ILLUSTRATED S O U R C E B O O K

of

MECHANICAL COMPONENTS

S E C T I O N 25

Types of Valves Used in Hydraulic Transmissions

25-2 25-4 25-6 25-9 25-1 1 25-13 25-14

8 Ways t Make a Poppet Valve o

Weirs Replace Gate Valves Siphon Serves as Regulating Valve Triple-Duty Valve

Flow Regulator Valve

Fuel Injection Systems-Secondary Problems

25-2

Types of Valves Used in Hydraulic Transmissions

Valves are the nerve center of hydraulic circuits. In machine tools, they provide reversal of motion, dwell and throttling action, sequence con. trol, and relief of oil pressure. Some of the corn. inon forms of these valves are illustrated. Data and illustrations supplied from Socony-Vacuum Ol Company publication Hydraulic Systems. i
TO CYLINDER h3 2

Fig. I-Schematic diagram of rotary reversing valve. Oilwoys in an oscillating cylindrical plug register roith ports rvhich connect both the main oil line from the pump and the discharge tine to the reservoir with either end of the operating cylinder. When oil is directed f r o m the pump to one end of the operating cylinder, oil in the other end of the cylinder is discharged through the reversing value to the reservoir. One position of the reversing valve shown.

SPOOL

I
FROM PUMP
TO CYLINOER NO 1

PUMP

Fig. 3 - Spring-loaded relief calve. This valve is placed in the piriirp discharge line to permit oil to escape from the line to the reservoir when the anioimt of nil delivered by a constant-discharge picnip is more than is needed. High pressure overcomes the compression of the spring. lifts the valve from irs seat, and by-passes the oil iiirtil the pressure drops below the compression adjustment of the spring.

Fig. 2-Sequence controt valve. Some machines are designed so that one series of motions mttst be completed before another series can start. This type valve prevents the flow of oil IO No. 2 operating cylinder until the motion in No. 1 cylinder has been completed. Both ends of the freely floating spool are under oil pressure. The end exposed to pump pressure is s m l t e r than the end exposed to pressure from No. 1 cylinder. From the pump, oil flmm through a coil o f tubing which slightly restricts the oiTf7orv. Pressure in No. 1 cylinder and on .Yo. 1 end oj the valve spool is less than the pump pressirre, and thrs di#erence on the ends of the value shifts the spool rotunrds the low pressure side. Flow of oil to No. 2 cylinder is prevented. F h e n motion in No. 1 cylinder is completed, oil no longer flows through the coil. Pressure on both sides o f the ralve is equalized. Full pump pressure now acts on the large end of the spool, and the spool shilts to admit oil .to No. 2 cvlinder.

MAIN OIL LINE

-FROM

PUMP

Fig. #--Stop valves risually pluced in the main oil line from the pzrnrp are operated mantially or by cams. They are designed to stop the machine at a predetermined point. When the spool is shifted t o a stop position, the flow o f oil is interrupted and machine motion halted. Uhile the ninchine is idling, the oil is bypassed at loto prrssrire to the reservoir thereby reducing power costs. The nrachine is restarted either nranuaiiy by the operator, or by cams trhich nroLe the valce to a neic position.

Innovative Valving

25-3

011. L S U E R PRESSURE SflOWN

Fig. 5-Reuersing value. This valve direcrs oil flow in and out of either end of an operating cylinder. .4 separate pilot value, Fig. 6, controls the oil pressure. The reuersingwulue spool mainmins a central position and f l o a r ~ between tur, springs. Pilot ralue action moves the spool. W h e n the spool is az one end of the valve, oil under pressure flows from the pump through the valve into one end of the operating cylinder, and at the same time, oil i n the oth'er end of the operating cylinder is disclcorged into the reservoir.
'OIL

nil. I \
TO OPERATING

THE RETURN C i R C U i T

CYLINDER

FROM OPERRTING CYLINDER

FROM

PILOT YALVE

' - M I IFROM N

OIL LINE

OIL T O '

PUMP

PILOT VALVE

FROM M A I N OIL LINE

FROM REVERSING V L E AV .
,

Hl IL -

r
...
"" I

rt I
I~I-TO
RESERVOIR-IT;

--*O

SOLENOID

I
c _

Fig. G---Pilot value. I n b o w urtd l e / ( ) Spools of these valves are thrown by cams or dogs, or may be moved magnetically by solenoids. Oil pressure from the p u m p is directed alternutely io both ends by means of a reversing snlre. Fig. 5.

