CENTER OF FOUNDATION IN SCIENCE STUDIES CYBERJAYA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES

NAME: MOHAMMAD OMAR BIN MOHAMMAD SADDIQUE MATRIX ID: FIS 1205-2489 DATE: 24 SEPTEMBER 2012 COURSE NAME: BIOLOGY LAB 2 COURSE CODE: FB 1120 TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM INSTRUCTORS NAME: MR. MAHATHIR

OBJECTIVES
1) Identify the main structures of the circulatory system of the rat. 2) Draw and labeled the structures of the circulatory system.

INTRODUCTION

Figure above showing the human circulatory system

The circulatory system is responsible for the transport of water and dissolved materials throughout the body, including oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste. The circulatory system transport oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract to every cell in the body, allowing for the continuation of cell metabolism. The circulatory system also transport the

waste products of cell metabolism to the lungs and kidneys where all the waste substances can be expelled out from the body. Thus, without this important function, toxic substances would quickly build up in the body and cause harm. The human circulatory system is organized into two major circulations. Each has its own pump with both pump being incorporated into a single organ known as the heart. The two sides of the human heart are separated by a partitions, which is know as the interatrial septum and the interventricular septum. Both septa are complete so that the two sides are anatomically and functionally separate pumping units. The right side of the heart pumps blood through the pulmonary circulation while the left side of the heart pumps blood through the systematic circulation.

Figure showing the human heart

In this experiment, vessels of the circulatory system were identified. The general structure of the circulatory system of the rat is almost identical to that of human. Pulmonary circulation carries blood through the lungs for oxygenation and back to the heart. Systematic circulation moves blood through the body after it has left the heart. Therefore, rat dissection enables to have a real visualization of the circulatory system in the human body and a better concept understanding regarding the vessels structure and its function respectively.

HYPOTHESIS

The mouse has a double circulatory system with the arteries and veins transport the blood away and toward the heart.

MATERIAL AND APPARATUS

Rat, Dissecting set ( such as scissors, scalpel, forceps) tray, pins, water

PROCEDURES
The mammal has a double circulation with a completely divided heart. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the great veins which it pumps to the lungs. The left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs which is then pumped into the aorta. The entire system is a dynamic transport device. Both in the structure of its individual units (heart, arteries, capillaries, veins etc.) and its overall layout, we see a close relation between structure and function. 1) The thorax was opened. 2) The thymus gland was removed to expose the heart and the fat was plucked away from around the great vessels. Be careful not to damage the ductus arteriosus, a slender strand linking the pulmonary artery and aorta: it is a relic of a vessel which was present in the embryo. 3) The heart was pushed to the left and the structure shown in figure 1 were identified. 4) The heart was pushed to the right and the point where the vena cava enters the right atrium (Figure 2) was identified. Mentally reconstructed the flow of blood through the heart and great vessels.

Figure 1: Contents of thorax of rat - heart deflected to your left

Figure 2: Contents of thorax of rat - heart deflected to your right.

5) The right anterior vena cava was traced and innominate artery from the thorax up into the neck, removing all the muscle which now is obscuring these vessels. ( Arrows in Figure 3)

Figure 3: Dissection of the anterior circulation of the rat before removal of pectoral and neck muscles 6) The pectoral muscle and clavicle was removed, taking great care not to cut any blood vessels underneath. This revealed the origin of the subclavian and internal jugular veins. 7) The innominate artery was traced forwards and the origin from it of the right subclavian artery was noticed. The innominate continued forward as the right common carotid artery. 8) The above steps were repeated on the left side of the body. On this side there is no innominate artery, the left subclavian arising from the systematic arch. To see the left subclavian, the left anterior vena cava was deflected to the right. 9) Finally, the arteries and veins were traced forwards to the jaw as shown in Figure 4.

10) The structures were identified in Figure 4. 11) The dorsal aorta was followed through the thorax into the abdominal cavity. In the thorax it gives off a series of intercostal arteries.

gure Dissection of the heart and anterior circulation of the rat after removal of pectoral and neck muscles.

Fi 4:

12) Blood is returned to the heart from the thoracic wall by the azygos veins. The azygos veins was traced back to the heart. The posterior vena cava running close the dorsal aorta was also noted. 13) The abdominal cavity was opened, the celiac, anterior mesenteric and posterior mesenteric arteries ( all branches of the dorsal aorta) were identified and the gut was removed.

