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SCIENCE SCIENCE

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Intensive

FOR FORM 3 FOR FORM 3 FOR FORM 3

SCIENCE INTENSIVE PROGRAMME FOR FROM 3 CHAPTER 8 : GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY SMK SUNGAI PASIR , O8OOO SUNGAI PETANI , KEDAH DARULAMAN. TEL : 04-421 1764 FAX : 422 0203 LAMAN WEB : WWW.SMKSP.COM

1 Generator is a divice used to change mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Structure og a transformer Principle of a generator 5 When an alternating current is passed through the primary coil, a changing magnetic field is produce in the coil. This magnetic field will produce electric current in the secondary coil. (Note : A direct current cannot be used to shows how a transformer works) 6 There are two types of transformer : [1] Step-up Transformer Dynamo as a simple model of generator 2 There are various types of generators used in the power stations : Hydroelectric generator Nuclear generator Thermal generator Gas turbine generator Diesel generator (The electric current produced in a power station is alternating current .) 3 Alternative sources of energy : Biomass energy Solar energy Wind energy 4 Transformer is a divice used to increase(step up) or decrease(step down)the voltage of alternating current. input voltage

input voltage

Increase the input voltage. 1. Secondary coil has more turns than Characteristics primary coil. 2. Out voltage higher than input voltage.

Function

[2] Step-down Transformer

Decrease the input voltage. 1. Primary coil has more turns than Characteristics secondary coil. 2. Out voltage lower than input voltage.

Function

Transformer at a substation 22

7 A transformer is never 100% efficient because : Resistance in the coil. Energy lost in the coil (in the form of heat energy) 8 The efficiency of a transformer can be increase by using : Low resistance wire for the coil. ( e.g. copper wires) Laminated soft iron plates to form the core. (to reduce amount of heat produced in the core) 9 The relationship between the voltage and the number of turns of the core is given by the following equation :
Primary input voltage = Secondary output voltage Number of turns in secondary coin Number of turns in primary coin

11 The wiring system at home :

1. The voltage supplied to the house is 220 V - 240 V. 2. The current supplied to the house is an alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hertz (Hz).

10 The components in the electricity transmission and distribution system :

3. Current is brought to the house by live wire and returned to the substation by the neutral wire, which is earthed 4. The live wire and the neutral wire are connected to : Main fuse box : It controls the electrical supply to the whole house. Meter : It measure the electrical energy (not current) used in kilowatt-hours (kWh) Main switch : It controls the electrical supply to all the circuits in the house. Circuit breaker : It trips and cuts off the current to the whole house if there is excessive current leakage
to the earth. Distribution fuses(MCB) : A distribution fuse controls only one circuit in one part of the house. If the fuse blows, only the circuit it controls will have no current.

5. All the lighting and the power circuits are connected in parallel so that each bulb or appliance can be controlled
by its own switch. 1. The power station generates alternating current. 2. A set-up transformer than increase the input voltage to a very high output voltage. 3. The electricity than channelled into switch zone which can cut off the electric supply automatically if a short circuit occurs. 4. National Grid Network will channelled the electricity from switch zone to all the main power station in the country. 5. At the main substation, the voltage is stepped down and channelled the electricity to branch substation in various areas. 6. At the branch substation, the voltage is stepped down further depending on the requirements of the areas. (e.g. Industrial area : 415 V , Residential are : 220-240 V)

6. There are two types of electrical wiring : Single Phase Wiring : Usually used in houses for a voltage supply of 220v240V. Three Phase Wiring : Usually used in houses, multi-storey office buildings & industrial buildings for a voltage supply which more than 415 V. Houses that use certain air conditioner that
need high voltage need to use three-phase wiring.

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18 Cost of electrical energy usage at home is calculate in a unit called kilowatt-hour (kWh) Kilowatt-hours = Kilowatts x hours

19 In residential areas, cost of electrical energy usage based on the following rates : Usage of electrical energy (unit) First 200 units Next 800 units Subsequent additional units Payment rate(RM) 0 . 218 0 . 258 0 . 278

An air conditioner unit of 2 kW is used for 5 hour. Calculate the cost of electricl energy usage. Kilowatt-hours = = = Kilowatts 2 kW 10 kW x x hours 5 hours

Cost

= =

10 units RM 2 . 18

RM 0 . 218

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12 A 3-pin plug is used to connect an electrical appliance to the power circuit because : It has a fuse to safeguard the appliance from excess current.

It has an earth wire to carry any leaked current from the appliance to the Earth.

13 The colour code of the wire in the 3-pin plug follow the international colour code : Wiring in a 3-pin plug

14 The earth wire is a safety divice which connected to the metallic body of an electrical appliance. Any current leaks from the body of the electrical appliance will be channelled safety to Earth (Earthed).

Socket

3-pin plug

Cable for 3-pin plug

Appliance (e.g. Kettle)

15 Fuse also a safety device to prevent excessive current from flowing through a circuit/electrical appliance when a short-circuit occurs. 16 There are two types of fuse : Wire Fuse

Cartridge Fuse

17 A fuse is rated in amperes and can determined by using the following formula : Power Current = Voltage

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Causes of electrical accidents at home

20 The most common hazards of electrical accidents are electric shock and fire. 21 Steps to be taken when get electric shock : (1) Switch off the electrical supply at once. (2) Use a suitable insulator (e.g. long wooden stick) to push the victim away from the power source. (3) If victim not breathing, apply artificial respiration (mouth-to-mouth resuscitation) (4) Call ambulance or send the victim to a doctor immediately. 22 Importance of conserving electricity : Saving money Saving energy resources Saving the environment Reducing risk of power loss. 23 Ways to conserve electricity : Always turn off electrical appliance when they are not in use. Always consider the energy efficiency when buying electrical appliance. Use the electrical appliance efficiently : - Wash and iron if only full loads of clothing. - Do not open refrigerator and freezer doors too often. 24 Problem of electricity shortage : Price of electricity increase Affect the investor's confidence. Slow down the economic growth.

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