FROM
MAlH OIL

L!NE
THROrTLlNG TO PILOT

Figs. 7 and d---DweU and throttling values. These spring-loaded valves are actuated by cams or oil pressure. Cam action nwves the spool and shuts o# this free oil delivery. permitting only a restricted oil flow through throttling adjustment. I n the pilot valve line, thrk d u e decOys action of the reversing valve and permits a period of dwell at the end of the stroke of the operating piston. The change f r o m free to restricted flw may be abrupt or gradual, depending upon the spool em. pluyed. In pressure actuated calves, Fig. 8, the talce i s no'mally held closed by the spring. Delivery of oil is restricted b y a throttling adjustment as long as the valve i closed. W h e n flow is s reversed, oil pressure lifts the valve and permits free delivery of the oil.

FROM MAIN OIL LINE

81

25-4

8 Ways to Make a Poppet Valve

Low seat forces can keep a tight seal-even for metal-to-metal seating.
Dominic J. Lapera

CAPTIVE DISK keeps bubble-tight seal when spring pushes it against conical seat in valve body. This, the most common design, is often found in checkvalves. I t gives reliable service.

CONICAL STEM bears against sharp corner of soft plastic disk. Concentric retainer, which screws into the valve body, holds disk in place which is located by recess in body.

FLEXIBLE METAL SEAT can stand higher temperatures than plastic, but because flexing takes up some irregularities, it doesnt require the high seat loads normal with metal-to-metal valves.

O-RING SEAT will open a t same pressure as consistently as much more expensive valves. However, cracking pressure must be quite high when compared to pressure at the normally rated flow.

1nnovative Va Iving

25-5

LIP-SEAL SEAT requires smaiest force to be bubble-tight. Large forces flatten lip, so design works best when differential across seat is low. Example is a relief valve where fluid pressure opposes spring force.

PLASTIC POPPET cannot stand shock loading. Accurate machining for a good seal is easy because poppet guide and seat are in the same piece. Best angle between cone and seat is 20 to 30".

Diaphragm

METAL DIAPHRAGM backs up seat wafer and presses it to contour of the cone. This compensates for irregularities common on large valves. Wafer must be thin enough not to wrinkle when deformed.

BALL forces plastic diaphragm against spherical seat. Vent will keep pressure from building up behind the ball which is not a force-fit in socket. Spring strength determines cracking pressure.

25-6

Weirs Replace Gate Valves

Simplify control of wastewater flows to treatment facilities.
Robert 0 . Parmley

he original metering manhole (Fig. 1) distributed wastewater flows to three separate treatment facilities and were hydraulically controlled daily by manually adjusting gate valves. Since flows to each treatment facility were not identical, the operator had problems maintaining proper hydraulic loading. Attempts were made to alternate discharges, but the influent wastewater quantities varied which resulted in a significant unbalance to the treatment components.

Since two treatment facilities were designed to each receive 40% of the wastewater and one only 20% of the flow, the two former weir boxes would have to be capable of discharge twice the volume of the third. This ratio was achieved by making five identical v-notch weirs. Two were placed on two weir boxes and only one o n the third. Refer to Figures 4, 5 and 6 for the exploded views of these assemblies. Note that the throats of weirs must be placed at the same elevation. This arrangement insures accurate distribution,

Solution: Modify the metering manhole by cost-effective design, low maintenance and trouremoving the three gate valves and replacing each ble-free operation. with a weir box. Refer to Figures 2 and 3 for general arrangement.
20% FLOW

Figure 1
Plan view of original metering manhole

GATE VALVE

----c 100% FLO

40% FLOW

STILLING WELL FOR METER

40% FLOW

Plan View of Oriainal Meterina Manhole

Innovative Valving

25-7

PRomsED 6 P V C soa 2 1 (TO

DOSING TANK BED 5)

C~CONNECTION SLEEVE

Figure 2

PROPOSED 6. D I CLASS 52(FLG)

EXISTING ZEFFLUENT RECIRCULATION PIPE

PROPOSED WEIR B O X E S
FROM FINAL SEPTIC TANU
EXISTING 6PIPE TO DOSING TANK-BEDS I # 2

PLAN VIEW-EXISTING METERING MANHOLE W/MODIFICATIONS

EXISTING FLOW RECORDER: STEVENS MODEL 61 R REPLACE EXISTING ENCLOSURE v/NEW STAINLESS STEEL,WEATHERPROOF ENCLOSURE

..

~. :.

..

<

< .

.
,

,
. a

,
.

