nt, is assured of receiving a compensation irrespective of financial position of the employer min one copy must be displayed copies to be kept for 40 years

LAW Criminal law is enforced by several different Government Agencies who may prosecute individua ls for contravening criminal laws. An individual who breaks criminal law is deemed to have committed an offence or crime and, if he is prosecuted, the court will determine whether he is guilty or not the court could sentence him to a ne or imprisonment The Health and Safety at Work Act (enforced by the Health and Safety Executive o r Local Authority Environmental Health Of cers) Road Traf c Acts The prosecution in a criminal case has to prove the guilt of the accused beyond reason-able doubt. While this obligation is not totally removed in health and sa fety cases, section 40 of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 transferred, wh ere there is a duty to do something so far as is reasonably practicable or so far a s is practicable or use the best practicable means, the onus of proof to the accuse d to show that there was no better way to discharge his duty under the Act. Howe ver, when this burden of proof is placed on the accused, they need only satisfy the court on the balance of probabilities that what they are trying to prove has

been done.

Magistrates Courts brought before the court by enforcement officers tried by a bench of three lay magistrates (members of public) or a single distri ct judge maximum ne of 5000 (for employees) to 20 000 for employers or for those who ignore prohibition notices imprison for up to six months for breaches of enforcement notices Crown Court Passed from Magistrates Courts Cases are heard by a judge (sometimes him alone) and jury unlimited ne and up to two years imprisonment for breaches of enforcement notices hears appeals from the Magistrates Court Civil law disputes between individuals or individuals and companies An individual sues another individual or company to address a civil wrong or tor t the level of proof required is based on the balance of probability, which is a low er level of certainty than that of beyond reasonable doubt required by the crimina l court County Court deals with minor cases compensation claims of up to 50 000 if the High Court agrees normally heard by a judge sitting alone For personal injury claims of less than 5000

High Court before a judge only compensation claims in excess of 50 000 acts as an appeal court for the County Court appeals from the High Court are made to the Court of Appeal fine based on company turnover and ability to pay Supreme Court Independent institution 12 judges Final court of appeal

Employment Tribunals deal with employment and conditions of service issues, such as unfair dismissal usually three members who sit on a Tribunal (often not legally quali ed) Sources of law Negligence - The only tort (civil wrong) of real signi cance in health and safety; it is the lack of reasonable care or conduct which results in the injury, damag e (or financial loss) of or to another. It is a common law tort Summarised as Careless Conduct/Breach of Duty of Care

An employee, who is suing his employer for negligence, needs to establish the fo llowing three criteria: a duty was owed to him by his employer since the incident took place during the course of his employment there was a breach of that duty because the event was foreseeable and all reason able precautions had not been taken the breach resulted in the speci c injury, disease, damage and/or loss suffered. Defence: contributory negligence volenti non fit injuira (risk was willingly accepted) vicarious liability (where the defendant is an employee who was acting in the co urse of his employment during the alleged incident, the defence of the action is transferred to his employer) Any negligence claim must be made within 3 years (Limitations Act) Tests to be satisfied: That a duty of care was owed That there was a breach of that duty That the breach led directly to the harm

HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ETC ACT 1974 Part Part Part Part 1 2 3 4 relates to HW&W at the workplace relates to EMAS relates to Building Regs contains misc. & general provisions

PRACTICABLE capable of being carried out or feasible (given current knowledge, fi nance, information etc.) REASONABLY PRACTICABLE must be technically possible, and the risk assessed again st the cost. Where cost is disproportionately high, can be deemed not to be reas onably practical. H&S Inspectorate powers include: Investigation, Advisory, Enforcement (Imp. Not, Pro. Not, Seize/destroy substances/articles, Prosecute) DUTIES OF CARE: provide provide provide provide provide a safe place of work, including access and egress safe plant and equipment a safe system of work safe and competent fellow employees adequate levels of supervision, information, instruction and training.

LEVELS OF DUTY: Absolute duty occurs when the risk of injury is so high that injury is inevitable unless safet y precautions are taken must and shall it may still be defended using, for example, the argument that all reasonable pre cautions and all due diligence were taken (only The Electricity at Work Regs and The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regs)

Practicable Employer must ensure, so far as is practicable, that any control measure is mai ntained in an ef cient state (if the duty is technically possible or feasible then it must be done irrespective of any dif culty, inconvenience or cost) Reasonably practicable if the risk of injury is very small compared to the cost, time and effort requir ed to reduce the risk , then no action is necessary It is important to note that money, time and trouble must grossly outweigh not bal ance the risk clearly needs a risk assessment suitable and suf cient Regulations Enabling Act (allows the Secretary of State to make further laws (known as regul ations) without the need to pass another Act of Parliament) It is a criminal offence to breach a regulation and any breaches may result in e nforcement action aim to help employers to set goals, but leave them free to decide how to control hazards and risks which they identify ACOP produced for most sets of regulations by the HSC attempts to give more details on the requirements of the regulations quasi-legal (Highway Code to the Road Traf c Acts)

Codes of Practice generally are only directly legally binding if: the regulations or Act indicates that they are, for example, the Safety Signs an d Signals Regulations Schedule 2 specify British Standard Codes of practice for alternative hand signals; or they are referred to in an Enforcement Notice Guidance no formal legal standing legal and best practice issued by the HSC and/or the HSE to cover the technical aspects of health and sa fety regulations PART 1 HSWA DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS (Section 2) Provide & maintain safe plant & systems of work Provide safe use, handling, storage and transportation of articles and substance s Provide information, instruction, supervision & training Provide safe place of work, safe access/egress, safe working environment Provide adequate welfare facilities and arrangements Consult union safety reps Establish safety committee when requested by 2 reps Provide PPE Produce written H&S policy where 5 or more persons employed (revise/update/infor m employees) Must obtain Employers Liability Insurance (Act) Undertake Risk Assessments (control measures) Ensure relevant actions are taken following RAs Display H&S Law Poster or give leaflets Report work-related accidents, diseases, and dangerous occurrences

Section 37 Personal liability of directors DUTIES OF OWNERS/OCCUPIERS (Sections 3/4) Ensure that premises/means of access & exit and any plant and substances are saf e and without risk to health DUTIES DUTIES affect OF MANUFACTURERS, DESIGNERS, IMPORTERS AND SUPPLIERS (Section 6) Articles to be safe and without risk to H&S Carry out tests, examinations to perform their duties Provide adequate info to perform their duties Carry out research to ensure its safety when in use Ensure that installers and erectors has done nothing to make it unsafe OF EMPLOYEES (Section 7) Take reasonable care for the H&S of themselves and others who their actions may Co-operate with the employer Not to interfere with anything provided in the interests of HS&W

DUTIES OF SELF-EMPLOYED (Section 3 ) Same general duties as Employers through a general duty to ensure as far as reas onably practical that they and other persons are not exposed to risks to H&S POWERS OF INSPECTORS (Section 20-25) Work either for the HSE or the Local Authority and have a right to: enter premises at any reasonable time can bring police officer, if necessary can bring another authorizes person and necessary equipment can bring specialist must be provided with facilities to work examine, investigate require the premises to be left undisturbed take samples, photographs and, if necessary, dismantle and remove equipment or s ubstances require the production of books or other relevant documents and information seize, destroy or render harmless any substance or article require any person who can give info to answer question and sign statement issue enforcement notices and initiate prosecutions (he can just caution) take no action give verbal advice give written advice formal caution serve an improvement notice serve a prohibition notice initiate prosecution Enforcement notices Improvement notice identi es a speci c breach of the law and speci es a date by which the situation is to be remedied An appeal must be made to the Employment Tribunal within 21 days. The notice is then suspended until the appeal is either heard or withdrawn Prohibition notice used to halt an activity which the inspector feels could lead to a serious perso nal injury

 identify which legal requirement is being or is likely to be contravened takes effect as soon as it is issued an appeal may be made to the Employment Tribunal but, in this case, the notice r emains in place during the appeal process There are two forms of prohibition notice: an immediate prohibition notice this stops the work activity immediately until th e speci ed risk is reduced a deferred prohibition notice this stops the work activity within a speci ed time l imit. Prosecution Breaches of HSWA can lead to: Max. 20K fine (max. 5K fine for employee) and/or 6 months imprisonment (Summary Co nviction Magistrates Court) Unlimited fine and/or 2 years imprisonment & can disqualify director up to 15 ye ars (Indictable Offence Crown Court) Civil Law Prosecution on Balance of Probabilities (Civil Law established by case precedence) Criminal Law Prosecution beyond all reasonable doubt (Statute & legislation) THE SIX PACK REGULATIONS Management of Health and Safety at Work Regs 1999 (MHSWR) Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regs 1992 (WHSWR) Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992 (DSE Regs) Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (PPE Regs) Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 (MHOR) Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER)

MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK REGS 1999 AS AMD 2006 Regulation 3 Risk assessment (significant risks to be recorded) Regulation 4 Implementation of protective or preventive measures: 1. Avoid risk 2. Evaluate risk 3. Combat risk at source 4. Adapt the work of an individual 5. Adapt to technical advances 6. Replace dangerous with non/less dangerous 7. Develop policy which influences the factors relating to working environment 8. Give collective measures priority 9. Give appropriate instructions to employees Regulation 5 Make proper arrangements for all aspects of H&S Regulation 6 Health surveillance (where appropriate) Regulation 7 Appointment of competent persons Regulation 8 Procedures to be developed for particular dangers which may arise ( ie: fire) Regulation 9 Information for employees Regulation 10 Information to be provided to employees for: Identified risks Preventive/protective measures Procedures and name of nominated responsible person as required under Fire Regs Regulation 11 Where more than one employer, they must co-operate over H&S matter

s Regulation details of Regulation Regulation Regulation Regulation

12 Working on other peoples premises must provide them with info and risks etc. 13 Employers to take into account employees capabilities 14 Employees responsibilities to use tools and equipment etc safely 16-18 New & expectant mothers 19 Young persons

