Stories of long ago. Festschrift fr Michael D.

Roaf
Herausgegeben von Heather Baker, Kai Kaniuth und Adelheid Otto

Zeichnung: Cornelie Wolff

Preface
Heather D. Baker / Kai Kaniuth / Adelheid Otto
To present this Festschrift as a tribute to Michael Roaf, someone who has often fulminated openly about the proliferation of the genre, is not something we undertake lightly. In searching for inspiration for this Preface one turns where else? to Wikipedia. There one reads: Die Herausgabe von Festschriften ist freilich nicht unumstritten.1 Indeed. Even worse: a Festschrift frequently enough also serves as a convenient place in which those who are invited to contribute find a permanent resting place for their otherwise unpublishable or at least difficult-to-publish papers.2 And thats without even mentioning the graveyards of scholarship! We have done our best to navigate the pitfalls, knowing full well that whatever we do it will irritate the honorand but will perhaps thereby afford him some little pleasure. In any case, it is a testimony to Michaels breadth of scholarship, and to his incisive critical perspective, that so many friends, colleagues and students past and present were willing to risk such an exposure and to offer their contributions to this collection of essays presented on the occasion of his retirement from the Institut fr Vorderasiatische Archologie of Munich University. We hope that the contents reflect in some small way Michaels varied interests which have encompassed mathematics (the subject of his first degree) as well as the archaeology, art, architecture and history of the Ancient Near East, especially Mesopotamia and Iran, ranging in time from the Ubaid period through to the Achaemenid. On behalf of all involved, we thank him for enriching our lives as scholars and we wish him a happy and productive retirement. This volume could not have been completed without the invaluable assistance of F. Grops, K. Zartner, M. Neumann and F. Sachs, who took care of preparing the text for printing. We thank M. Dietrich for accepting the volume for the series Alter Orient und Altes Testament and K. Metzler for his assistance in the editing process.

1 http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festschrift, accessed 9 April 2012. 2 The neuroscientist Endel Tulving, as cited in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festschrift, accessed 9 April 2012.

A Scythian Pick from Vaske (Gilan) and the Identity of the XVIIth Delegation at Persepolis
Daniel T. Potts Introduction
In 1991 M. R. Khalatbari excavated a number of Iron Age graves in a cemetery at Vaske in the Rezvanshahr region of Gilan (Khalatbari 2004). Grave 3 was a roofed cist constructed of unworked stone slabs and cobbles (2 1.2 1.25 m) built on a foundation of clay, lime and sand which contained a single individual. The richly furnished grave contained 25 iron objects (a sword, dagger, arrowhead, lances or spearheads and an axe), 107 bronze objects (vessels, jewellery, three mirrors, pins and needles), 34 stone spindle-whorls and 25 ceramic vessels. One of the most interesting objects discovered was an iron shaft-hole pick (Fig. 1; Khalatbari 2004, Ill. 10.7 and Fig. 45.7) with a pointed, though not blade-like, pickhead and a somewhat rounded and elongated protrusion extending off the poll. It measures 25.8 cm from the tip of the pick to the poll and is described as being 5.8 cm thick (possibly referring to the diameter of the shaft-hole measured from the exterior). The purpose of this short note, dedicated in friendship to Michael Roaf, whom I first met in 1973 at the British Institute of Persian Studies in Tehran, is to consider this and several related finds in the belief that they can help us resolve the identity of the XVIIth Delegation on the Apadana reliefs at Persepolis.