. .
\
b O P O S E 0 WEIR EOX?A*

EXISTING CONCRETE M.H.

s ECTIo N u~ - C
Drawings Courtesy of Morgan & Parmley, LTD

25-8

flSTAINLESS

STEEL HEX NlJ7tL.M (4 REPO. P E R WEIR)

Figure 4
WATERPROOF GASKET

STAINLESS STEEL N ~ T ~ ( BREQD)

E X I S T I N 6 PIPE FLANGE

( 8 REQD.)

E X I S T I N G M E T E R I N G M.H.

.?O
F I E L D DRILL BOLT HOLES

.e.

I L E S ~ P I P EFLANGE HOLES

Exploded View of Weir Box @ Discharae A

$STAINLESS
I

STEEL N U T ( E O L T ( ~ R E Q o . )

Figure

Exploded View of Weir Box @ Discharge B

+*STAINLCSS

STEEL N U T ~ E O L T ( B REP\DJ

Figure 6

Exploded View of Weir Box @ Discharge C

Drawings C o u r t e s y of M o r g a n & Parrnley, LTD

Innovative Valving

25-9

Sinhon Serves a s R6gulating Valve

Robert 0. Parrnley

he previous article described the distribution of wastewater to three sperate treatment facilities. Prior to final treatment, the wastewater is temporarily stored in a dosing tank. Refer to Figure 1 for an overall schematic layout. The final treatment process consists of a sub-surface rapid sand filter. This type of treatment funcFUTURE

tions best by alternating cycles, i.e. dosing/ resting. As a n alternative to regulating valving and complex electronic controls, a simple, automatic siphon was selected. This mechanism, too, is costeffective, low maintenance, and provides reliable trouble-free operation.

TREATMENT CELL 6

1
I

I--------

I . .4
'

-- : f
CELL 5
20%

Figure 1

6I

DOSING TANK

CELL1

20%
4 c

CELL2

20%

4 ;

0-i

D O S I N G TANK

Schematic of Wastewater Treatment Facility

25- 1 0

I
FUTURE SIPHON(HEA0 NOT

Figure 2

* D

J
*o

4:6f
1YP.--.

6 P t P C FROM METERING M. H

Plan View

- Dosinq Tank

2 NQ

4 REBAR5

Section D-D

SEE DETAIL RELOW

I G H WATER ECEV. 1283.96

LOW WATER ELEV. 1282.55

Figure 4

-\NU

EL.

1281.75

TORE0 5

Siphon Detail

Drawings Courtesy of Morgan 8, Parmley, LTD

Innovative Valving

25- 11

Triple-Duty Valve
One valve meters propellant, loads and fires BB shot in COSpowered handgun.

BBs. The cartridge is screwed up against a puncture pin which pierces the sealed cap and channels the gas into the manifold. A metering orifice is used to reduce gas flow during She time the valve is opened. Gas flow and the amount of gas used are controlled by the springloaded valve and piston assemblies which also feed the BBs into the barrel. With a CO, cartridge installed in the pistol, gas flows through the hollow puncture pin, filter, and metering orifice into the manifold valve chamber. The gas pressure, A, holds the piston against the elevator and the valve tightly against its seat on the rear of the piston. This restricts the gas to the manifold chamber. When the trigger is pulled the elevator is raised until the nose o the piston f contacts the c m face o the elevator, B. a f Gas pressure drives the piston and valve forward, camrning the elevator up until the BB in the elevator is in line with the barrel. At this point the forward motion of the valve stem is arrested by the valve retainer. The piston continues forward, unseating the valve, C, and the gas is released from the manifold chamber. The gas passes through the hollow piston and drives the BB down the barrel. The pressure in the manifold chamber drops to atmospheric as the metering onfice limits the flow of CO,. The piston spring, assisted by the spring-loaded cam on the elevator, retracts the piston where I t closes o f the valve. f The manifold chamber is sealed and gas passing through the metering orifice builds up pressure. The descending elevator aligns with the ready magazine and another BB is pushed into the elevator. The Pistol is loaded and ready to fire. Metered gas Row conserves gas and Permits over 100 shots with one 8.5 gr coz cylinder. Average velocity of 375 fPs is maintained during the usable life of the cylinder. Capacity of pistol is 150 BB shots with 5 at a time channeled into a ready-to-fire magazine. The Daisy COS 100 semi-automatic pistol is Produced by the Daisy Manufacturing CO, Rogers, Arkansas.

