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MBA HR 01 MTU Dr.

Rushen Chahal

Course Summary

MBA HR 01 Personal Growth and Training & Development

Personality

A persons general style of interacting with the world People differ from one another in ways that are relatively consistent over time and place Personality Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Psychoanalysis and Post-Freudian Theories

PERSONALITY

The term personality has been derived from the Latin word Persona which means mask or dress up. Among the Greek, actors used a mask to hide their identity on the stage.

Definition

Allport defines Personality is the individuals characteristic reactions to social stimuli and the quality of this adaptation to the social features of his environments Allport (1937) Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual to those psycho-physical (composition of habits, attitudes, emotions, sentiments & beliefs) system that determine his unique adjustment to his environment.

According to Munns (1953)

Personality may be defined as the most characteristic integration of an individuals structures, modes of behavior, interests, attitudes, capacities and abilities. How Personality Consciousness Shows Itself

First Impressions
How first impressions are formed First impressions and reputation Concern about first impressions Judging others Early attempts to judge others Obstacles to judging others

Psychoanalytic Approach

Developed by Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy and a theory of personality Emphasizes unconscious motivation - the main causes of behavior lie buried in the unconscious mind

Psychoanalytic Approach

Conscious - all things we are aware of at any given moment

Preconscious- everything that can, with a little effort, be brought into consciousness Psychoanalytic Approach

Unconscious - inaccessible warehouse of anxiety-producing thoughts and drives

Divisions of the Mind


Id - instinctual drives present at birth Does not distinguish between reality and fantasy Operates according to the pleasure principle Ego - develops out of the id in infancy Understands reality and logic Mediator between id and superego Superego Internalization of societys moral standards Responsible for guilt

Personality Traits

Personality traits are certain qualities and characteristics that distinguish one person from another. A trait has been described as an aspect or dimension of personality which consists of a group of related and consistent reactions characteristic of a persons typical adjustment.

Characteristics of Traits Traits versus Habits

Every trait has three characteristics: Uniqueness, degree of likableness & consistency

Habits are narrow & limited determining tendencies while traits are more generalized determining tendencies and because of more generalized traits are more variable in their expression than habits Example- through parental guidance a child learns specific polite habits. He learns to say thank you for gifts, to say Excuse me when he inconveniences others and to allow adults to pass through doors before him. He learns that such acts are socially approved and socially expected. Consciously or unconsciously, he learns to act consistently in a manner in which polite acts play an important role. Then he is judged by others as polite person. One of his outstanding traits is Politeness

Common & Unique Traits


Common traits are qualities that are found in most people within cultural group, such as dominance, sociability, truthfulness, generosity. Unique Traits- are patterns of behavior which characterize a particular individual and may not be found to the same degree in other people.

Personality Pattern

Is composed of traits, or specific qualities of behavior, which characterize the individuals unique adjustment to life as shown in his behavior and thoughts. The trait however is not merely added to one another. Rather, they are organized and integrated into a meaningful pattern. The core of the personality pattern is the individuals concept of himself as a person as related to the world in which he lives. The quality of his behavior, expressed in the way he adjusts to people and things in his environment, is related to a large extent, determined by his self concept.

Roles of Heredity and Learning

The personality pattern if founded on the individuals heredity endowment. But it is not inherited. It is the product of learning during the course of prolonged social relationships with people both within and outside the home. Three major factors are at work in determining the development of the personality pattern Individual heredity endowment Early experiences with the family Important events in later life outside the home environment.

Elements of Personality Pattern


Concept of Self Traits The above two are interrelated, with the core influencing the traits, which are the individuals characteristic methods of adjustment to life situations. For example- the pattern can be compared to a wheel in which the hub represents the concept of self and the spokes represent the traits. So traits are influenced by the concept of self.

Components of Self Concept a. The perceptual Component

Is the image or the views that a person has about his appearance, physique, impressions he makes on others. It is also known as physical self concept.

b. The Conceptual self concept

Is ones perception of his distinctive characteristics that includes his abilities, disabilities, background and origin? Psychological Self Concept

c. The Attitudinal Component

Self esteem, self perception, future prospects.