Employers duties undertake suitable and sufficient written risk assessments when there are 5 or mo re employees put in place effective arrangements for the planning, organization, control, moni toring and review of health and safety measures in the workplace (including heal th surveillance). Such arrangements should be recorded if there are more than fo ur employees employ (to be preferred) or contract competent per-sons to help them comply with health and safety duties develop suitable emergency procedures. Ensure that employees and others are aware of these procedures and can apply them provide health and safety information to employees and others, such as other empl oyers, the self-employed and their employees who are sharing the same workplace and parents of child employees or those on work experience co-operate in health and safety matters with other employers who share the same w orkplace provide employees with adequate and relevant health and safety training provide temporary workers and their contract agency with appropriate health and s afety information protect new and expectant mothers and young per-sons from particular risks under certain circumstances, as outlined in Regulation 6, provide health surveill ance for employees. The information that should be supplied by employers under t he regulations is: risks identi ed by any risk assessments including those noti ed to him by other emplo yers sharing the same workplace the preventative and protective measures that are in place the emergency arrangements and procedures and the names of those responsible for the implementation of the procedures. Finally, it is important to note that the regulations outline the principles of prevention which employers and the self-employed need to apply so that health an d safety risks are addressed and controlled. These principles are discussed in d etail in Chapter 6. Employees duties use any equipment or substance in accordance with any training or instruction giv en by the employer report to the employer any serious or imminent danger report any shortcomings in the employers protective health and safety arrangements . Sources of information on health and safety Internal sources, which should be available within the organization include: accident and ill-health records and investigation reports absentee records inspection and audit reports undertaken by the organization and by external organ izations such as the HSE maintenance, risk assessment (including COSHH)and training records

documents which provide information to workers any equipment examination or test reports. External sources, which are available outside the organization, are numerous and include: health and safety legislation HSC/HSE publications, such as approved codes of practice, guidance documents, lea e ts, journals, books and their website international (e.g. ILO), European and British standards health and safety magazines and journals information published by trade associations, employer organizations and trade uni ons specialist technical and legal publications information and data from manufacturers and suppliers the internet and encyclopedias. Many of these sources of information will be refe rred to throughout this book.

THE SAFETY REPRESENTATIVES AND SAFETY COMMITEES REGULATIONS 1977 Safety Representatives Functions: Representing employees in consulting with the employer Investigating potential hazards and dangerous occurrences Being involved with RA procedures Investigating the causes of accidents, cases of work-related diseases or ill hea lth and dangerous occurrences Investigating employees complaints relating to health, safety & welfare matters Making representations to the employer on health, safety & welfare matters Carrying out inspections of the workplace Representing employees at the workplace in consultation with enforcing inspector s Receiving information from H&S inspectors Attending H&S committee meeting Must be allowed time off with pay to fulfil these functions and undergo H&S trai ning. Access to suitable facilities and assistance (camera , desk office lockable fili ng cabinet, notice board) Safety Committee objectives: If two or more safety representatives have requested in writing that safety comm ittee be set up, the employer has 3 months to comply. Study of accident statistics to enable reports to be made Examination of H&S audits Considerations of reports from external enforcement agency Monitoring and review of H&S training in organization Review new legislation, ACOPs & guidance and affect on organization Review RAs Development of safe systems

THE HEALTH & SAFETY (CONSULTATION WITH EMPLOYEES) REGULATIONS 1996 Where there is no safety rep or safety rep does not represent whole workplace th e above apply. Employer must consult the workforce. Functions of RES: Represent the interest of workers on H&S matters to the employer

 Approach the employer regarding potential hazards and dangerous occurrences at t he workplace Approach the employer regarding general matters affecting the H&S of the people they represent To speak for the people they represent in consultation with inspectors. Employer must consult RES on the following: Introduction of any measure or change which may substantially affect employees health and safety The arrangements for the appointment of competent persons to assist in H&S law Any info resulting from RA or their resultant control measures which could affec t H& S, welfare of employees Planning and organization of any H&S training required by legislation The H&S consequences to employees of the introduction of new technologies in to the workplace Employer can not disclose to RES the following: If it violates the prohibition If it could endanger national security If it relates specifically to an individual without his/her consent If it could harm substantially the business of the employer or infringe commerci al security If it was obtained in connection with legal proceeding

PROVISION AND USE OF WORK EQUIPMENT REGULATIONS 1998 Regulation 4 Equip to be suitable Regulation 5 Properly and effectively maintained Regulation 6 Inspections and recording of inspections Regulation 7 Identified specific risks Regulation 8 Information & instruction Regulation 9 Training Regulation 11-20 Deal with machine guarding basically requires all dangerous par ts of any machine or piece of equipment to be effectively and properly guarded a t all times Regulation 21 Suitable and sufficient lighting Regulation 22 Must be Safe to maintain Regulation 23 & 24 Markings an warnings Regulation 25 to 30 Deal with plant and plant safety PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) AT WORK REGULATIONS 1992 AMD 2002 Includes all equipment (incl. clothing) which is intended to be worn or held by a person at work and which protects them against one or more risks to their H&S. Regulation 4 Provision of PPE (Employers to ensure it is available and is suitab le) Regulation 5 Compatibility Regulation 6 Assessment/Suitability with regards to the nature of the task Regulation 7 Properly maintained, cleaned or replaced; and that Regulation 8 Suitable accommodation is provided Regulation 9 Employees are provided with all necessary information, instruction and training Regulation 10 Employees to use in accordance with training provided Regulation 11 To report any loss or defects THE HEALTH & SAFETY (DISPLAY SCREEN EQUIPMENT) REGS 1992

Regulation Regulation Regulation tc) Regulation Regulation Regulation Regulation

1 Definitions (user someone who habitually uses DSE) 2 Risk Assessment of workstations 3 Specific workstation requirements (ie: adjustable chairs, screens e 4 5 6 7 Rest breaks Eyes and eye tests Training Provision of information

RISK ASSESSMENT any risk assessment shall be reviewed if there is reason to suspect that it is n o longer valid or if a signi cant change has taken place; where there are more than four employees, the signi cant ndings of the assessment s hall be recorded and any specially at risk group of employees identi ed A suitable and suf cient risk assessment should: identify the signi cant risks and ignore the trivial ones; identify and prioritize the measures required to comply with any relevant statut ory provisions; remain appropriate to the nature of the work and valid over a reasonable period of time Identify the risk arising from or in connection with the work. The level of deta il should be proportionate to the risk 1 10 30 600 Health serious or disabling injuries minor injuries (first aid injury) damage accidents near miss accidents risks fall into the following four categories: chemical (e.g. paint solvents, exhaust fumes) biological (e.g. bacteria, pathogens) physical (e.g. noise, vibrations) ergonomic psychological (e.g. occupational stress)

Possible health effects of occupational ill-health acute (occur soon after the exposure and are often of short duration) chronic (health effects develop with time. It may take several years for the ass ociated disease to develop and the effects maybe slight (mild asthma) or severe (cancer)) Risk Assessment (5 Steps) 1. Identify Hazards 2. Identify Persons Exposed (particular attention to high risk groups young pers ons, pregnant workers, disabled) 3. Evaluate Risks (Consider likelihood and severity) & Controls 4. Record the findings 5. Review and Revise During most risk assessment it will be noted that some of the risks posed by the hazard have already been addressed or controlled. The purpose of the risk asses sment, therefore, is to reduce the remaining risk. This is called the residual r isk.

Risk Assessment: PEME People, Equipment, Material, Environment Hierarchy of Control: Elimination by design Substitution with less hazardous substance Automation of process Engineering controls (ie: LEV) Signage/warning/admin controls Reducing exposure by process change Isolation / Segregation Safe systems of work Training Information Safety Signs Welfare Monitoring/Health surveillance Supervision PPE SAFE SYSTEMS OF WORK The system of work describes the safe method of performing the job activity. It is a defined method of doing a job in safe way. It takes account of all fores eeable hazards to H&S and seeks to eliminate or minimize these. formal and documented May be verbal Effective safe system: Based on looking at the job as whole Starts from analysis of all foreseeable hazards Brings together all the necessary precautions incl. design, training, monitoring PPE Essential features: Sequence of operations Equipment, plant Chemicals and other substances People doing the work Foreseeable hazards Practical precautions Training needs Monitoring systems

Factors

to consider: Types of risks Magnitude of the risk Complexity of operation Past accident Requirement and recommendations of the H& S authorities Document type of needed Resources required

PERMITS TO WORK

It is a specialized type of safe system of work for ensuring that potentially ve ry dangerous work (e.g. entry into process plant and other con ned spaces) is done safely. The permit to work procedure is a specialized type of safe system of work under which certain categories of high risk-potential work may only be done with the s peci c permission of an authorized manager. This permission (in the form of the pe rmit to work) will only be given if the laid-down precautions are in force and h ave been checked. Permit systems must adhere to the following eight principles: 1. wherever possible, and especially with routine jobs, hazards should be elimin ated so that the work can be done safely without requiring a permit to work 2. although the Site Manager may delegate the responsibility for the operation o f the permit system, the overall responsibility for ensuring safe operation rests with him/her 3. the permit must be recognized as the master instruction which, until it is ca ncelled, overrides all other instructions 4. the permit applies to everyone on site, including contractors 5. information given in a permit must be detailed and accurate. It must state: (a) which plant/equipment has been made safe and the steps by which this has bee n achieved (b) what work may be done (c) the time at which the permit comes into effect 6. the permit remains in force until the work has been completed and the permit is cancelled by the person who issued it, or by the person nominated by manageme nt to take over the responsibility (e.g. at the end of a shift or during absence ) 7. no work other than that speci ed is authorized. If it is found that the planned work has to be changed, the existing permit should be cancelled and a new one i ssued 8. responsibility for the plant must be clearly de ned at all stages

Permit to Work: Permit title Reference No. Job location Plant/Task identification Description of work and any limitations Identified hazards Necessary precautions Protective equipment Authorisation Acceptance Extension Hand back/completion Cancellation Job Safety Analysis (JSA) SREDIM Process of identifying hazards in each component part of a job in order to asses s the risk and decide on control measures for a SSW.