Fig. 1: Iron pick from Vaske grave 3 (after Kalatbari 2004, Fig. 45.7)

The Vaske pick and its relatives

Picks like the one excavated at Vaske are not attested in Gilan during the earlier Iron Age (Haerinck 1988) or the Achaemenid period (Haerinck 1989). Looking further afield, the excavator rightly compared the Vaske pick to a bronze pick excavated at Persepolis (Figs. 23) that measures 24 cm in length. In his original publication of

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the Persepolis find Schmidt noted that it was the only specimen of its kind found in the excavations. It resembles closely the head of the royal battle-ax shown in the southern relief of the Treasury and in similar representations of the carrier of the royal battle-ax and bow, that is, in the northern doorways of the Throne Hall and on the royal tombs, adding in n. 12, The slender socketed battle-axes offered by the Sogdian (?) delegation are somewhat similar (Schmidt 1957, 100 and n. 12). It is difficult to agree with Schmidts first parallel, i.e. between the excavated pick and the royal weapon shown on the southern relief in the Treasury (Fig. 4). Although there is a superficial similarity between the lunate projection on the weapon in the relief, which looks a bit like the end of an open-ended spanner or wrench, and the indented end of the excavated pick, the very clear blade as opposed to pickhead emanating from the bill of a duck, is obviously very different. On the other hand, the reference to the weapons carried by the Sogdian delegation deserves further scrutiny.

Fig. 2: Bronze pick from the Throne Hall, portico, floor, Plot GF 32 (after Schmidt 1957, Pl. 78.1)

The Sogdian delegation referred to here is, more accurately speaking, the XVIIth Delegation that appears on both the North and East Apadana Stairway at Persepolis. Because of their cut-away coat, soft cap (bashlyq) and trousers, their appearance has been termed typically Scythic (Vogelsang 1992, 157). On both stairways the last delegate accompanies a horse. On the North Stairway, the two delegates walking in advance of the horse are shown grasping the handle of a shaft-hole weapon in each hand, the righthand one quite upright, the lefthand one held at a slight angle (Fig. 5). On the East Stairway only one delegate, directly in front of the horse, is shown brandishing a pair of shaft-hole weapons, one in each hand. So far as one can tell from an examination of the extant photographs, these clearly resemble the excavated picks from Persepolis and Vaske. Schmidt termed the weapons carried by these delegates short battle-axes (Schmidt 1953, 89). Some scholars have interpreted them as tribute (Trmpelmann 1988, 88), whereas others have suggested that they were specially crafted, ceremonial weapons (Prunkxte) fashioned especially for the Great King, rather than annual tribute (Walser 1966, 94). Herzfeld thought they were examples of the sagaris (Herzfeld 1968, 363), the axe carried by the Amyrgian Scythians (Amyrgioi Skai) who took part in Xerxes expedition of 480 BC against Athens (Hist. 7.64.2). According to Herodotus, The Sakai, who are Scythians, had on their heads tall caps (kyrbasias)

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erect and stiff and tapering to a point. They wore breeches and carried their native bows, daggers, and axes which are called sagaris. These were Amyrgian Scythians, but were called Sakai, for the Persians call all Scythians Sakai (trans. Balcer 1972, 124). Trmpelmann went so far as to suggest that Herodotus account of the Amyrgian Scythians weaponry was a description of the weapon ensemble of the XVIIth Delegation (Trmpelmann 1988, 89). Furthermore, he termed the weapon which they carry a Pickel, sometimes translated as an ice axe, and identified the excavated pick from Persepolis (Figs. 23) as a Skythische Streitaxt, or Scythian battle-axe (Trmpelmann 1988, 87 and Abb. 4 caption).

Fig. 3: Bronze pick from the Throne Hall, portico, floor, Plot GF 32 (after Schmidt 1957, Pl. 79.1ab)

The Eurasian origins of the shaft-hole pick

In his 1985 dissertation on Achaemenid military dress and weaponry, Stephan Bittner pointed to the presence of generally similar weapons in southern Siberia, e.g. from the Angara region (Bittner 1987, Taf. 14.3). He also singled out a much more elaborate axe head from Elabuga (Jettmar 1967, Fig. 28). This, however, bears no resemblance whatsoever to either the weapon excavated at Persepolis or those shown on the reliefs there. However, although I would not agree with Bittner when he characterised the weapon on the Treasury relief (Fig. 4) as in ihrer Auffassung eine typisch skythische Knigsaxt (Bittner 1987, 177, n. 1), he was on the right track when he looked to the east for parallels. A more compelling dossier of eastern evidence was assembled just a few years later by Leo Trmpelmann who, correctly in my opinion, pointed to similarities between the weapons carried by the members of the XVIIth Delegation and the shaft-hole picks and axes of the Tagar Culture in the Minusinsk, Lake Tagar and