Kinds of Self Concept

According to recent studies there are several forms of self concept. James was the first to suggest that a person has many selves, as real self, ideal self, and social self.

The Real self is what a person really is; The Ideal self is the person he aspires to be; The Social self is what he believes others think of him and how they perceive him. Major four categories of self concept are The Basic The Transitory The Social The Ideal

1. The Basic Self

It is just like James concept of real self that is, what a person really believes he is or what he really is. It comprises of his perception about himself, his recognition of his abilities, disabilities, his role, status, values, beliefs and aspirations.

2. The Transitory Self Concept

James first suggested that a person has a self concept which he holds for a time and then relinquishes. This self concept may be favorable or unfavorable, depending upon the situation in which the person finds himself for a moment. One gets influenced by moods, emotional state of mind and some particular recent experiences.

3. The Social Self

It is based on the way the individual believes other perceive him, depending on the behavior, attitude, speech etc. It is also known as a Mirror Image. This concept derives from social interactions, whether favorable or not. This concept is developed earlier that the basic self concept and it is considered as the foundation for the basic self concept.

4. The Ideal Self

Is made up of perception of what a person wants to be and what he believes, he ought to be. It can be physical or psychological image. It may be realistic or unrealistic. In this person tries to identify himself, with one he loves, admires for stories, movies, TV, and radio etc.

Pattern of Development

A. Physical Self Concept - First comes physical self concept and then psychological. Therefore, child is first aware of his physical characteristics and later on aware of his abilities and disabilities, need, roles, aspirations etc. A child compares himself with others in different aspects as size, shape of his body compared with others, hearing any thing good or bad about his looks etc. 0r add meaning to the development of physical self concept. It changes as body changes occur.

It includes a persons attitude towards his abilities, disabilities, roles in life, responsibilities, aptitudes etc. It develops after physical self concept. For assessing ones abilities, one needs to have sufficient reasoning abilities. Social contacts with 4

B. The Psychological Self-

siblings provide the basis for individuals first assessment of his abilities. Like child compares himself with other siblings.

Effect of Self concept on Behavior

Self concept is the dominant element in the personality pattern. The self concept is a motivating force in the persons behavior and attitude. Thus individual acts according to the way he perceives himself. For example- if any person feels he is accepted in the society he will act in a friendly and cooperative way. Research studies from several areas of behavior illustrate how the concept of self is built up on the early years of life and reinforced by later experience, influences the quality of the persons behavior and his characteristics reactions to people and to situations.

Symbols of Self
Symbols of self are visible signs of something invisible. Judgment of a person is influenced by symbols of self or certain cues. These are certain qualities which a person can't or doesn't want to reveal directly to others but through symbol of self a person tries to reveal the same in front of others.
For example- person instead of boasting of his wealth, he can use indirect technique of showing a

of his wealth by wearing costly attire, membership of famous club, branded accessories etc. Other example- If one wants to give impression of bad mood, one can be shabby dressed, speaking in irritating tone, give sulky expressions etc.

Roles played by Symbols of Self

Influence judgment of others (Judging Others) Influence ones concept of self (Judging Self)

Kinds of Symbols of Self Clothes, Styles & Accessories (Branded & labeled one) Names (First name) Speech- (Confidence, Intelligence) Behavior & Attitude (Speaking more or less, open or shyness) Age- (Adolescents, Teen, Young, Old- Energy level, Looks) Success- (job, salary, popularity etc)
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Reputation- (Socio- economic status, positive & Negative Reputation)

Molding the Personality Pattern

According to some, molding the personality pattern is not an easy task, it is a complex process whereas others find that changing personality pattern in order to conform to the expectations and norms of the society is not tough, it can be easily done. The personality pattern and certain traits are directly controlled by the genes. It influences body structure, nervous system, etc. The question arises- why do we need to change our personality? We require a personality molded for achieving following objectivesFavorable self concept Approval by parents, friends and society To be appreciated by everyday To have self confidence For effective adjustment to the environment For success in life and occupation For optimistic approach To face challenges and to overcome weaknesses. To be normal and conform to the norms set by society. Two crucial factors plays a significant role in molding the personality pattern Role of Heredity Role of Environment