Stages are: 1. Select the job/task to be reviewed 2. Record Identify and record the sequence of steps and/or components in the process 3. Examine each component part of the job to identify the hazards/risks 4. Develop control measures 5. Install SSW/Control measures 6. Maintain. Carry out regular reviews. LEGAL ECONOMIC MORAL Planned Preventative Maintenance: Frequency of maintenance Statutory requirements Manufacturers Recommendations Operating Environment Age and Condition of Machinery Breakdown history Frequency of use/operation Critical components (effects of component failure) Effect of failure Timing of the works (ie: during shutdown periods) Disruption Maintenance staff competence Cost benefit Safety Management Systems (SMS) HSG65 1. Policy written statement of policy, procedures and commitment to HSW. Assigns responsibilities and explains duties etc. Must be in writing if 5 or more employees a health and safety policy statement of intent which includes the health and saf ety aims and objectives of the organization the health and safety organization detailing the people with health and safety r esponsibilities and their duties the health and safety arrangements in place in terms of systems and procedures Statement of intent aims (which are not measurable) objectives (which are measurable) may be reviewed fairly brief and broken down into a series of smaller statements or bullet point s be signed and dated by the most senior person in the organization should be written by the organization and not by external consultants the position of the senior person in the organization or company who is responsi ble for health and safety (normally the chief executive) the names of the Health and Safety Adviser and any safety representatives a commitment to the basic requirements of the Health and Safety at Work Act (acc ess, egress, risk assessments, safe plant and systems of work, use, handling, tr ansport and handling of articles and sub-stances, information, training and supe rvision) a commitment to the additional requirements of the Management of Health and Safe ty at Work Regulations (risk assessment, emergency procedures, health surveillan ce and employment of competent persons) duties towards the wider general public and others(contractors, customers, stude nts, etc.) the principal hazards in the organization speci c policies of the organization (e.g. smoking policy, violence to staff, etc. )

a commitment to employee consultation possibly using a safety committee or plant council duties of employees (particularly those de ned in the Management of Health and Saf ety at Work Regulations) speci c performance targets for the immediate and long term future Organization of health and safety de nes the names, positions and duties of those within the organization or company who have a responsibility for health and safety directors and senior managers (responsible for set-ting policy, objectives and t argets) supervisors (responsible for checking day-to-day compliance with the policy) safety advisers (responsible for giving advice during accident investigations an d on compliance issues) other specialist, such as an occupational nurse, chemical analyst and an electri cian (responsible forgiving specialist advice on particular health and safety is sues) safety representatives (responsible for representing employees during consultati on meetings on health and safety issues with the employer) employees (responsible for taking reasonable care of the health and safety of th emselves and others who may be affected by their acts or omissions) re marshals (responsible for the safe evacuation of the building in an emergency) rst aiders (responsible for administering rst aid to injured persons) Arrangements Section: employee health and safety code of practice accident and illness reporting and investigation procedures emergency procedures, rst aid procedures for undertaking risk assessments control of exposure to speci c hazards (noise, vibration, radiation, manual handl ing, hazardous sub-stances etc.) machinery safety (including safe systems of work, lifting and pressure equipment ) electrical equipment (maintenance and testing) maintenance procedures permits to work procedures use of personal protective equipment monitoring procedures including health and safety inspections and audits procedures for the control and safety of contractors and visitors provision of welfare facilities training procedures and arrangements catering and food hygiene procedures arrangements for consultation with employees terms of reference and constitution of the safety committee procedures and arrangements for waste disposal. Review when: signi cant organizational changes have taken place there have been changes in personnel there have been changes in legislation the monitoring of risk assessments or accident/ incident investigations indicate that the health and safety policy is no longer totally effective enforcement action has been taken by the HSE or Local Authority a suf cient period of time has elapsed since the previous review. A positive promo tion of health and safety performance will achieve far more than simply prevent accidents and ill-health. 2. Organising structures to assist in: - Control - Co-operation - Communication

- Co-ordination - Competence 3. Planning and Implementation establish, operate and maintain systems that: - Identify objectives and targets - Set performance standards - Consider and control risks - Document performance - React to change - Sustain positive safety culture 4. Monitoring Active and Reactive systems: * Active: Measuring achievements against specified standards before things go wr ong. Ensures controls are working correctly. Safety Management Systems Audit (major exercise) Safety Survey (detailed assessment of one aspect of organization) Safety Inspection (formal assessment of workplace safety and identification of h azardous conditions and practices for remedial actions) Safety tour (addresses the people aspects of workplace safety, and by discussion s with a range of staff; establishes their familiarity with safety procedures) Safety Sampling (focuses on one area/subject at the time - 30min inspection. Ins pection team carries out sampling at the same time each day or week in the speci fied period * Reactive: Collection of information about failures. Involves learning from mis takes. After things go wrong, involves looking at historical events to learn from mista kes and see what can be put right to prevent a recurrence. The UK HSEs experience is that organizations nd health and safety performance measurement a dif cult subj ect. They struggle to develop health and safety performance measures which are n ot based solely on injury and ill-health statistics. Inspection looks at physical conditions Inspection checklist: Premises (work at height, access, welfare, fire precautions) Plant & substance (work equipment, vehicles, hazardous substances) Procedures (RAs, safe systems of work, permits to work, notices, signs) People (training, health surveillance, violence) 5. Review and Audit Ensures policy is being carried out and is having the desire d effect. Audit inspection or other monitoring activity (gathering info & making informed judgements); looks at systems and the way they function in practice HAZARD PREVENTION 1. Eliminate the hazard 2. Substitution 3. Use of barriers (Isolation/segregation) 4. Procedures (SSW/Dilution) 5. Warning systems (Instruction/Training/Signs/Markings) 6. PPE 5 STEPS IN DEVISING A SSW (AIDIM) 1. Assess the task 2. Identify the Hazards and assess the risks 3. Definition of the Safe Method 4. Implementation of the SSW

5. Monitoring the System MAINTENANCE ACCIDENTS CAUSED BY: 1. Poor Design 2. Poor perception of risk 3. No SSW 4. Poor communications 5. Failure to brief and supervise contractors MAINTENANCE ACCIDENTS CAN BE PREVENTED BY: 1. Planning 2. Evaluation 3. Controls 4. Monitoring 6 PART STRATEGY TO CONTROLLING CONTRACTORS 1. Identify suitable contractors 2. Identification of hazards within specification 3. Contractor competence & selection 4. Contractor acceptance of H&S Rules 5. Control of contractors on site 6. Completion checks SAFETY CULTURE (KEY ELEMENTS): Good communications between and with employees and management Ensuring a real and visible commitment to high standards by senior management Maintaining good training standards to achieve competence Achievement of good working conditions THE WORKPLACE (HEALTH, SAFETY AND WELFARE) REGS 1992 Regulation 5 Maintenance of the workplace Regulation 6 Ventilation Regulation 7 Temperature Regulation 8 Lighting Regulation 9 Cleanliness Regulation 10 Room dimensions and space (11m3 per person excluding area above 3m ) Regulation 11 Workstations and seating Regulation 12 Condition of floors and traffic routes Regulation 13 Falls or falling objects Regulation 14 Windows and translucent surfaces Regulation 15 Windows, skylights and ventilators Regulation 16 Ability to clean windows etc safely Regulation 17 Organisation of traffic routes Regulation 18 Doors and gates Regulation 19 Escalators and moving walkways Regulation 20 Sanitary conveniences Regulation 21 Washing facilities Regulation 22 Drinking water Regulation 23 Accommodation for clothing Regulation 24 Facilities for changing clothes Regulation 25 Facilities to rest and eat meals WORKPLACE ISSUES Ventilation: /5-8l/s/person for mechanical systems/Free of impurity/Effective/su fficient Temperature: 16-30oC (13oC for physical work) ACOP Lightning: normal + emergency Windows: Glass below shoulder height safety glass Workstations and seating Violence

Substance misuse (alcohol & drugs) Cleanliness: Working Space: 11m3 Seating: Ergonomic and adjustable Slips/Trips/Falls: Collisions with moving vehicles Being struck by moving/falling/flying objects Striking against stationery projects Traffic Routes: Welfare Facilities: Toilets Privacy/Ventilation/lighting/cleanliness/location/quantity Washing facilities Drinking water Accommodation for clothing Rest Facilities Eating facilities

WORK EQUIPMENT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Suitable for the purpose Installed, located and used so as to reduce the risk to operators & others Substances safe supply and/or removal Maintained Inspected by competent persons Information, instruction and training

Non-mechanical machinery hazards access: slips, trips and falls; falling and moving objects; obstructions and proj ections lifting and handling electricity (including static electricity): shock, burns re and explosion noise and vibration pressure and vacuum high/low temperature inhalation of dust/fume/mist suffocation radiation: ionising and non-ionising biological: viral or bacterial physiological effects (e.g. Musculoskeletal disorders) psycho-physiological effects (e.g. mental overload or underload) human errors hazards from the environment where the machine is used (e.g. temperature, wind, s now, lightning) In many cases it will be practicable to install safe guards which protect the op erator from both mechanical and non-mechanical hazards. For example, a guard may prevent access to hot or electrically live parts as well as to moving ones. The use of guards which reduce noise levels at the same time is also common. As a m atter of policy machinery hazards should be dealt with in this integrated way in stead of dealing with each hazard in isolation.

