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Internal Influences on the wall

Walls

Warmth from heating appliances via convection Radiation or conduction Vapor due to mans way living Damp, due to condensation of vapor and possible cooling due to air conditioning

External Influences on the wall

Heating of external surface area by sunshine and warm air rising up the facade Impact of rain and hail and consequent running water and penetration Drying and cooling by wind Dust and other particles Sound waves and vibration due to traffic

Wall Functionality

External Walls

Internal walls

External & Internal Walls

Functional Requirement:
Strength and stability Weather exclusion and durability Thermal insulation Sound insulation Fire resistance Appearance

Walls Classification

The fundamental function of internal walls is to partition or divide the floor area of a dwelling into compartments or room

1. Load Bearing Walls 2. Non-load Bearing Walls

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Load Bearing Walls

Non-load Bearing Walls

Transferring structural load from the upper structure to the lower structure

Walls in the building that are not taking any structural loads
Load bearing wall

Roof

load bearing wall supported the load from roof

Non load bearing wall

Wall Materials

Timber Wall
Advantages :
Corrosion free.

Timber Brick Block Metals / Alloys Curtain Wall Precast Panel

Non-rot material. Ease of installation. Comparatively cheap. Low thermal transmittance. High moisture absorption capacity.

Timber Wall
Disadvantages :
Few choices of durable finishes. Decadency of wood. Prone to insects/termites attack. Low fire resistance. Limited length of building material.

Timber Wall

How wood are being clad on buildings

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Timber Wall
Types of timber wall system

Timber Wall
Examples of wooden walls

Stick frame system Structural insulated sys. Select cedar log wall system D-style log wall system

Laminated log system Swedish cope log system Hand Hewn log wall system Timber frame system

Picture above showing the oldest wood school in A Japanese temple using wood as structural as well as Interior view ofFlorida. building. a wooden cladding material

Timber Wall
Types of failure for wood/timber : Unsuitable wood to be used as building cladding.

Bricks Wall

Rotted wood

Exposed to terminate attack.

CLAY BRICKS
Untreated wood

CALCIUM SILICATE BRICKS

CONCRETE BRICKS

Bricks Wall

Bricks Wall
Varieties of clay bricks are available

fired clay a wide range of different colours and textures produced in many different shapes, sizes and strength, with differing material properties such as water absorption, suction rate and compressive strength. Texture - dependent upon the method of manufacture & the clay used for making the bricks.

based on material & method e.g. Common bricks, Facing bricks , Engineering bricks based on shape & use e.g. Solid brick , Perforated brick , Cellular brick, Frogged brick

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Bricks Wall

Bricks Wall

Standard size deep fogged clay brick

Brick Walls Orientation

Brick Wall

Bricks Wall

sand or flint mixed with lime mechanically pressed together & combined by the action of steam under pressure. colour - natural colour @ pigments - darker when wet than when dry. Solid brick, Frogged brick

Brick wall with reinforcements

Bricks Wall

Blocks Wall

Dense aggregate concrete bricks - hydraulically pressing a concrete mix into individual preformed moulds Lightweight concrete bricks - lightweight aggregate @ autoclaved aerated concrete Type of brick -Solid brick, Perforated, hollow and cellular bricks, Fixing unit

Dense and light aggregate concrete blocks - aggregate and cementitious binder, compacted into mould boxes , demoulded & cured (controlled accelerated techniques @ air curing) Reconstructed stone masonry units - aggregate and cementitious binder, casting, or pressing techniques.

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Blocks Wall

Brick & Blocks Wall

Newly laid concrete masonry walls are braced against wind because of their low strength when freestanding

Autoclaved aerated concrete blocks - slurry incorporating cement, finely ground sand @ pulverized fuel ash (PFA), lime & aluminium powder Type - Solid block, Cellular block, Hollow block

Construction of a high-rise hotel with engineering loadbearing concrete masonry

Brick & Blocks Wall

Example Of Walls Designed For Aesthetical Value

Metal Cladding

(Portal Frame)

Steel Wall Frame

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Curtain Wall

Shenzhen Developmenta cladding material for Plaza Bank Far Eastern aesthetical value. Glass being used as

Gateway 1

Entertainment Center

Calakmul - Mexico City, Mexico

Tikal Futura-Guatemala Intercontinental Plaza Argentina

Sherif Hussein AbuDhabi,UAE LonrhoHouse-Nairobi,Kenya

Mondrian Condominium

101Avenue of the Americas

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Curtain Wall
When would you use it? Relatively expensive but lightweight Spectrum
Basic stick systems on low cost business parks to.. Bespoke, stone faced applications on high class, landmark buildings

Curtain Wall
constructed one level at a time with the seismic wedge applied between the panel and mullion after all panels are in place The units can then be erected on site without the use of scaffolding used in large commercial buildings where a continuous expanse of glazing running past floor levels is required

Image

Curtain Wall
What about windows? Main differences
C/W is storey height Windows fixed into openings C/W fixed back to frame

Curtain Wall
Glazing systems for roofs Some similarities with cladding Full description outside the scope of this lecture

Curtain Wall
Three basic designs Front-sealed curtain wall Drained and ventilated (Secondary seal) Pressure equalised rainscreen

Curtain Wall
Front sealed curtain wall
Relies on outer seal for water resistance
Usually mastic or silicone

Inner seal merely locates the glass Simple Easy to trace leaks Favoured in the USA

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Curtain Wall
Drained & ventilated
Acknowledges that the outer seal can not keep out ALL the water Small holes in the outer seal enable water to drain out More complex US (& some others) say crazy to put holes in a wall!

