AC MOTOR

After the introduction of the DC electrical distribution system by Edison in the United States, a gradual transition to the more economical AC system commenced. Lighting worked as well on AC as on DC. Transmission of electrical energy covered longer distances at lower loss with alternating current. However, motors were a problem with alternating current. Initially, AC motors were constructed like DC motors. Numerous problems were encountered due to changing magnetic fields, as compared to the static fields in DC motor motor field coils. Motor system level diagram. At the system level, (Figure above) a motor takes in electrical energy in terms of a potential difference and a current flow, converting it to mechanical work. Alas, electric motors are not 100% efficient. Some of the electric energy is lost to heat, another form of energy, due to I2R losses in the motor windings. The heat is an undesired byproduct of the conversion. It must be removed from the motorand may adversely affect longevity. Thus, one goal is to maximize motor efficiency, reducing the heat loss. AC motors also have some losses not encountered by DC motors: hysteresis and eddy currents. Hysteresis and Eddy Current Early designers of AC motors encountered problems traced to losses unique to alternating current magnetics. These problems were encountered when adapting DC motors to AC operation. Though fewAC motors today bear any resemblance to DC motors, these problems had to be solved before AC motors of any type could be properly designed before they were built.

DC MOTOR A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC) electricity. DC motors were used to run machinery, often eliminating the need for a local steam engine or internal combustion engine. DC motors can operate directly from rechargeable batteries, providing the motive power for the first electric vehicles. Today DC motors are still found in applications as small as toys and disk drives, or in large sizes to operate steel rolling mills and paper machines. Modern DC motors are nearly always operated in conjunction with power electronic devices. Brush Main article: Brushed DC electric motor This is a brushed DC electric motor generating torque directly from DC power supplied to the motor by using internal commutation, stationary permanent magnets. Torque is produced by the principle of Lorentz force, which states that any current-carrying conductor placed within an external magnetic field experiences a force known as Lorentz force. The commutator consists of a split ring, so that the current reverses each half turn. The brushed DC electric motor generates torque directly from DC power supplied to the motor by using internal commutation, stationary magnets (permanent or electromagnets), and rotating electrical magnets.

Like all electric motors or generators, torque is produced by the principle of Lorentz force, which states that any current-carrying conductor placed within an external magnetic field experiences a torque or force known as Lorentz force. Advantages of a brushed DC motor include low initial cost, high reliability, and simple control of motor speed. Disadvantages are high maintenance and low life-span for high intensity uses. Maintenance involves regularly replacing the brushes and springs which carry the electric current, as well as cleaning or replacing the commutator. These components are necessary for transferring electrical power from outside the motor to the spinning wire windings of the rotor inside the motor.

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER

A distribution transformer is a transformer that provides the final voltage transformation in the electric power distribution system, stepping down the voltage used in the distribution lines to the level used by the customer. If mounted on a utility pole, they are called pole-mount transformers (or colloquially a pole pig). If the distribution lines are located at ground level or underground, distribution transformers are mounted on concrete pads and locked in steel cases, thus known as pad-mount transformers. Because of weight restrictions transformers for pole mounting are only built for primary voltages under 30 kV. Use Distribution transformers are normally located at a service drop, where wires run from a utility pole or underground power lines to a customer's premises. They are often used for the power supply of facilities outside settlements, such as isolated houses, farmyards or pumping stations at voltages below 30kV. Another application is the power supply of the overhead wire of railways electrified with AC. In this case single phase distribution transformers are used. In North American utility practice, single-phase transformers are widely used to power individual homes, while in Europe three-phase transformers are more common, which can supply several buildings. Pad-mount transformers are used in urban areas and neighborhoods where the primary distribution lines run underground. Many large buildings have electric service provided at primary distribution voltage. These buildings have customer-owned transformers in the basement for step-down purposes. High voltage hobbyists often use these transformers in reverse (step-up) by feeding 120 or 240 volts into the secondary and drawing the resulting high voltage off the primary bushings, using it to power devices like Jacob's Ladders and Tesla coils, and many other high voltage experiments. Connections Both pole-mount and pad-mount transformers convert the high 'primary' voltage of the overhead or underground distribution lines to the lower 'secondary' voltage of the distribution wires inside the building. The primaries use the three-phase system. Main distribution lines always have three wires, while smaller "laterals" (close to the customer) may include one or two phases, used to serve all customers with single-phase power. If three-phase service is desired, one must have a three-phase supply. Primaries provide power at one of a wide range of standard voltages from 4 to 33 kilovolts, but the most widely used are 7,200 or 14,400 volts.

INDUCTION MOTOR An induction or asynchronous motor is a type of AC motor where power is supplied to the rotor by means of electromagnetic induction, rather than a commutator or slip rings as in other types of motor. These motors are widely used in industrial drives, particularly polyphase induction motors, because they are rugged and have no brushes. Singlephase versions are used in small appliances. Their speed is determined by the frequency of the supply current, so they are most widely used in constant-speed applications, although variable speed versions, usingvariable frequency drives are becoming more common. The most common type is the squirrel cage motor. History Squirrel cage rotor The idea of a rotating magnetic field was developed by Franois Arago in 1824,[1] and first implemented by Walter Baily.[2] Based on this, practical alternating current induction motors seem to have been independently invented by Nikola Tesla and Galileo Ferraris. Ferraris demonstrated a working model of his motor in 1885 and Tesla built his working model in 1887 and demonstrated it at the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in a 1888[3][4][5] (although Tesla claimed that he conceived the rotating magnetic field in 1882).[6] In 1888, Ferraris published his research to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Turin, where he detailed the foundations of motor operation;[7] Tesla, in the same year, was granted a United States patent for his own motor.[8] The modern system of a three-phase transformer and induction motor with a cage was invented by Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky in 1889/1890.[9] Operation A 3-phase power supply provides a rotating magnetic field in an induction motor. In both induction and synchronous motors, the stator is powered with alternating current (polyphase current in large machines) and designed to create a rotating magnetic field which rotates in time with the AC oscillations. In a synchronous motor, the rotor turns at the same rate as the stator field. By contrast, in an induction motor the rotor rotates at a slower speed than the stator field. Therefore the magnetic field through the rotor is changing (rotating). The rotor has windings in the form of closed loops of wire. The rotating magnetic flux induces currents in the windings of the rotor as in a transformer. These currents in turn create magnetic fields in the rotor, that interact with (push against) the stator field. Due to Lenz's law, the direction of the magnetic field created will be such as to oppose the change in current through the windings. The cause of induced current in the rotor is the rotating stator magnetic field, so to oppose this the rotor will start to rotate in the direction of the rotating stator magnetic field to make the relative speed between rotor and rotating stator magnetic field zero.