TYPES OF GUARDS Fixed

Interlocked Control Automatic Distance guard Adjustable Self adjusting Trip devices Two handed devices GUARD MATERIAL DEPENDS ON: Strength/stiffness/durability Effects on reliability (eg: closed guard causing M/C to overheat) Visibility Need to control secondary hazards (ie: Noise) ACCIDENTS Accident any unplanned event that results in injury or ill health of people, or da mage or loss to property, plant, materials or the environment or a loss of a bus iness opportunity. Other authorities de ne an accident more narrowly by excluding e vents that do not involve injury or ill-health. Near miss is any incident that could have resulted in an accident. For every 10 ne ar miss events at a particular location in the work-place, a minor accident will occur. Dangerous occurrence is a near miss which could have led to serious injury or loss of life. Dangerous occurrences are de ned in the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases a nd Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (often known as RIDDOR) and are always reportable to the Enforcement Authorities. Examples include the collapse of a s caffold or a crane or the failure of any passenger carrying equipment. One of a number of specific, reportable adverse events Immediate cause the most obvious reason why an adverse even happens, e.g. guard i s missing. There may be several immediate causes in any one adverse event. Personal Factors: Behaviour Suitability of people doing the work Training and competence Task factors: Workplace conditions and precautions or controls Method of work at the time Ergonomic factor Normal working practice Root cause initiating event or failing from which all other causes or failings s pring. Usually management, planning or organizational failings; Quality of H&S policy Quality of consultation & cooperation with employees Quality of communication Deficiencies in RA, control systems Lacks in monitoring Quality & frequency of reviews an audits

Analysis: (higher level investigation) Tree of causes Analysis: (minimal & low level investigation)

What caused this practice to occur? until u get to root causes 5 whys (Simple, effective, comprehensive, flexible, engaging, inexpensive)

Underlying cause less obvious system or organizational reason for an adverse eve nt happening e.g. production pressures are too great; Pre-start-up m/c checks were not made by supervisors Hazard not considered in RA No MS Pressure of production more important Employee under pressure Any similar incidents in the past? Was there adequate supervision?

Which incidents/accidents should be investigated - In fact the main determinant is the potential of the accident to cause harm rather than the actual harm resul ting. Accident Investigation: In a minimal level investigation, the relevant supervisor will look into the cir cumstances of the accident/ incident and try to learn any lessons which will pre vent future incidents A low level investigation will involve a short investigation by the relevant sup ervisor or line manager into the circumstances and immediate underlying and root causes of the accident/incident, to try to prevent a recurrence and to learn an y general lessons A medium level investigation will involve a more detailed investigation by the r elevant supervisor or line manager, the health and safety adviser and employee r epresentatives and will look for the immediate, underlying and root causes A high level investigation will involve a team-based investigation, involving su pervisors or line managers, health and safety advisers and employee representati ves. It will be carried out under the supervision of senior management or direct ors and will look for the immediate, underlying and root causes. Four basic elements to a sound investigation: 1. collect facts about what has occurred 2. assemble and analyse the information obtained 3. compare the information with acceptable industry and company standards and le gal requirements to draw conclusions 4. implement the ndings and monitor progress Phases: Direct observation Documents Interviews Investigation form: date and location of accident circumstances of accident immediate cause of accident underlying cause of accident immediate action taken recommendation for further improvement report circulation list date of investigation signature of investigation team leader names of investigating team Follow-up

were the recommendations implemented? were the recommendations effective? AFR = No of lost time accidents x 100,000/No of man hours worked AIR = No of work related injuries x 1000/Average No of persons employed Severity Rate = No of Days lost x 1,000/Total No. of man hours worked Mean Duration Rate = Total No of Days Lost/Total No of Accidents Duration Rate = No of Man hours worked/Total No of accidents SOCIAL SECURITY (CLAIMS AND PAYMENTS) REGULATIONS 1979 Employer must keep a record of accidents at premises where more than 10 people a re employed and investigate accidents. (Reg 25)

REPORTING OF INJUIRIES, DISEASES AND DANGEROUS OCCURENCES REGULATIONS 1995 (RIDD OR) Requires employers, self-employed and those in control of premises to: report certain more serious accidents and incidents to the HSE Incident Contact Centre or other enforcing authority keep a record Reporting: Death or major injury - Immediate without delay in quickest possible way via pho ne Over 3-day lost time injury - 10 days to report it (F2508) Dangerous occurrence - Immediate without delay in quickest possible way via phon e (2508DO) Reportable work-related disease (F2508A) Annual Injury Incident rate: (Number of reportable Injuries / Average Number employed during a year) x 100,00 0 Frequency rate: (Number of injuries in the period/total hrs worked during the period) x 1,000,00 0 Major reportable Injuries: Any fracture excl. Fingers/thumbs/toes Amputation Dislocation of the shoulder/hip/knee/spine Loss of sight Chemical or hot metal burn to the eye / any penetrating injury to the eye Any injury resulting from electrical shock or burn leading to unconsciousness or requiring resuscitation or admittance to hospital for more than 24hrs Injury leading to hypothermia/heat-induced illness or to unconsciousness Injury requiring resuscitation Injury requiring admittance to hospital for more than 24hrs Loss of consciousness caused by asphyxia or by exposure to a harmful substance o r biological agent Acute illness requiring medical treatment or loss of consciousness which result from the absorption of any substance by inhalation/ingestion/through the skin Acute illness which requires medical treatment where there is reason to believe that this resulted from exposure to a biological agent/its toxins/infected mater ial

Reportable dangerous occurrences: Lifting m/c (collapse/failure of any load-bearing parts of lifts/lifting equipme nt) Pressure systems (failure of any closed vessel or of any associated pipeline wor k, in which the internal pressure was above or below atmospheric pressure) Freight containers (failure of any load-bearing parts) Overhead electric lines (plant/equipment into contact with overhead lines) Explosives Breathing apparatus (if failure during use or just before) Train collisions Collapse of building or structure Reportable diseases: Certain poisonings Some skin diseases (occupational dermatitis/skin cancer) Lung disease (occupational asthma/farmers lung) Infections (Leptospirosis/hepatitis/legionellosis/tetanus) Other (occupational cancer/some musculoskeletal disorders/hand-arm vibration syn drome)

WORK AT HEIGHT REGULATIONS 2005 AMD 2007 Work at height-work - in any place at or below ground level. Obtaining access to or egress from such place where person could fall adistance liable to cause personal injury. No minimum height 3 steps hierarchy: Work is not carried out at height when not necessary Employer shall take sufficient measures to prevent people falling Employer shall take sufficient measures to minimize distance and consequences of fall Fall arrest equipment: Safety harness (when guard rails usage is not practicable) Safety net (not suitable for low-level work) (used for roofing) Air bag (if not possible/practicable to use safety nets) Access equipment: Ladders (Aluminium, timber, glass fibre) Use to be justify Location to be checked Stable in use Should be tied Ladder stiles to be wedged against wall Weather conditions to be suitable Proximity of live electricity 1m of ladder above stepping point Over-reaching eliminated Storage of paints, tools, etc Match to work trained Inspection transportation & storage Plank to tied during non-working hrs

Stepladders / trestles / trestles Unsuitable base Unsafe/incorrect use Overloading Use if there is safer method Overhang of boards Fixed scaffold

Independent tied (independent of the building but tied to it window) Putlog (during construction of a building) = scaffold tube Standard-upright tube or pole used as a vertical support Ledger-tube spanning horizontally and tying standards longitudinally Transom-tube spanning across ledgers to tie scaffold transversely Bracing-tubes which span diagonally to strengthen and prevent movement Guard rail-horizontal tube fitted to standards along working platform; min 950hi gh no more than 470mm between toe boards and intermediate rail and top rail Toe boards-fitted at the base to prevent persons, materials falling Base plate-square steel plate fitted to the bottom of a standard at ground level Sole board-normally a timber plank beneath at least two base plates to provide m ore uniform distribution of the load Ties-used to secure the scaffold by tying it to the building Working platform-platform on which workers operate Pre-fab mobile scaffold towers Wheels locked People of when moving Boarded, fitted with rails Power linesinspection Mobile elevated working platforms (scissor lift / cherry picker) High level work Maintenance Stable ground tyres inflated Outriggers fully extended and locked Power lines Warning signs Safety harness to be worn Inspection every 6 months

WORK-RELATED UPPER LIMB DISORDERS Group of conditions which can affect the neck, shoulders, arms, elbows, wrists, hands and fingers caused by repetitive movements of finger, hands or arms which involve pushing, pulling, reaching, twisting, lifting, squeezing, hammering. Its chronic and may lead to permanent damage. RSIs: in the Tenosynovitis affecting the tendons Carpal Tunnel Syndrome affecting the tendons which pass through the carpal bone hand Frozen shoulder

Symptoms:

aching pain to back , neck, shoulders Swollen joints and muscle fatigue Tingling Soft tissue swelling similar to bruising Restriction in joint movement Sense of touch in fingers may be affected

HEALTH AND SAFETY (DISPLAY SCREEN EQUIPMENT) REGULATIONS RA Workstation compliance with min specs Plan of the work programme (breaks) training Usage in excess of 1 hour continuously each day Ill-health hazards: Musculoskeletal problems Tenosynovitis affecting the wrist Pain in the thighs/calves/ankles Pain in the back/neck Visual problems Visual fatigue Eye strain Sore eyes headaches Psychological problems Stress-related problems Heat Humidity Poor lightning High-speed working Lack of breaks Lack of training Radiation low risk Epilepsy low risk