pistol COS carGAS-OPERATEDhandle usesfire 0.177 tridge in the to

Dummy

25-12

Vulve

Vblve refuiner Orifice Puncture pin

GO2

Cartridge

Innovative Vahring

25- 13

Flow Regulator Valve

Robert 0. Parmley
his simple, self-cleaning device is designed to

T deliver a continuous quantity or flow of liquid over

a relatively broad range of pressure. T h e controlling component is a precision engineered, flexible orifice which adjusts its opening area inversely to the active pressure. When flow pressures are below the threshold point, the flexible component responds as a fixed orifice. However, when pressures are encountered above the threshold level the inserts commences to distort or restrict thus reducing the orifice area and thereby maintaining the desired flow. These regulators are widely used in various mechanisms, including: water systems, fire protection facilities, medical devices, filling equipment, drinking foun-

tains, filtering units, fan coils, cooling tanks and similar systems. Refer to Figure 1, which illustrates an inexpensive installation in a municipal pumphouse. It was incorporated into the interior piping design to protect a public potable well from being over pumped. In the event of a major fire or main break, the distribution system pressure would be significantly reduced thereby normally allowing the well pump to produce a larger delivery. This condition would result in a greater drawdown of the (cone of influence) pumping level, well below the well screen top, and air would be introduced into the system. T h e flow regulator, shown in Figure 1, avoids this adverse condition.

Operating Principle
HIGH PRESSURE FLOW -c

Figure I

25- 14

Fuel Injection Systems-Secondary Problems

Vapor suppression and idle fuel metering are two stumbling blocks to perfect fuel delivery. Here are several ways to overcome these problems.
Gerald Bloom

Fuef tank

VENTED PRESSURIZED SYSTEM. Boost pump supplies fuel under pressure to the metering pump: unused fuel returns to tank through restriction which maintains pressure. Recirculated fuel helps cool the metering pump, which, i n t u r n , helps reduce vapor f o r m a t i o n .

UNVENTED PRESSURIZED SYSTEM. Boost pump pressure i s set high enough t o condense a l l vapors, which eliminates loss of fuel constituents, but fuel cooling is lost. The boost pump should be kept as close as possible to tank to minimize inlet pressure drop and negative head.

Aspirator

izt
Boost pump

Metering system

Pump

Fuel tank

ASPIRATOR SYSTEM. Fuel is drawn from tank by metering pump suction. Then it spins in the swirl chamber where liquid and vaporized fuel separate by centrifugal force. Vapor is drawn off by low pressure generated by return flow through aspirator. System is very inexpensive.

FLOAT BOWL. Fuel is pumped to the float bowl as i n a normal automotive carburetor. Fuel vapor vents to the atmosphere where the more volatile elements of the fuel are lost. System is considered excellent for ground and marine applications, but can't handle altitude problems.

Innovative Valving

25-15

Airflow

Ild

Metering system

AIR-SIGNAL BIASING. Though unusal requirement is for enrichment at idle, some engines do not scavenge cylinders and need to lean the fuel. Here, the pressure differential at idle opens a check valve, a i r f l o w s t h r o u g h venturi, sending a reduced pressure signal to the system.
Air venturi Jhrotfle-controlled idle by-pass valve Return to -c=!=!a Solenoid valve

t
Jo distribufion system system Distributor

Nozzles

IDLE BY-PASS. Venturi pressure drop in massflow metering system is too low to give a usable signal at idle. So, main metering system is bypassed by a throttle-connected valve which meters fuel at supply pump pressure to maintain a proper idling speed and eliminate engine stalling.

MOTORING CUT-OFF. When wheels drive engine, ideally fuel should be shut-off. This is done by opening by-pass solenoid valve, which prevent fuel line pressure from building up enough to open nozzles. Solenoid is energized by throttle piston and engine speed or intake manifold vacuum.

Air flow

Air to intoke manifold -Adjustable idle stop Calibrotion spring -Metering control piston

water

Atmosphere ---+
+TO

-Manifold pressure

metering pump
COLD ENRICHMENT. To provide extra fuel for a cold engine, metering system is set rich. As engine coolant warms, thermal actuator gradually leans the fuel/air mixture. Another method uses a temperature-sensitive switch to feed fuel directly into the intake manifold of the engine.

IDLE STOP. Speed-density system requiring idle e n r i c h m e n t can be designed w i t h a fixed stop (shims or adjustable screw) to prevent control piston from going to zero output position. A s p r i n g as t h e i d l e s t o p p e r m i t s leaning out when wheels drive as in driving downhill.