Techniques of Molding

Learning through guidance and control of behavior by another is known as Child Learning Learning through imitation of attitudes and behavior patters of another. It is self initiated and inner directed which is known as Identification

The child training can be authoritarian, democratic, or permissive. Personality comprises of the interaction, of significant figures as mother, father, and siblings etc, who play important role of molding personality. Childhood memories also affect us. Thus, unfavorable memories should be completely discarded from persons mind, to be optimist. Personality modification can be possible due to the contribution of parents, friends, culture training education, and learning, training and development programmes, religious training, role of mass communication like newspaper, TV, Internet, Occupation etc. Molding outer /physical aspect of personality comprises of improving outer grooming, learning 6

to be presentable, proper style of communication, etc. Molding inner/ psychological aspect of personality comprises of bringing change, improving the behavior, skills, attitude, habits etc.

Belief about Persistence


For centuries people have believed that the personality pattern persists in a relatively unchanged from throughout the life and that if any change does occur, it will be slight. This belief is based on assumption that the personality pattern is inherited, just as eye color or intelligence is. Nothing in this world can take the place of persistence. Talent will not; nothing is more common than unsuccessful people with talent. Genius will not; unrewarded genius is almost a proverb. Education will not; the world is full of educated derelicts. Persistence and determination alone are omnipotent. The slogan "press on" has solved and always will solve the problems of the human race Persistent is not a personality type, just a trait someone might possess. Actually, everyone possesses it to some degree, as with all traits, but some people may not have hardly any of it. persistent simply means that they keep trying, in spite of hardship or obstacles that might seek to deter them According to dictionary definitions, persistence means enduring or constantly recurring. It does not mean that no change occurs but rather that certain traits tend to remain in an unchanged or relatively unchanged form, even in the face of training social pressures. Example shyness (being a baby and being an adult) In psychology,persistence (PS) a personality trait. It is measured in the Temperament is and Character Inventory. The subscales of persistencein TCI-R consist ofEagerness of effort (PS1) Work hardened (PS2) Ambitious (PS3) Perfectionist (PS4)

Causes of Persistence Heredity: Child training methods Social Environment Repetition of experiences (some are of similar nature.)

Belief about Change


In spite of the popularly held belief that the personality pattern is inherited and therefore persistent, a contradictory belief asserts that changes in physical personality are bound to take place. The two times in life when personality changes are believed to be inevitable are at puberty and at old age.

CHANGE
Means to alter or to vary; it doesnt necessarily mean that the alteration or variation will be complete. The personality pattern can change in some areas and remain persistent in others; further more change is not synonymous with improvement. Change can be either for the better or for the worse. Quantitative Changes- already present traits are strengthened or weakened. Undesirable traits usually become less undesirable because the person has a strong motivation to weaken such traits and conform to socially approved norms. This change may create the impression that the person has changed his personality pattern. This impression is correct in the sense that there have been shifts in the traits, though there is no evidence that the shifts reflect a change in the core of the personality pattern- the self concept. In Qualitative Changes- an already present trait, usually an undesirable one is replaced by another trait, usually a desirable one; like selfishness can be replaced with generosity, some time in qualitative changes; desirable traits are eliminated and replaced by undesirable ones. Changes from desirable to undesirable traits are regarded as danger signals of poor adjustment or even of mental illness. Quantitative changes are, for the most part, far more common and far more frequent than qualitative changes. Furthermore, they are usually in the direction of improvement. This is true throughout the major part of the life span.