MANUAL HANDLING OPERATIONS REGULATIONS 1992 AMD 2002 Manual Handling - Transporting, lifting, supporting, pushing, pulling, carrying, loading by hand or bodily force; Movement of a load by human effort alone. This effort may be applied directly or indirectly using a rope or lever. Injury - Includes musculoskeletal, cuts, bruises, broken toes etc. Load - Anything to be moved (except tool when in use) Regulation 4 Requires employers to avoid manual handling and to undertake risk a ssessment Regulation 5 Duty on employees to make full and proper use of all equipment prov ided Hazards: Lifting too heavy loads Poor posture during lifting Poor lifting technique Dropping a load foot injury Lifting sharp-edged or hot loads hand injuries

Injuries: Muscular sprains & strains (when tissue strains beyond its capability) Back injuries Trapped nerve Hernia (rupture of the body cavity wall in lower abdomen, causing a protrusion o f part of intestine) Cuts/bruising/abrasion Fractures WRLUDs Rheumatism (chronic pain in the joints) Measures: Avoid RA Reduce Manual Task Load Working Handling Assessment: Use of mech aids Number of people involved Cost of the task Body posture distance to carry Excessive pulling or pushing Risk of sudden load movement Sufficient rest/recovery time Is it to heavy To bulky Difficult to grasp Content likely to shift Sharp/cold environment Space constrains Slippery/uneven floor Variations in level floors Extremes of temperatures Ventilation/wind Poor lightning

Individual Does task require special characteristics (strength/height) Pregnant/with health problem Reducing risk: Mechanical aids Task- changing layout/removing obstacles/clothing/better lifting technique Loadlighter/easier to grasp/ smaller/Handholds/sling/stable Working Environment-space constraints removed/reduced/floors cleaned/ventilation Capability medical records/health/period sick leave/change of job/PPE Good Lifting Technique: Check suitable clothing & assess the load. Heavies side to body. Place feet apart bend knees. Firm grip close to body. Slight bending of back, hips and knees at start. Lift smoothly to knee level and then to waist level. No further bending of the b ack. With clear visibility move forward without twisting. Keep load close to the wais

t. Turn by moving feet. Keep head up. Do not look at load. Set load down at waist level or to knee level and then on the floor. Aids: Simple tools Lifting hooks Trolleys Trucks: Platform trucks Sack trucks Wheelbarrows Balance trucks Roller tracks and chutes Pallet trucks Portable conveyors Mechanical assistance Conveyors Elevators FLTs Cranes Jib crane Overhead gantry

Fork lift trucks Do not: Operate in conditions in which it is not possible to drive & handle loads safely Travel wit forks raised Use the forks to raise or lower persons Carry passengers Park in unsafe place Turn round on ramps Drive in to areas where it would create a hazard Allow unauthorized use Must: Drive at suitable speed Use the horn when necessary Be aware of pedestrians & other vehicles Take care when reversing Take care when handling loads Travel with forks lowered Use the prescribed loads Obey speed limits Take care on uneven surfaces Use the handbrake Take care on ramps Leave the truck in a state which is safe Prevent unauthorised use Cranes Must: / Tower Carnes Inspection Check that accessories statutory inspections are in place Check tyre pressure Loads not suspended when not in use Before lifting check no one is around Loads never carried over people Visibility & communications Lift loads vertically Travel with loads as close to the ground as possible Switch off power to crane when unattended

LIFTING OPERATIONS AND LIFTING EQUIPMENT REGULATIONS 1998 AMD IN 2002 LOLER Any equipment used at work for lifting or lowering loads. Inspection- identify if the equipment can be operated/adjusted/maintained safely . By competent person Thorough examination-detailed examination- may involve visual check/disassemblin g/testing of components. By competent person Before is used for the first time After it has been assembled At least every 6 months for lifting people At least every 12 months for all other lifting equipment In accordance with examination scheme done by independent competent person Each time in extreme circumstances WORK EQUIPMENT Controls: Start controls Stop controls (should bring m/c to safe condition in a safe manner) Emergency Stop (where other safe guards in place are not sufficient to prevent d anger to operatives any others) Isolation of equipment (means of isolating it from all sources of energy) Stability (normally by bolting m/c in place or using clamps) Markings (visible & durable) Mechanical Hazards: Crushing (being trapped between a moving part of m/c and a fixed structure) Shearing (traps part of the body between moving and fixed part of the m/c) Cutting /severing (through contact with a cutting edge) band saw Entanglement (with m/c that grips loose clothing/hair/working material around re volving exposed parts) Drawing-in/trapping (between in-running gear wheels or rollers/ belts and pulley drives) Impact (when a moving part directly strikes a person) robot Stabbing/Puncture (through ejection of particle from a machine or sharp operatin g component like a needle) Friction/abrasion (on grinding wheels or sanding machines) High pressure fluid Injection (ejection hazard) (from a hydraulic system leak) Contact with moving parts.

Control measures: Fixed guards attached to the machine to prevent access to the dangerous parts of the machine. Robust construction Sufficient to withstand the stresses of the process and environmental conditions Simple In position Difficult to remove Almost maintenance free Do not always properly prevent access Often left off by maintenance staff (not anymore!) If opened only with a tool *Distance guard

Does not completely enclose the hazard Reduces access by virtue of its dimensions and distance from the hazard *Perimeter fence guard User adjusted guards Fixed or movable guards, which are adjustable for a particular operation during which they remain fixed. Machine tools. (Circular saw/milling m/c) Some access to the dangerous parts Sticks and false tables should be used Area lit & free from obstacles Interlocking guard Allow safe access to operate & maintain the m/c without dismantling safety devic es. Constant need to ensure that they are operating correctly Maintenance & operation instruction strict (passenger lift) Trip devices Do not physically keep people away but detects when a person approaches close to a danger. Mechanical -Bar /barrier Electrical Trip switch Photoelectric or other sensing device Pressure-sensitive mat Two-handed control devices Require operator to have both hands in a safe place before the m/c can be operat ed. When is not possible to guard. Only protect operators hands. Hold to run device ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY AT WORK REGULATIONS 1989 It is a flow or movement of electrons through a substance which allows the trans fer of electrical energy from one position to another. Mains voltage (220V/240V) electrical shock/electric burns / electrical fires & e xplosions V = I x R (volts) v-voltage / I-current / r-resistance / P- electrical power P=V x I (watts) Conductor almost always metal (copper /water) Superconductor-very low resistance to electricity at low temperatures Insulators- very poor conductors (rubber/timber/plastics) Circuit electrical equipment components and power supply are joined together Short circuit if circuit is broken and producing a fault so that the current flo ws directly to earth rather than to equipment Earthing-if there is a fault (break in the circuit) the current will return dire ctly to earth. Low voltageno more than 600Vac between conductors and earth No more than 1000Vac between phases

High voltage-

more than 600Vac between conductors and earth more than 1000Vac between phases Mains voltage-domestic premises 220/240Vac at 50 cycles /s Isolation- cutting off the electrical supply from all or a discrete section of t he installation by separating the installation or section from every source of e lectrical energy. Hazards: el. shock convulsive reaction by the human body to the flow of electric current through it (low/high voltages and lightning); cardiac arest el. burns el. fires & explosions overheating cables/lack of care/loose cable connections / ventilation/sparks/static electrical charges/use of el equipment in flammable at mospheres) arcing (1.person who is standing on earth too close to a high voltage conductor may suffer from flash burns as a result of arc formation) temporary blindness by burning the retina) reduced by insulation of live conductors; 2.strong electrom agn fields induce surfaces charges on people. If these charges accumulate, skin sensation is affected and spark discharges to earth may cause localized pain/bru ising) secondary hazards Electric shock / burns treatment: Raise the alarm Call for help (first aider) Switch off the power / position of emergency isolation Call for ambulance If its not possible to switch the power off then push/pull the person away from t he conductor using a good isolator (wooden). Stand on dry/insulating material (w ood/rubber) If is breathing than place him in recovery position- mouth can drain away / airw ay open If is not breathing apply mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and chest compressions if no pulse Then look above Burns-put sterile dressing and secure with bandage. Loose skin/blisters-do not t ouch If the person regains consciousness, treat for normal shock Remain with person until taken to hospital If electrocuted by high voltage - call police / electric supplier & keep 18m dis tance Static electricity produced by the build up of electrons on weak electrical cond uctors or insulating materials (gaseous/liquid/solid) by quick separation of hig hly insulated materials by friction or by transfer from one highly charges mater ial to another. (incl. flammable liquids/powders/plastic films) Plastics have high resistance retain static charges for longer. E.g closing the door with a metallic handle. Portable electrical equipment not part of a fixed installation but may be connec ted to a fixed installation by means of a flexible cable and either a socket and plug or a spur box or similar means. May be hand held or hand-operated. Extensi on leads/plugs/sockets to be used with this equipment is also classed as PEE. Portable means portable & transportable. Secondary hazards: Working with not maintained electrical equipment

Using el equipment in adverse or hazardous environments Working on mains electricity supplies Contact with underground cables during excavation work Contact with live overhead power lines

Control measures: Permit to work Selection of suitable equipment Use of protective systems Inspection and maintenance strategies

Protective systems: Fuse-protection against faults & continuous marginal current overloads (Its thin strip of conducting wire which melts when excess of the rated current passes through it breaking the circuit.) Circuit breaker throws a switch off when excess current passes and its similar to the fuse. Fuse is to protect equipment and /or installation from overheating and becoming a fire hazard. Its takes long time to cut the current flow- not a protection aga inst electric shock. Insulation to protect people from electric shock, short circuiting of live condu ctors and danger of fire and explosions. Covering the conductor with insulating material. + enclosure Isolation-circuit is made dead and cannot be accidentally re-energized. Barrier between equipment and electrical supply. It will ensure safety during work proce ss. Isolators always locked off when work is to be done on electrical equipment. Reduced low-voltage systems severe working conditions (wet weather/heavy usage) 100V available transformer - 50V Residual current devices (RCD) - if equipment operates at mains voltage. Monitor s and compares current flowing in the live and neutral conductors supplying the equipment. Very sensitive. Very quick electric shock. Double insulation to remove need for earthing in portable power tools. Two indep endent layers of insulation over the live conductors. Each must be good on its o wn. Maintenance: Cleanliness of insulator and conductor surfaces Mech and electr integrity of all joints and connections Integrity of mechanical mechanism, such as switches and relays Calibration, condition and operation of all protection equipment (RCDs, circuit breakers) Isolators fitted with lockable mechanism allow fuse withdrawal wherever isolators are not fitted. Working on more than 110V not permitted unless necessary System of visual inspection Inspected & tested regularly Portable Electrical Appliance Testing: User Check Formal Visual Inspection Combined Inspection and Check