14) The fat obscuring the posterior vena cava and dorsal aorta was plucked away and the branches of each were investigated. 15) The iliac arteries and veins into the hind legs were traced, noting their branches.

Figure 5: Arterial system of a mouse.

Figure 6: Venous system of a mouse.

RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS

The following pictures show the veins and arteries that were observed during the dissection:

DISCUSSIONS:
The circulatory system of a rat includes both the pulmonary and systematic circulation. Pulmonary circulation refers to the circulation of blood between heart and lungs, while systematic circulation is the circulation of blood between heart and rest of the body, excluding the lungs. Just like human the heart of a rat consist of four chambers, two atria and two ventricles. From the heart, the arterial and venous system transport oxygenated and deoxygenated blood respectively throughout the body.

Figure shows the view of heart of the mouse

Arterial System Of A Mouse

All these arteries supply oxygenated blood throughout the body. The table below show the name of the arteries and the of the body that they branch into. Name Of Artery 1) Innominate Explanation A large arising from the arch of the aorta and divides into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery; supplies the right side of the neck and head and the right shoulder and arm. Supply blood to the neck and arms on the right side and left side of the body. The part of the main artery of the arm on the left side and right side that lies in the armpit and is continuous with the subclavian artery above and the branchial artery below. Runs upward on the right side and left side in

2) Right & left subclavian 3) Right and left axillary

4) Right and left common

carotid 5) Right and left mammary 6) Abdominal aorta 7) Celiac

the neck and divides into the external and internal carotid arteries. The two arteries running alongside the breast plate. A branch of the descending aorta. An artery that originates from the abdominal aorta just below the diaphragm and branches into the left gastric arteryand the common hepatic artery and the splenic artery. The blood vessels supplying arterial blood to the liver. An artery with origin in the celiac artery, with distribution to the stomach the oesophagus and a portion of the left lobe of the liver and with anastomosomes to the oesophageal and right gastric arteries. A large artery within the abdomen that arises from an arterial vessels called the celiac trunk which emerge from the aorta. Supplies blood to the intestine from the lower part of the duodenum. Supply the kidney with blood.

8) Hepatic 9) Gastric

10)

Splenic

11) Superior mesenteric 12) Right & left renal artery 13) Right & left genital artery 14) Right & left iliolumbar 15) Right & left iliac

Supply blood to the reproductive organs. A branch of the internal iliac artery that supplies blood to muscles iin the lumbar region and the iliac fossa. Drains blood to the pelvis and the legs. The main artery of the thigh supplying blood to the leg on the left and right side of the body. The portion of the dorsal aorta of a vertebrate that passes into the tail.

16) Right and left femoral 17) Caudal

Venous System Of A Mouse

All these arteries supply the deoxygenated blood throughout the body. The table below shows the name of the veins and the part of the body that they branch into. Name Of Vein 1) Right & left jugular 2) Right & left subclavian 3) Right & left superior vena cava. Explanation Veins of the neck on the right and left side that return blood to the heart form the head and face. A part of a major vein of the upper extremities or forelimbs that passes beneath the clavicle and is continuous with the axillary vein. Bring the deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the upper part of the body.

4) Right & left superior vena cava 5) Inferior vena cava

Bring the deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the lower part of the body. Bring the deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the lower part of the body. A vein that drains the livers empties into the vena cava. One of several veins draining the stomach walls. Brings back blood from the reproductive organs Found in the tails carries blood to inferior vena cava.

6) Hepatic 7) Gastric 8) Right & left genital artery 9) Caudal

CONCLUSIONS
The arterial system and venous system of mouse branch throughout the body to carry oxygenated blood respectively. Therefore, mouse has a double circulatory system consist of pulmonary and systematic circulation.

PRECAUTIONARY STEPS
1) The scalpel scissors and other sharp instrument should be handled cautiously. 2) Dissection must be conducted carefully because the veins and arteries are very fragile. 3) The rat must be killed before dissection.

REFERENCES
1) http://jitsinexpress.blogspot.com/2007_03_01_archive.html 2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_tree 3) http://rakuten98le.wordpress.com/2011/02/ 4) http://mcgbiology.wikispaces.com/Rat+5

ATTACHEMENTS