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Tomsk regions (north of Novosibirsk) (Trmpelmann 1988, 84 and Abb. 6) where large numbers have been found (Chlenova 1967, Tab. 78). His conclusion, however, was that this similarity indicated where one should seek the homeland of the Persians and Medes. While that may or may not be true, surely the more immediate conclusion he should have drawn from this line of reasoning was that the Tagar Culture might be the archaeological source of the XVIIth Delegation and its weaponry. Several years after Trmpelmanns article appeared, Bokovenko published a general overview of the Tagar Culture, the beginnings of which he placed in the 8th6th centuries and the end of which he dated to the 4th / 3rd centuries BC (Bokovenko 1995c: 299, 302). A number of different variants of an essentially common pick or axe type (the distinction is difficult to make in all cases since some blades appear in the drawings to be more pointed and pick-like, while others are flatter and either chisel- or blade-like) characterises the Tagar weapons (Brentjes 1996, Pl. XIX.6). Similar weaponry is found in the Altai mountains and in Tuva, e.g. in the Aran 1 kurgan, a context dated to the 9th/8th centuries BC (Parzinger 2004, Abb. 1; Fig. 4: Detail of weapon-bearer ugunov / Parzinger / Nagler 2010, 10 and Abb. with axe on the southern relief 8.3), and in the later Aran 2 kurgan, dated to the in the Treasury (after Schmidt 7th/6th centuries BC and related to the Aldy Bel 1953, Pl. 121) culture of Tuva, where bronze axes (Streitpickel) of a similar type were found in Graves 20 and 25 (ugunov / Parzinger / Nagler 2010, Taf. 95.1 = Taf. 111.1 and Taf. 101.1 = Taf. 114.5). Two examples were found at Dog-Baary 2 in Kurgans 10 and 15 (ugunov 1998, 297, Abb. 15.12). These have been described as Streitpickel mit kurzer TlleDer meielfrmige Krper ist mit dem Rcken durch einen halbrunden Wulst verbunden, der die Tlle von beiden Seiten umfat, belonging to the Ujuk-Saglyn Culture, the date of which is between the late 6th and the late 4th centuries BC (ugunov 1998, 301, 305). Scholars have long debated connections between the socketed picks / axes of the Minusinsk basin (Fig. 6) and axes in China (Loehr 1949, 135136; 1951, 136137, 142; Watson 1952; Psarras 2000, 3031). Watson suggested that the shaft-hole axe with oblong blade as it was made in north China is thought to be the prototype of the pickelxte which spread wide in Siberia (Watson 1972, 143). Loehr was decidedly against this view, devoting an entire paper to the subject and observing, Der