 Correct polarity Correct fuses are being used Cables and cores are effectively terminated Equipment suitable for environment PAT Advantages: Early recognition Incorrect fuses Reduction in accidents Monitoring misuse of appliances Equipment selection procedure checkable Increased awareness Regular maintenance Disadvantages: Too often- cost Unauthorised equipment (kettles) never checked Do not know the meaning of test results No competence of the tester equipment not calibrated properly FIRE THE REGULATORY REFORM (FIRE SAFETY) ORDER (RRFSO) Fire precautions: Reduction of fire risks and fire spread Means of escape Keeping them available to use Fire-fighting Fire detection and warning Action to be taken in event of a fire Instruction & training + process related fire precautions Responsible person: employer/owner/other who has control over premises Responsible person duties: Do RAs Review RAs Record findings Apply principals of preventions Set out fire appropriate safety arrangements for Planning Organization Control M onitoring Review Eliminate or reduce risks Must ensure that following are provided (FFE/detectors/alarms/trained & competen t person/ contact with external services) Emergency routes nad procedures Safety assistance Provision of information Capabilities/training/cooperation Emergency procedures / emergency routes and services / fire detection and fire f ightning Fire Triangle Fuel + Ignition source + Oxygen Fuel: Solids/liquids/gases

Ignition source: naked flames/external sparks/internal sparking/hot surfaces/sta tic electricity Oxygen: air (enhanced by wind/ventilation)

Fire Classification: Class A solid materials water Class B liquids / liquefied solids B1-liquids soluble in water (methanol)-dry powder/CO2/water spray B2-liquids not soluble in water (petrol/oil) - foam / dry powder/CO2/lig ht water Class C gasses (natural gas/liquefied gas butane /propane) foam / dry powder Class D metals (aluminium / magnesium) special dry powder Class F high-temperature cooking oils/fats Electrical fires co2/dry powder Heat Transmission & Fire spread: Convection hot air becomes less dense & rises, drawing in cold new air to fuel t he fire with more oxygen. Heat is transmitted upwards at sufficient intensity to ignite combustible materials in the path of the very hot products of combustion & flames. Conduction transmission f heat through a material with sufficient intensity to m elt or destroy the material & ignite combustible materials which come into conta ct or close to a hot section. (copper/steel/aluminium) Radiation often in a fire, direct transmission of heat through the emission of h eat waves from a surface can be so intense that adjacent materials are heated su fficiently to ignite. Direct burning - effect of combustible materials catching fire through direct co ntact with flames which causes fire to spread. Fire RA: Identify fire hazards Id combustibles Id source of heat Id unsafe act Id unsafe conditions Id persons at risk Evaluate & reduce the risk Monitor & review Good housekeeping / storage / control of flammable & combustible materials / con trol of ignition sources / systems of work

HEALTH AND SAFETY (SAFETY SIGNS AND SIGNALS) REGULATIONS 1996 Safety sign-sign referring to a specific object activity or situation and provid ing info or instruction about h&s at work by means of a signboard/safety colour/ illuminated sign/ a verbal communication/hand signal.

SAFETY COLOURS: Red: ) Prohibition concerning dangerous behaviour (round with black pictogram 35% red) Danger alarm concerning stop/shutdown/emergency cut-out devices/evacuate (e-stop Fire fighting equipment (rectangular or square 50% red)

Yellow (Amber): Warning sign concerning the need to be careful/take precautions/examine (triangu lar 50% yellow) explosives Blue: Mandatory sign requiring specific behaviour or action (round-white pictogram on blue 50%) Green: Emergency escape signs and first-aid signs (rectangular or square-white pictogra m 50%) DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES REGULATIONS (DSEAR) Dangerous Substance-any substance or preparation which, because of its propertie s or the way its used, could be harmful because o fire and explosion. (Petrol/LPG /Varnishes/Paints) Explosive atmosphere accumulation of gas/mist/dust/vapour mixed with air which h as the potential to catch fire or explode. Substitution / Control measure / mitigation measures / storage / flammable gasse s / aerosols Fire protection of buildings: Leave quickly & safely Must remain standing as long as possible Spread of fire & smoke must be reduced Fire loading Surface Fire resistance of structural elements Insulating materials Fire compartmentation Ways of extinguishing fires: Cooling - reducing the ignition temp by tackling the heat out of the fire- using water Smothering- limit the oxygen available by smothering and preventing the mixture of oxygen and flammable vapour foam / fire blanket Starving limiting the fuel supply by removing source of fuel by switching off el power Chemical reaction by interrupting the chain of combustion and combining the hydr ogen atoms with chlorine atoms in the hydrocarbon chain (halon extinguisher) CHEMICALS

Forms of chemical agents: Dusts solid particles slightly heavier than air but suspended in it for a period of time. Created by chemical/mechanical processes. Respirable dust fine dust penetrating into the lungs or bloodstream. Inhalable dusts any dust that can enter the nose and mouth during breath ing Gases substances present at a temperature above their boiling point (carbon mono xide) Vaporous substances which are at or very close to their boiling temperatures. Ga seous in form. (many solvents) Liquids-substances that normally exist at a temperature between freezing (solid) and boiling (vaporous and gases) points. = fluids. Mists similar to vaporous they exist at or near their boiling temperature but ar e closer to the liquid phase. Spraying process. Fume collection of very small metallic particles which have condensed for the ga seous state. Welding process. Forms of biological agents: Fungi v.small organism, sometimes consist of a single cell and can appear as pla ntikle. (mushroom /yeast) Moulds v small funghi which under damp conditions will grow on surfaces as walls , bread, cheese. (asthma/athletes foot/farmers lung) Bacteria-v.small single-celled organism which are much smaller that human cells. Legionellosis/Tuberculosis/Tetanus Viruses-minute, non-cellular organism. Cold/HIV/influenza Hazardous substances: Irritant non-corrosive substance which can cause skin (dermatitis) or lung (bron chial) inflammation after repeated contact. Sensitized/allergic to the substance Corrosive-they will attack normally by burning, living tissue. Strong acids/alka ids Harmful if swallowed/inhaled/penetrates the skin, may pose limited health risks. Chemical cleansers. Toxic impede or prevent the function of one or more organs within the body such as kidney/liver/heart. Poisonous (lead/mercury/alcohol) Carcinogenic-suspected of promoting abnormal development of body cells to become cancers. (asbestos/hardwood dust) Mutagenic damage genetic material within cells, causing abnormal changes that ca n be passed by generations Effects: Acute effects are of short duration and appear rapidly, usually after single or short-term exposure; asthma attack/sneeze/CO2 Chronic develop over a period of time which may extend to years. From prolonged or repeated exposures; Asbestosis/mental disease; Routes of entry: Inhalation breathing in the substance with normal air intake. Lungs blood stream -organs Absorption through the skin substance comes into contact with the skin and enter s through pores or wound. Tetanus/Benzene/toluene Ingestion through the mouth and swallowed into the stomach and the digestive sys

tem. Air borne dust / poor personal hygiene. Injection- shooting high pressure air at the skin - pressure systems Exchange of body fluids HIV

Respiratory system Lungs and associated organs; Fibrosis respirable dust punctures alveoli walls. The puncture heals producing s car tissues which are less flexible than original walls. That may lead to... Acute - Bronchitis/Asthma Chronic fibrosis / asthma hardwood dust Asphyxiation lack of oxygen (MIG in confined SPACES) Nervous System Brain, spinal cord, nerves throughout the body; Neurotoxins (organic solvents & heavy metals-mercury) can reduce effectiveness o f nervous system and lead to changes in mental ability (loss of memory), epileps y and narcosis (loss of consciousness). Cardiovascular System Blood System (heart) oxygen transport/attack foreign organisms/aid healing of da maged tissue Substances: Benzene (reduce number of blood cells) Carbon monoxide (prevents red cells from absorbing sufficient oxygen) headaches/ unconsciousness/death Urinary system Extracts waste and other products from blood. Liver (remove toxins from blood/ma intains levels of blood sugars) & Kidney (filter waste products from blood as ur ine/regulate blood pressure / produce hormones for making red blood cells). Substances can cause liver to be too active or inactive (xylene) / lead to liver enlargement (cirrhosis caused by alcohol) / liver cancer (vinyl chloride). Kidney heavy metals (cadmium/lead)/ organic solvents can restricts operation lea ding to failure. Skin Holds body together / defence against infection / regulates body temp /sensing m echanism Dermatitis (reportable) blisters caused by various chemicals Irritant contact dermatitis occurs soon after contact with substance an d condition reverses after contact ceases (detergents) Allergic contact dermatitis caused by a sensitizer (turpentine/epoxy res in/ formaldehyde) Sensitize when internal immune system stopped working CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH REGULATIONS 2006 (COSHH) COSHH Assessment: (every 5 years) Gather info about substances Evaluate risk to health (together and separately) Decide on control measures Record an assessment Review Type of substance (Toxic/Harmful/Sensitizer/Irritant) Chronic (prolonged exposure, long term effects)

Acute (Short term exposure, immediate effect) Routes of entry into body (Absorption/indigestion/inhalation) Concentration in relation to exposure limits No of persons exposed (identify vulnerable persons) Duration of exposure Adequacy of control measures Compliance with control measures