Curtain Wall
Pressure equalised
Acknowledges that if -the pressure builds up inside system then water will be sucked in Aims to ensure that the internal pressure equals the external pressure instantaneously Larger holes or slots to balance pressure and allow water egress Inner seal becomes crucial Even more complex US (& some others) say even more crazy to put BIG holes in a wall!

Curtain Wall
THREE system types Stick Unitised Panellised System types Stick Unitised Panellised

Curtain Wall

Curtain Wall
System types Stick Unitised Panellised System types Stick Unitised Panellised

Curtain Wall

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Curtain Wall
Materials & Finishes
Materials Almost always aluminium & glass Finishes Polyester powder coat
Dry powder process Any colour Can be touched up

Curtain Wall
Bolt-on goodies
Natural stone
Granite @ 40mm

Feature panels
glazed in grp, upvc advanced composites etc

Anodising
Electrolytic process Limited colour Impossible to repair

Curtain Wall
Manufacture
Extrusions
mainly non-UK

Curtain Wall
Testing
Test what causes problems Water Wind Stability Noise Fire Durability

Powder coating Glazing Assembly (for panels)

Curtain Wall
Stick Curtain Wall Delivery & Installation

Curtain Wall

Curtainwall Stick Construction Shear Block Joinery

Delivered to Site Knocked-Down Assembled and Glazed on site Needs scaffold or external access Stick Curtainwall: Material Layout - Courtesy Kawneer UK

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Stick Curtainwall Erection: Shear Block Application

Stick Curtainwall Erection: Mullion Setting

Stick Curtainwall Erection: Vertical/Horizontal Layout

Stick Curtainwall Erection: Grid Layout

Unitised Curtain Wall Manufacture, Delivery & Installation

Unitised Curtain Wall Construction Screw Spline Joinery

Unitised Curtainwall: Delivery at Site - Courtesy Kawneer UK

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Unitised Curtainwall: Offsite Factory Delivery

Unitised Curtainwall: Unit Assembly

Unitised Curtainwall: Unit Glazing

Unitised Curtainwall: Unit Structural Glazing

Unitised Curtainwall: Installation of Thermal Insulation

Unitised Curtainwall: Installation of Thermal Insulation

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Unitised Curtainwall: Pre-Glazed Units

Unitised Curtainwall: Unit Racking

Unitised Curtainwall Construction: Unit Curing

Unitized Curtainwall Construction: Unit Shipment

Unitized Curtainwall Erection: Anchor Layout

Unitised Curtainwall Erection: Anchor Layout

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Unitised Curtainwall: Pre-Set Anchor Layout

Unitised Curtainwall: Pre-Set Anchor Layout

Unitised Curtainwall: Units Delivered to Site

Unitized Curtainwall Installation: Hoisting Units

Unitised Curtainwall Installation: Final Preparation

Unitised Curtainwall: Unit Setting

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Unitised Curtainwall Erection: Portable Hoist

Unitised Curtainwall Erection: Unit Setting

Unitised Curtainwall Erection: Unit Setting

Unitised Curtainwall Erection: Unit Setting

Unitised Curtainwall Erection: Unit Setting

Unitised Curtainwall Erection: Unit Setting

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Unitised Curtainwall: Installation

Unitised Curtainwall: Installation

Curtain Wall Panellised Curtain Wall

Manufacture, Delivery & Installation

Courtesy Gartner

East Jin Jiang Hotel - Shanghai, ROC

Curtain Wall

Curtain Wall

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Curtain Wall

Curtain Wall

Curtain Wall
Stick or Panels?
Stick
Cheaper less craneage less technical less movement problems Needs scaffold Slower to fix

Curtain Wall Construction

Panels
More expensive needs craneage/runways must understand technology must design for movements Exaggerates tolerance probs No scaffold needed Quicker to fix faster water-tight Less on-site time

Can come complete with goodies

Courtesy Kawneer UK

Curtain Wall
Components
glass and aluminum plate panels captured concealed vents and balcony doors

Curtain Wall
High Performance
wind pressure water infiltration resistance

Architectural Features
koala bear???

High Performance
wind pressure water infiltration resistance

Symmetrical Floor Plate

Cheng Loong Plaze - Taipei, Taiwan ROC Lippo Towers - Hong Kong, ROC

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Low Performance Medium Performance

wind pressure water infiltration resistance thermal wind pressure water infiltration resistance

4 Side Structural Silicone Glazing

4 Side Structural Silicone Glazing Curtainwall Elevations Separated by Stone

Wall Centre - Vancouver, Canada

Reforma II - Mexico City, Mexico

First Chinese Skyscraper Glass Openings with Stone High Performance

wind pressure water infiltration resistance

Architect (C.Y. Lee) concerned about quality of installation

Grand 50 Tower - Kaohshiung, Taiwan Grand 50 Tower - Kaohshiung, Taiwan

Rainscreen

Panels fixed to framework with a separate backing wall Panels keep rain out Backing wall is main weather barrier Various facing materials New build or overcladding

Curtainwall Construction: Stick or Unitized???

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Rainscreen

Terracotta The millennium cladding material

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Various facing materials

Safety
Louvres and other specials to be incorporated Working at height Craneage (panels) Edge protection removed to install cladding Handling glazing External access for joint sealant (especially stick)

Complex interfaces

Quality
Workmanship dependant Finished items installed early Easy to damage Sort interfaces
tolerances damage /protection weathering sequence

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Inspection and Handover

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