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Pickel tritt in allerlei Variationen einer im Wesentlichen immer beibehaltenen Grundform von der Vollbronzezeit bis in die Eisenzeit hinein in Russland und Siberien auf, und die hier zu beobachtende weite Verbreitung, lange Lebensdauer und Fundhufigkeit machen es so gut wie sicher, dass dieses Gebiet als Herkunftsgebiet der chinesischen Parallelen anzusehen ist (Loehr 193940, 596). Loehr characterised these picks as consisting of a bayonet-like, pointed element in front of the socket and a hammer-like element behind it (Loehr 193940, 599). Finally, when reviewing the evidence from the Minusinsk basin, he wrote, Nirgends gab der Boden die Pickaxt in grerer Zahl her als in diesem Gebiet, und es scheint, dass das Minusinsker Becken eines der Zentren, wenn Fig. 5: Members of the XVIIth Delgation on the nicht das eigentliche Zentrum fr north staircase of the Apadana (after Schmidt Herstellung und Gebrauch dieser 1953, Pl. 43A) Waffe war. Sie ist in der Bronzezeit da und hlt sich noch, als unter vernderten ethnischen Verhltnissen das Eisen seine Herrschaft antritt; auch die etwa seit Beginn der Eisenzeit als Grabbeigaben beliebten Miniaturpickel besagen etwas ber die Bedeutung, die dieser Waffe hier zukam (Loehr 193940, 598599). Loehrs paper is a revelation, and the examples he illustrated (Fig. 6) two from Ananino (Ananyino), one from Relka, one from west Siberia, one from Korelka (Minusinsk), one from Subinsk (Minusinsk) and one from Sui-yan in China (not shown on Fig. 6 here) leave no doubt that this is the type illustrated in the hands of the XVIIth Delegation at Persepolis. Moreover, the fact that it has Bronze Age antecedents in the Minusinsk region, and even appears clearly on an exceptional deer stone showing a chariot in Somon district of Chovd province in the west Mongolian Altai (Burmeister 2009, Abb. 3; Raulwing 2009, Abb. 2), is a strong argument in support of origin there since elsewhere it does not seem to be attested before the Iron Age. Some examples of this type have turned up much further afield. As earlier scholars like Tallgren (1919) and Loehr discussed, a number have been found in the Ananino (Ananyino) culture, an important centre of bronze and iron metallurgy

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of the 9th6th centuries BC in the Cis-Ural region (Koryakova / Epimakhov 2007, 194; Childe 1943, 89). Another is known from a grave of probable 7th century BC date at Imirler in Turkey (nal 1982, pers. comm. S. Burmeister). A single example described as unusual and characteristic of those found in the Kama River [a northern tributary of the Volga] area and in Siberia, is known from the Krasnyi-Yar Sauromatian kurgan. The Krasnyi-Yar, Vaske and Persepolis examples are typologically related to the Tagar and Tuva ones, with one important difference: they have all been found well to the west of the zone which seems, judging by the sheer numbers recovered, to be the original source of this type of shaft-hole pick. If a Eurasian, more specifically southern Siberian, origin or at the very least a Eurasian prototype for the Vaske and Persepolis exemplars (both the excavated and the depicted ones) seems virtually certain, this raises two important questions: firstly, is the shaft-hole pick / axe type known from Persepolis and Vaske the weapon known to Herodotus as a sagaris? and secondly, is it possible to establish the identity of the XVIIth Delegation?

Fig. 6: Picks from Ananino (12), Relka (3), west Siberia (4), Korelka, Minusinsk (5), and Subinsk, Minusinsk (6) (after Loehr 193940, Taf. III)