Material safety data sheet: Name, chemical composition, nature of a health hazard ,relevant exposure standar d, recommended exposure control measures, ppe, first aid, fire-fighting measures , handling, storage , transport, disposal, manufacturer name and address, public ations, industry information 1. Stain Tube Detector Use direct reading glass indicator tubes filled with chemical crystals which cha nge colour when a hazardous substance passes through them. Advantages: quick, simple, inexpensive Disadvantages: cant be use for concentrations of dust or fume, accuracy will not be ok when particular contaminants are present, tubes fragile, limited shelf liv e, tube to be used once 2. Passive Sampling Measures over a full working period by worker wearing a badge with absorbing ma terial. 3. Sampling pumps and heads To measure gasses and dust. Worker wears collection head as a badge and a batter y operated pump on his back at waist level. Pump draws air continuously through a filter, fitted in the head, which will absorb the contaminant gas or trap haza rdous dust particles. Weight change is measured/chemical analysis/microscope analysis. 4. Direct reading instruments Analysers to be used by experience operatives. Infrared gas analysers. Very accu rate. Very expensive. 5. Vane anemometers For measuring air flow speeds 6. Hygrometers For measuring air humidity Qualitative monitoring: Smoke tubes (generate white smoke shows air flow) Dust observation lamp Occupational Exposure Limits EH40 WEL -concentration of airborne hazardous substances that people breath over a s pecified period of time (time-weighted average =TWA) Twa: LTEL long term exposure limit or 8hr reference period STEL short term exposure limit or 15min reference period 3 x LTEL = STEL Good Practice: Design & operated processes to minimize the emission, release & spread of substa nces

Routes of exposure Control exposure Chose control options PPE Check and review Inform & train Ensure that all above doesnt increase the risk

Hierarchy: Eliminate Substitute Provision of eng controls Provision on supervisory controls Provision of PPE

HEALTH AND SAFETY (FIRST AID) REGUALTIONS 1982 AS AMENDED IN 2002 REGISTRATION, EVALUATION AND AUTHORIZATION OF CHEMICALS REGUALTIONS REACH Chemical safety regime that restricts high risk substances and require safer sub stitutes. (glues, paints, detergents, plastics) Engineering Controls: Local Exhaust Ventilation

Removes the hazardous gas/vapour/fume at its source before it can contaminate th e surrounding atmosphere. (welding) Collection hood hood placed over workstation Ventilation ducting conduit for the contaminated air; transports it to the filte r Filter/air cleaning device between hood and fan; removes contaminant from the ai r stream Fan moves the air through the system; correct type/size to be used. Exhaust duct exhaust the air to the outside of the building; checked reguraly; Checked every 14 months. Dilution (General) Ventilation Uses natural ventilation (windows) or fan-assisted forced ventilation. It works by removing the contaminant or reducing the concentration. Controls: Reduce time exposure Reduce number of workers Eating etc prohibited Special rules PPE: Filtering mask (8/10hrs only) Half-mask respirator (rubber/plastic covers nose & mouth) Full-face mask respirator (covers eyes & visor)

 Health

Powered respirator (battery fan delivers air through a filter) Self-contained breathing apparatus (compressed air cylinder) Fresh air hose apparatus (sealed face mask, air from uncontaminated source) Compressed air line apparatus (from compressed air line) Gloves (PVC/nitrile/neoprene) Arm shields Spectacles (safety glasses) Goggles Face visors Clothing Footwear risks: Asbestosis or fibrosis of the lungs Lung cancer Mesothelioma (cancer of the lining of the lung)

Asbestos: (ACM asbestos containing material) Blue Brown White Control limit Training Hierarchy of controls Survey: Presumptive survey location and assessment survey; locates as far as reasonably practicable; Sampling Survey similar to above but samples are sent for analysis Full access and sampling survey invasive; could involve destruction of material; prior to demolition; Where: Identification Assessment Removal Control measures Medical surveillance Awareness training Disposal of asbestos Accidental exposure Boiler Pipe lagging Insulation panels around pillars and ducting Heat insulation Fire protection Ceiling tiles Asbestos cement products

Other agents: Cancer Occupational asthma Ammonia (eye) can burn the skin/bronchitis/excess fluid of lungs (oedema) Chlorine bronchitis/oedema Carbon dioxide heavier than air/ respiratory system/death/asphyxiation Carbon monoxide impossible to detect without equipment; enters the blood and res tricts supply of oxygen to vital organs; headaches/breathlessness Silica (component of rocks) inhalation of silica dust respirable dust; silicosis

/ tuberculosis; masonry-work/quarry/sand blasting/ tunnelling/ Cement dust & wed cement burns/ulcers/dermatitis Wood dust hard wood dust nasal cancer; mdfs-laminated board/particle board/ wood based board/ - formaldehyde Leptospirosis and Weils disease in rats urine; humans kidneys and liver are attac k; can be fatal; skin or ingestion; Weils also in cattle; Legionella-airborne bacterium; in water sources lung disease; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH CONTROL OF NOISE AT WORK REGULATIONS 2005 Assess noise levels & keep records (make sure legal limits are not exceeded) Reduce the risk Information & training Provide PPE Health surveillance Noise data for manufactured equipment Sound pressure wave passes into and through the outer ear and strikes the eardru m causing it to vibrate. This causes the proportional movement of 3 interconnect ed small bones in the middle ear passing the sound to the cochlea in the inner e ar. There sound is transmitted to a fluid causing it to vibrate. Motion of the f luid induces a membrane to vibrate which causes hair cells (attached to membrane ) to bend. This causes a minute electrical impulse to be transmitted to the brai n along auditory nerve. Acute Effects: Temporary threshold shift short excessive noise; slight deafness; reversible; Tinnitus ringing in the ears caused by intense & sustained high noise level; up to 24hrs; Acute acoustic trauma vary loud noise; Chronic ot lost ficulty effects: Noise-induced hearing loss from permanent damage to the hair cells; ability is n completely, affects hearing of the speech; Permanent threshold shift from prolonged exposure to the loud noise; 4000Hz; dif in hearing some female voices; Tinnitus same but permanent;

Each 3dB increase is doubling sound intensity. Scales: A sound pressure levels (SPLs) up to 55dB B- 55-85dB C- above 85dB Sound level meter: Integrated - integrate the reading; provide an average over a time period; cont inuous equivalent noise level (Leq) normally over 8hrs; Direct reading cheaper; if noise levels are continuous at a near constant value Daily personal exposure Level (Lepd) - over 8hrs; Peak sound pressure (Pascal) (Pa) - highest noise level reached by the sound Exposure Action level values level of noise at which certain action must be take n Exposure Limit value level of noise at the ear above which an employee must not

be exposed Daily/weekly personal exposure action level 80dB(A) 85dB(A) (87dB(A) exposure li mit value) A peak sound pressure 135dB(C) -137dB(A) exposure limit value 149dB(C) Noise Assessment: Details of noise meter used- date of calibration Number of employees using the machine Indications of the condition of the m/c & maintenance schedule Work being done on m/c at the time Schematic plan of workplace Other noise sources Recommendations Inform/instruct/train PPE Reduce time exposure Hierarchy techniques: Reduction noise at source *Change the process or equipment *Change speed of m/c *Improve the maintenance regime Reduce of noise levels received by employee (attenuation) *Orientation/re-location of equipment *Enclosure (with sound-insulating material) *Screens/absorption walls (where sound is reflected from walls) *Damping (insulating floor mounting to reduce/remove transmission of noi se/ vibrations) *Lagging (insulation of pipes / fluid containers) *Silencers (fitted to engines which are exhausting gases to atmosphere) *Isolation of workers (sound proof workrooms) PPE *Earplugs *Ear defenders (earmuffs)

THE CONTROL OF VIBRATION AT WORK REGULATIONS Exposure Limit Value not to be exceeded If Exposure Action Value is exceeded than reduce the value Hand-arm vibration (HAV) Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) group of diseases caused by the exposure of th e hand and arm to external vibration. Some of them under WRULDs carpal tunnel sy ndrome. Vibration White Finger (VWF) circulation of the blood is adversely affected by t he vibration. (tingling/numbness/white/amputation) Injuries caused by HAV: Damage to blood circulatory system (VWF) Damage to sensory nerves Damage to muscles Damage to bones Damage to joints Pins and needles Severe pain and numbness Loss of sense of touch

Loss of grip strength Painful wrist (carpal tunnel syndrome)

Daily exposure Limit - 8hr 5m/s2 Daily Exposure Action Value 8hr 2.5m/s2 Grinding/Sanding/Cutting stone,metal,wood/ riveting/ compacting sand,concrete/ d rilling and breaking rocks,concrete,road surfaces Whole-body vibration (WBV) Caused by vibration from machinery passing into the body either through the feet of standing workers or the buttocks of sitting workers. Injuries caused by WBV: Severe back pain (may result in permanent injury) Reduced visual & manual control (acute) Increased heart rate & blood pressure (acute) Permanent spinal damage Damage to the central nervous system Hearing loss Circulatory problems Digestive problems Daily exposure Limit - 8hr 1.15m/s2 Daily Exposure Action Value 8hr 0.5m/s2 Driving vehicles: FLTs/tractors over rough terrain Anti-fatigue mats, lumbar support; RADIATION IONISING RADIATION emitted from radioactive materials in form of directly ionisi ng or particles or indirectly ionising X-rays and rays or neutrons. can be stopped by very thin material as paper (ingestion) - can be stopped by aluminium foil (inhalation/ingestion) (similar to X-rays) produced from nuclear reactions and pass through the body Becquerel (Bq) activity of a radioactive substance/sec Sievert (Sv) biological effects of the radiation (mSV) Factors: Size of the dose (the more the worse) Area/extent of the exposure to the body Duration of the exposure Acute exposure: Blood cell changes nausea Vomiting Skin burns Blistering Collapse Death Chronic exposure: Anaemia Leukaemia Other forms of cancer Effect on human reproductive organs and processes Stillbirths

Somatic Effects cell damage Genetic effects damage done to the children of the irradiated person Sources: Nuclear industry Medical centres Educational centres Non-destructive testing (crack detection in welds) X-rays scanning Smoke detectors Naturally (radon radioactive gas near granite) Hazards: Stochastic (cancer) Non-stochastic (radiation burns/radiation sickness/cataracts/damage to unborn ch ildren) Measuring- film badge worn by employee over a time (photographic film inside) / Radiation dose meter/detector on a shelf for 3 months / hand held instruments (G eiger counters) immediate measurement Protection: Shielding Time Distance Emergency arrangements Training Prohibition of eating etc Personal cleanliness PPE Spillages procedure Signs & info Surveillance Radiation Protection supervisor appointed by employer to advise on measures for compliance with Regs and ACOPs. Competent. Internal. Radiation Protection Adviser- appointed by employer to advise to the Radiation P rotection supervisor and employer. External.