Kinds (Changes)

Changes in personality pattern fall into three major categories 1. Better versus Worse 2. Quantitative versus Qualitative 3. Slow versus Rapid

Variations in Personality Change


1. Age of Change :Early years 2. Kinds of People: 3. Areas of Personality pattern:

Causes of Change

Physical Changes Changes in Environment Changes in Significant People (Role Model) Changes in Role Changes in Self Concept Strong Motivation

Catt ells theory

Three sources for the collection of personality data: 1. Life record data (L data) ratings by trained observers, which involves collecting data from the individuals natural, everyday life behaviors, measuring their characteristic behavior patterns in the real world. This could range from number of traffic accidents or number of parties attended each month, to grade point average in school or number of illnesses or divorces. 2. Self rating questionnaires (Q data) responses to a questionnaire which measures personality traits, which involves responses based on introspection by the individual about their own behavior and feelings. He found that this kind of direct questioning often measured subtle internal states and viewpoints that might be hard to see or measure in external behavior. 3. Test data (T data) observation collected in specific situation tests, Which involves reactions to standardized experimental situations created in a lab where a subjects behavior can be objectively observed and measured? Identifies two personality traits: Surface traits which seem to cluster together consistently Source traits which seem to underlie & determine the traits which are likely to surface into behavior

The Big Five Model Extraversi on A greeabl eness The Bi g Fi ve Personal i ty M odel Consci enti ousness Neuroti ci sm (Emoti onal Stabi l i ty) Openness to Experi ence

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Carl Jung
Focused on the unconscious and conscious mindhe believed that the unconscious played more of a role in controlling our thought process (especially during dreaming) The collective unconscious was also more dominant factor in the development of human personality

3 Levels of Consciousness:

Ego: conscious level; carries out daily activities; like Freuds Conscious Personal Unconscious: individuals thoughts, memories, wishes, impulses; like Freuds Preconscious + Unconscious Collective Unconscious: storehouse of memories inherited from the common ancestors of the whole human race; no counterpart in Freuds theory Jungs theory important but inaccessible to the general population Isabel Myers and Katherine Briggs (mother-daughter team) expanded on Jungs work by developing an instrument to help people identify their preferences The MBTI tool is an indicator of personality type (i.e. innate preferences) that has proven to be remarkably reliable and valid Represents the result of over 50 years of research Is used globally in both education and corporate settings; over 2 million people each year

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Transactional Analysis What is Transactional Analysis?


Developed by Eric Berne who believed that the majority of our life experiences are recorded in our subconscious minds in an unaltered fashion and become a part of the way we behave The behavior is subconsciously designed to get reactions and determine how others feel about us. A method of dealing with behavioral disorders Can be used to manage classroom behavior if we understand that childrens acceptable and unacceptable behavior is designed to ascertain how others feel about them

Fundamental Ideas

Three Ego States Parent Ego State Child Ego State Adult Ego State

Four Life Positions

Im not OK; youre OK Im not OK; youre not OK Im OK; youre not OK Im OK; youre OK Individuals need to feel adequate

The Three Ego States

Parent Ego State It consists of experiences from the first five years in life. It is the state from which behaviors to control others are employed. Child Ego State It is recorded during the parent ego state. State when feelings rule. Adult Ego State By monitoring the parent and child ego states, it alters automatic behaviors that would normally occur. They describe how individuals feel about themselves and others. Im Ok Obtained when an individual feels capable and acceptable Youre OK Obtained when an individual makes it known that acceptance is wanted

Four Life Positions

Individuals Need to Feel Adequate

Strokes are essential for children to thrive and survive. Children play games (i.e. uproar, clown, stupid, chip on his shoulder, make me, late paper) in order to obtain strokes. However, the games often result in the reinforcement of negative feelings. Teachers should supply necessary stroking instead of playing 15

games.

Strengths

Supported by a great deal of research on the subconscious mind Promotes self-analysis and self-correction Applications go beyond the classroom, into the students personal lives Helps children understand their own messages and those of others Helps children avoid destructive roles that are often played in interpersonal relationships Provides a framework for communication and understanding. Only appropriate for individual guidance Cannot be used as an intervention technique Overcoming the automatic behaviors from the parent and child ego state may be difficult Cannot be applied as readily to discipline problems other than those involving verbal exchanges Students may not have the language, cognitive, or reasoning skills necessary to use this technique Making distinctions between the ego states is difficult Training for teachers can be lengthy and time consuming. Difficult to maintain throughout the year

Weaknesses

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The Johari Window is a communication model that can be used to improve understanding between individuals. Joseph Developed by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham (the word Johari comes from Luft and Har ry I ngham).