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The sagaris
At least two very different conceptions of what the sagaris looked like can be found in the literature. Olmstead identified the axe held by Aspaan on Darius Is tomb relief at Naqsh-e Rustam as a sagaris and described it as the double battle-ax of the Scythians, one head a fish set in a wide-open ducks bill, the other shaped like an anvil but with divided tip (Olmstead 1948, 218). This is the royal battle-ax shown in the southern relief of the Treasury which Schmidt, in my opinion erroneously, compared with his excavated bronze pick (Schmidt 1957, 100). The same type of axe is carried by the weapon-bearer (most probably Aspaan, although no label identifies him) who stands behind Xerxes and his seated father Darius in the Audience Relief from the East and North Stairways of the Apadana (Trmpelmann 1988, Abb. 13) prompting Armayor to observe that on ceremonial occasions the battle-axe was carried close to the Kings person (Armayor 1978, 5). Bittner has called this a precious cult or ceremonial object that had nothing to do with the ordinary sagaris used in close combat (Bittner 1987, 177 and Taf. 25 caption). Instead, he has suggested that the sagaris is the shaft-hole axe with a blade edge, either straight or curved, and a pointed rear spike (a bit like an ice pick) of almost equal length, wielded by Persian and Scythian warriors on black and red figure Greek vases (e.g. Bovon 1963, Figs. 7, 10 and 15; Lissarrague 1990, Figs. 18, 33, 65, 101103, 107, Schiltz 1994, 392393, nos. 313 and 317; Ivantchik 2006, Fig. 14, right; Snchez 2009, Figs. 26, 44) and on the Alexander sarcophagus where it has a somewhat flaring blade and hooked, downward curving rear spike (Bittner 1987, Taf. 14.2 and 39.2). Lissarrague called it the arme barbare par excellence and larme des Perses (Lissarrague 1990, 180 and n. 135). Moreover, for the Scythians, Herodotus writes, the sagaris had a further function in the swearing of oaths. As for giving sworn pledges to those who are to receive them, this is the Scythian way: they take blood from the parties to the agreement by making a little cut in the body with an awl or knife, and pour it mixed with wine into a big earthenware bowl, into which they then dip a sword (akinakes) and arrows and an axe (sagaris) and a javelin; and when this is done those swearing the agreement, and the most honourable of their followers, drink the blood after solemn curses (Hist. 4.70; cf. Gckenjan 2000; 2005, 63). In addition to the Amyrgian Scythians, the Massagetae carried the sagaris (Herodotus, Hist. 1.215; David 1976, 135). This is also the weapon attributed to the Amazons by Xenophon (Anab. 4.4.16; Waites 1923, 31) and wielded by them in Greek vase painting (e.g. Lissarrague 1990, 180, Figs. 102103, 107, 109). Barnett, who called the weapons shown in the hands of the XVIIth Delegation small tomahawks (Barnett 1957, 70), suggested that the iron axe in a gold setting from kurgan 1 at Kelermes (Barnett 1957, Pl. XXIII.1; Schiltz 1994, 393, no. 320) represented the same type of weapon. The Kelermes find is a true axe, however, not a pick. If these are indeed images of the sagaris, then the shaft-hole picks shown on Apadana reliefs in the hands of members of the XVIIth Delegation, and the actual examples excavated at Persepolis and Vaske, are obviously different. The depictions

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on Greek vases have a more blade-like front part, which clearly differs from picklike shape of the Persepolis and Vaske finds. The shortish handle and rear projection are similar, however, and one might suggest that Greek vase painters had neither intimate knowledge of the sagaris nor an overly great concern to depict the weapon with any degree of precision, anymore than they did to depict the dress and other accoutrements of Persians and Scythians (cf. Hartog 1980; Lissarrague 1990). For the moment, it seems impossible to determine whether or not the socketed pick type under discussion is the Herodotean sagaris.

The XVIIth Delegation

Even if the shaft-hole picks of Persepolis, Vaske, the Persepolis reliefs and the Minusinsk basin do not represent the sagaris, and we cannot clearly identify them with a known weapon in early Iranian sources (Jackson 1894; Malandra 1973; Tafazzoli 1993/94), their relevance for the identification of the XVIIth Delegation is not thereby diminished. In the past half-century scholars have identified the delegation hesitantly as Sogdians (e.g. Schmidt 1953, 8889; Walser 1966, 93; Herzfeld 1968, 363; Gabrielli 2006, 14); Chorasmian Scythians (Barnett 1957, 73, Pl. 22.1 caption); Sogdians or Chorasmians (Barnett 1957, 71; Roaf 1983, 55); Scythians, Sogdians or Chorasmians (Muscarella 1987, 114); Scythians or Sogdians (Trmpelmann 1988, 90); or Sak haumavarg (Hachmann 1995, 213). Junge placed the Sak haumavarg in Ferghana, Pamir und angrenzende Gebiete and the Schwerpunkt der Ost-Sakain Ferghana und stlich davon (Junge 1962, 8586). For unspecified reasons, Barnett identified the homeland of the XVIIth Delegation as either Lake Balkash (Sak haumavarg) or the region of the Aral Sea (Chorasmians) (Barnett 1957, 71). Ghirshman believed that the Sak haumavarg were probably the most important tribe of the Massagetae (Ghirshman 1953, 300). Narain suggested that Sak haumavarg lived in the easternmost areas of the Sakaland extending from the Altai in the north to the Pamirs in the south and more specifically located their original homeland in the Semirechye, north of the Tienshan (Narain 1987, 30). As Schmitt (2003) rightly observed, however, There seems to be a certain agreement, though there is not the slightest hint of this in the sources, that their home has to be sought in the region between the Caspian Sea and the Pamir mountain area, more restrictedly between modern Tashkent and Dushanbe around Fargnaat any event, somewhere beyond the Oxus River / mu Daryin the neighborhood of the Bactrians and Sogdians. The Chorasmian identification may well have been inferred from Herodotus attribution of the sagaris to the Massagetae, normally associated with the area near the Aral Sea and hence with the region of ancient Chorasmia. In considering whether or not the XVIIth Delegation = the Sak haumavarg, the Massagetae, or another group, and the varying locations proposed for them over the years, we have one advantage over earlier writers, namely the realisation that the shafthole pick type with which this essay began does appear to be at home in the Tuva / Minusinsk region. If we use this as a criterion for locating the XVIIth Delegation, then