NON-IONISING RADIATION The action is to heat cells rather than change their chemical composition. Ultraviolet radiation occurs with sunlight and with electric arc welding Burning (skin & eyes) Skin cancer (if burnt many times) malignat melanoma Arc eye/welder eye Snow blindness Cataracts Lasers- visible light & light from invisible spectrum (infrared & ultraviolet) Bar code reading/cutting and welding metals/ accurate measurement of distances/s urgery cataract treatment/ sealing of blood vessels Hazards: eye & skin burns (erythema)/toxic fumes/electricity/fire/retinal damage Infrared radiation generated by fires & hot substances Eye & skin damage (similar to ultraviolet) Foundries/fireman

Microwaves - Cookers/mobile telephones Heating of body cells (eye lens biggest risk) Protection: Ultraviolet & infrared: Goggles Visors Gloves Collar Lasers: Shielding Non-reflective surfaces Microwaves: Enclosure Interlocking device Welding: Manual metal arc welding MIG TIG Oxy-acetylene welding

Hazards: Non-ionizing radiation hazards Fume inhalations Slips & trips Manual handling of cylinders Explosion & fires Lack of training Musculoskeletal problems STRESS Natural reaction to excessive pressure, not a disease. Stressors: Job/individual responsibility/working conditions/management attitudes/relationsh ips Action plan. Identify: Problem/background to it/remedial action/targets & dates / agree review date wit h employee THE CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS 2007 (CDM) Construction-general building work incl. Domestic, commercial, industrial. Safe place of work: Access & egress Excavations covered Fuel removed Ladders stored securely

Services isolated Locked gates Substances locked away Security cameras etc

Demolition: Piecemeal using hand and mechanical tools (pneumatic drills, demolition balls) Deliberate controlled collapse - explosives are used Method statement: method of demolition, equipment, protection of public & workfo rce, isolation methods, PPE, first aid, emergency, training & welfare facilities , names, COSHH Prevention of drowning Vehicles (traffic routes/signs/signals/speed limits/PPE/FLT & dumper trucks slope s etc) Fire & emergencies procedures/equipment Welfare rest/washing/drinking water/sanitary/first aid/accommodation for cloths/ eating Electricity hazards & control measures/equipment Noise silencers fitted/ noise survey/demolition-pneumatic drills etc. Health Hazards vibration/dust/cement/solvents/paints/cleaners(COSHH)/PPE/man han dling/silica/cement dust/wet cement/wood dust/tetanus Waste disposal Site security equipment protected/perimeter fencing/lockable gate/protect public /children/warning signs/hazardous substances (cement) Environmental excessive dust/noise/mud on public highway Arrangements with client/ocuppierprotection of public/visitors/employees/safe pas sage/information for neighbours THE CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS 2007 (CDM) Construction work carrying out any building, civil engineering or engineering co nstruction work Notifiable project (F10) over 30 days or more than 500 man days Demolition work written plan required Non-notifiable projects only coordination & cooperation / brief summary plan/wri tten plan for demolition (coordinator & principal contractor not required) Client (additional for notifiable projects in red) Give leadership Control contractual arrangements Make crucial decisions Implement safety culture Ensure that designers/contractors/etc are competent Allow sufficient time Cooperate with others Coordinate their own work with others There are reasonable management arrangements in place throughout the project Make sure that contractors have made arrangements for suitable welfare Ensure any fixed workplaces which are to be constructed to be safe Relevant info to be passed to relevant persons Ensure clarity of the roles People have sufficient time to fulfil their responsibilities Good communication/coordination/communication between members of project Designers able to confirm that they took into account CDM regs That contractor is provided with the construction plan Contractors are able to confirm that h&s standards on site will be controlled.

 To appoint CDM coordinator who will advise him To appoint principal contractor who will plan and manage Allowed PC to have enough time to work with designer Ensure that construction phase does not start until PC has prepare H&S plan and made arrangements for welfare Ensure that H&S File is prepared/reviewed/updated and ready for handover at the end CDM Coordinator (additional for notifable projects in red) Give suitable advice & assistance to client to do with: Appoint competent designers and contractors Ensure that project is managed properly (arrangements in place) notify HSE abt the project coordinate design work/planning identify & collect relevant pre-construction info pass the info to others advise client of suitability of the construction plan welfare from start produce & update H&S file Written risk assessment Method statement Designer (additional for notifable projects in red) too Make sure that are competent Make client aware of their duties Avoid foreseeable risks, when designing Provide adequate info about significant risks associated with design Coordinate their work with others Ensure client appointed CDM Coordinator Ensure that client notified HSE Ensure that construction phase does not start until CDM Coordinator appointed Cooperate with Coordinator/PC and other designers - provide info for H&S file

Contractor (additional for notifable projects in red) Check client is aware of their duties Ensure that they and their employers are competent Plan/manage/monitor their own work Ensure that their contractors know min time to prepare before starting the job Provide their workers with relevant info Ensure that design they do complies with cdm regs Comply with h&s cdm regs Cooperate with others and coordinate their own work Obtain specialist advice where necessary Check if CDM Coordinator has been appointed Check if HSE has been notified Cooperate Tell PC about the risks created by their work Tell PC abt contractors they employ Comply with directions from PC and any info relevant to H&S Plan Inform Pc of any problems with the plan & risk identified Tell PC about accidents Provide info for the H&S File

Principal Contractor Key duty holder Liaise with all other duty holders & workforce

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Consult wit workforce Cooperate with designer & CDM Coordinator Ensure that clients aware of his duties Must ensure that client is aware of his duties Ensure that HSE notified Make sure they are competent Ensure that construction is properly planned/managed/monitored Ensure that contractors know min time to prepare before starting the job Ensure that contractors are aware of their responsibilities so work is done safe Ensure safe working and coordination between contractors Ensure that Construction Phase Plan & Safety plan is: Prepared before work begins Developed in discussion with and communicated to contactors Implemented Kept up-to-date Make sure that designers & contractors are competent Ensure welfare Prevent unauthorized access Prepare and enforce site rules Provide relevant parts of H&S Plan and other info to contractors Liaise with CDM Coordinator on design Provide CDM Coordinator with any relevant to H&S File info Ensure everyone have been provided with induction etc Display project notification

Workers: Give feedback to employers Provide input on RAs Work to the MS Use welfare facilities with respect Keep PPE & tools in good condition Be vigilant for hazards and risks and keep management informed Be aware of the arrangements and actions to take if in dangerous situation H&S File CDM Coordinator must prepare/review/keep updated CDM Coordinator must give it to the client at the end of the project Clients/Designers/PC/Contractors must supply info necessary to put it together Clients must keep the file to assist with further construction work Everyone providing info must make sure is accurate and provided asap

CONFINED SPACES REGULATIONS 1997 Confined space means any place incl. any chamber/tank /vat/silo/pit/trench/pipe/ sewer/ Flue/well or similar space in which by virtue of its enclosed nature there arise s a reasonably foreseeable specified risk. Specified risk risk to any person at work of: Serious injury arising from fire/explosion Loss of consciousness arising from an increase in body temp Loss of consciousness or asphyxiation arising from gas/fume/vapour/lack of oxyge n Drowning arising from increase in the level of liquid Asphyxiation arising from a free-flowing solid or because of entrapment by it

Only enter if its not reasonably practicable to do it without entry. Adhere to safe system of work unless in emergency. Risk Assessment: General conditions (content of space/residues left/contamination/oxygen deficien cy and enrichment/physical dimensions) Hazards arising directly from the work being undertaken (use of cleaning chemica ls/sources of ignition for flammable dusts/gases/vapours etc.) Need to isolate confined space from outside services or substances inside (liqui ds/gases/energy sources/raw materials) Requirement for emergency rescue (people & equipment) Mechanical Hazards: Crushing, Shearing, Cutting/Severing, Entanglement, Drawing In, Ejection of Material, Abrasion, Stabbing/Puncturing Non Mechanical Hazards: Noise, Temperature, Vibration, Electricity, Radiation, H azardous Substances, Ergonomic Factors (inc. Manual Handling), Psycho-Social (Bu llying, assault) Develop a system: ERIC PD Eliminate, Reduce (by Monitoring Substitution), Isolate, Control, PPE, Disciplin e Human Factors: SPAME Skill Personality Attitude Motivation Experience Machine Hazards: ENTICCE Entanglement Nips Traps Impact Contact Cutting Ejection Manual Handling: TILE Task Individual Load Environment Machine Guarding: FIAT Fixed or fixed distance Interlocks (elect, air, mech, hydr) Automatic Trip Training: IITS Instruction Information Training Supervision Accident Factors: relate to Domino Theory Attitude Fault Unsafe Accident Injury