Two key ideas behind the tool:

Individuals can build trust between themselves by disclosing information about them. They can learn about themselves and come to terms with personal issues with the help of feedback from others.

Using the Johari model, each person is represented by their own four-quadrant, or fourpane, window. Each of these contains and represents personal information - feelings, motivation - about the person, and shows whether the information is known or not known by themselves or other people.

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The four quadrants are:

Quadrant 1: Open Area What is known by the person about him/herself and is also known by others.
Quadrant 2: Blind Area, or "Blind Spot"

What is unknown by the person about him/herself but which others know. This can be simple information, or can involve deep issues (for example, feelings of inadequacy, incompetence, unworthiness, rejection) which are difficult for individuals to face directly, and yet can be seen by others.
Quadrant 3: Hidden or Avoided Area

What the person knows about him/herself that others do not.


Quadrant 4: Unknown Area

What is unknown by the person about him/herself and is also unknown by others.

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Key Points:

In most cases, the aim in groups should be to develop the Open Area for every person. Working in this area with others usually allows for enhanced individual and team effectiveness and productivity. The Open Area is the space where good communications and cooperation occur, free from confusion, conflict and misunderstanding. Self-disclosure is the process by which people expand the Open Area vertically. Feedback is the process by which people expand this area horizontally. By encouraging healthy self-disclosure and sensitive feedback, you can build a stronger and more effective team.

Personal-effectiveness
E is for Effectiveness Presentation outline Definitions of key terms Changes in the professional landscape Continuing professional development needs Competency models and skills toolkits Sources and options for professional learning An effective person is one who gets his message across others with minimum possibility of misunderstanding. Most people fail not because of lack of ability and intelligence but because of 4 Ds 1. Lack of Direction 2. Lack of Desire 3. Lack of Dedication 4. Lack of Discipline

Definitions Personal . . .

Effectiveness . . .

Belonging to or affecting a particular person rather than anyone else. Success in producing a desired or intended result.

Professionalism. . .

The competence skill expected of a professional. or Oxford Dictionary of English2nd ed. 2003 .

Personal Effectiveness often conceived as a set of competences, capabilities or is qualities,e.g.


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Concern with impact Diagnostic use of concepts Efficiency orientation Proactive Conceptualisation Self-confidence Use of oral presentations Managing group processes Use of socialised power Perceptual objectivity Self-control Stamina and adaptability Tips for personal Effectiveness
1. Building a positive attitude Our Attitude depends on 3 Es Environment, Experience and Education Outcomes of positive Attitude- 1. Productivity 2. Teamwork 3. Improves quality 4. Reduces stress 5. makes pleasing personality Outcomes of negative Attitude-1. bitterness 2. Resentment 3. Purposeless life 4. Ill health 5. High stress Features of people with negative attitude- pessimist 1. 2. Unhappy 3. Cannot enjoy health, happiness etc 4. Blames whole world 2. Make a habit of doing now 3. Develop an attitude of gratitude 4. Choose your advisors carefully and use your judgment 5. Develop high self-esteem People with high self esteem havea. strong conviction b. strong character c. strong willingness to take responsibility d. optimistic 21

e. caring f. self motivated & ambitious g. risk taking h. sensitive i. self disciplined j. self acceptance

Key Professional Development Needs

Specialist information-related knowledge, skills are necessary, but not sufficient for professional competence Information work at every level involves management of something, example collections, budgets, projects, time, etc Research suggests the most significant skills gaps and shortages are in business and strategic management critical thinking personal competencies, especially and Information professionals also need to understand how different disciplines use information and technologies Library staff need to work across traditional boundaries and be proactive in collaborating with other specialists

All professionals need a complex mix of specialist, generic and contextual knowledge, skills, behaviours and values.

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