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the Aral Sea (Barnett), Ferghana-to-Pamirs (Junge) and Lake Balkhash (Barnett) options are much too far to the west. Hence our delegation cannot be Chorasmians or Sogdians. Although he was concerned with the Sak haumavarg and not with the XVIIth Delegation, Narains location, between the Altai and Tien-Shan, centred on the Semirechye region, is getting warm, but is still south and west of the Tagar / Tuva / Minusinsk territory. If we focus exclusively on the shaft-hole pick, the conclusion must be that its association with southern Siberia is a strong indicator that this was the homeland of the elusive XVIIth Delegation. Moreover, picks of this sort have not been recorded near the Aral Sea, around Ferghana, at Lake Balkhash or in the Semirechye region. Rather, their concentration in the Tagar / Tuva / Minusinsk region of southern Siberia is clear, and where they have been found far to the west, whether in Gilan, Fars or in the Volga-Ural area, they are clearly alien to the local context. It is, of course, possible that the Scythians who used such picks also expanded westward, perhaps as a result of climatic amelioration (van Geel et al. 2004; Bokovenko 2004), bringing them closer to the outer borders of the Achaemenid empire, but until examples of their distinctive picks are found, e.g. around Ferghana or the Aral Sea, this remains nothing more than a speculation.

Conclusion
Darius (DPh 56 = DH 2) knew of the Scythians who lived on the far (i.e. eastern) side of Sogdiana. All of the northern nomadic groups were called Saka by the Persians, a noun derived from the Iranian root sak- meaning to go, roam (Szemernyi 1980, 4446). Archaeological and historical investigations have shown that Scythians, in many guises, populated a vast area extending from the Black Sea to the border of Mongolia. Those that lived around Minusinsk were well and truly Ost-Saken, and represented some of the easternmost peoples with which the Achaemenids maintained contact. The name of the XVIIth Delegation may yet be hidden from us, but its distinctive, shaft-hole pick offers a clear indication that its homeland lay in southern Siberia. As Trmpelmann noted over twenty years ago Pazyryk, another site with clear Achaemenid links, lies just southwest of this area (Trmpelmann 1988, 90). The journey to the Persian capital may have been long, but it was undoubtedly achievable with the help of the steppe ponies we see being brought by the XVIIth Delegation on the Apadana reliefs at Persepolis.

Acknowledgements
I am grateful to my colleague Margaret Miller (Univ. of Sydney) for her critical reading of an earlier draft of this paper; Stefan Burmeister (Museum und Park Kalkriese), for help with Mongolian references; and Marcia Tucker, Librarian in the Historical Studies-Social Sciences Library, Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton, USA) for so kindly getting hold of Monumenta Serica from the Firestone Library at Princeton University and scanning the plates in Loehr 193940 for me.

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