Proceedings of the 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference IPC2012 September 24-28, 2012, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

IPC2012-90434

DSE-T: A PROGRAM FOR STRAIN BASED ASSESSMENT OF PIPELINE DENTS WITH COMPLEX SHAPE

Joao N. C. Guerreiro LNCC/MCTI Petropolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Eduardo L. M. Garcia LNCC/MCTI Petropolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Dauro B. Noronha Jr. PETROBRAS R&D Center Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Tuane V. Lopes LNCC/MCTI Petropolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Ricardo R. Martins PETROBRAS R&D Center Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Leonardo G. Fonseca Federal Univ. of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Marcos F. Costa Digirotas Informatica Petropolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Eduardo S. Castro LNCC/MCTI Petropolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

ABSTRACT According to ASME B31.8 - Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems, plain dents or dents on ductile welds of any depth are acceptable provided strain levels associated with the deformation do not exceed 6% and 4%, respectively. Appendix R of the Code presents a method for estimating strains in dents. In order to use this method, some technique is usually necessary to evaluate strains based on the pipe surface contour information captured from in-line inspection (ILI) tools or from direct measurement. In previous papers the authors have presented techniques based on B-spline curves or B-spline surfaces to evaluate the bending strains on dents which have a well-behaved topology or on dents having a complex shape, respectively. The B-splines are used to interpolate the geometry of the dent, to infer its radii of curvature and to calculate the bending strain components using a procedure similar to that suggested on the Appendix R of the ASME B31.8 Code. The strains are combined in order to obtain an equivalent strain eld that does not take into account the effect of the membrane strains or include the effect of the longitudinal membrane component through an expression like that con-

tained on the code. These techniques which were implemented in the DSE-B and the DSE-R programs, respectively, make the dent strain estimation based on data coming from in-line inspections (ILI) tools easier and automatic. This paper presents the DSE-T program, which uses the methodology implemented in the DSE-B program to calculate bending strains, and a dedicated nite element method to estimate membrane strains. Bending and membrane strains are combined to give the total strain elds on the inside and outside surfaces of the indented pipe. The program also enables the user to verify whether the dent is smooth or kinked and to simulate the effects of measuring the dent shape using virtual geometric tools with different degrees of resolution. Results obtained using the DSE-T are compared to results from nonlinear nite element analyses.

INTRODUCTION A dent may be formally dened as a depression, which produces a gross disturbance in the curvature of the pipe wall, caused by contact with a foreign body [1]. Dents cause local stress and strain concentration, and therefore may have adverse

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effects on pipeline integrity. Dents can be classied in terms of the severity of the changes in the curvature of the pipe wall. Accordingly, a smooth dent is a dent that results in a smooth change in the curvature of the pipe wall; otherwise, the dent is classied as kinked. A smooth change in curvature may be dened as one where the radius of curvature of the sharpest part of the dent is more than ve times the wall thickness of the pipe. A smooth dent that contains no wall thickness reductions (such as a gouge, crack or corrosion) and does not change the curvature of an adjacent girth or seam weld is referred to as a plain dent [1]. According to ASME B31.8 - Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems [2], gas pipelines containing plain dents and dents on ductile welds of any depth are acceptable provided strain levels associated with the deformation do not exceed 6% and 4% strain, respectively. This is a very promising approach since dents that previously had to be substituted or repaired according to a depth based criteria may now be considered safe, as long as the strain limit criteria are satised. The question is how to estimate the equivalent strain on which the limits should be imposed. The code suggests the use of a modied equivalent von Mises strain calculated combining the longitudinal and circumferential bending strains and an ad-hoc estimation of the longitudinal membrane strain. Contrarily to the empirical estimation of the membrane strains, methods to estimate the bending strains components have been developed. They usually rely on interpolation or other mathematical technique [3], applied on data from ILI tools or from direct measurement of the dent contour. Results previously published have shown that it is possible to effectively evaluate bending strain components in circumferential and longitudinal directions by using piece-wise fourth-order B-spline curves [46]. This approach, suited for well-behaved dents, i.e., for those with symmetry with relation to both transverse and longitudinal planes that cut the dent at its apex, has been implemented in the program DSE-R (Dent Strain Evaluation - Appendix R), presented in a recent paper [7]. DSE-R program also enables the user to calculate an equivalent strain which includes the longitudinal membrane strain using the code formula or an alternative estimation which was obtained by a mathematical regression procedure on a database containing the results from 625 nite element analyses with the Ansys code. Together with brazilian R&D centers and universities, Petrobras Research and Development Center (CENPES) has been conducting a project which objective is to allow the estimate of strain in dents with complex shape by employing measured data, in particular those from ILI tools. In this context, DSE-R and two other programs, namely DSE-B (Dent Strain Evaluation-Bending) and DSE-T (Dent Strain Evaluation-Total) have been conceived and developed in collaboration with the Brazilian National Laboratory for Scientic Computing (LNCC). In the DSE-B program [8] we have implemented a technique

using fourth-order B-Spline surfaces to interpolate the dent geometry and to calculate curvatures at any point of a pipe containing dents of complex shapes. From the curvatures we can estimate all bending strain components. The DSE-T program combines the features of the DSE-B program with a nite element implementation, inspired by a recent paper [9], to calculate the membrane strains. In this case, the membrane strains are computed assuming that the pipe is a cylindrical membrane subjected to prescribed radial displacements measured by an ILI tool, for example. Bending and membrane strains are combined to give the total strain elds and the equivalent von Mises strain on the inside (bottom) and outside (top) surfaces of the indented pipe. DSE-T program is composed of two modules: verication and simulation. In the verication module, actual in-line inspections (ILI) tool data is used to identify whether the dent is smooth or kinked and to calculate the strain levels associated with the dent. The second module allows simulating the measurement of the dent shape using virtual geometric tools with different degrees of resolution. The data set acquired by each simulated tool is used to calculate the strain levels, so that the impact of the degree of resolution of each ILI tool on the strain assessment can be evaluated. In this paper we present the methodologies implemented in the DSE-T program and use some examples to illustrate its results compared to those obtained via nonlinear nite element analyses. EQUIVALENT STRAIN The assessment of a dented gas pipeline according to the strain criterion is performed by comparing the strain limits of ASME B31.8 Code to a maximum equivalent strain in the pipe. If is the total strain tensor at any point of the dented pipe, the von Mises equivalent strain, eqv , is given by
1 2

eqv =

2 3

(1)

to , b,

The total strain tensors on the inside, ti , and on the outside, surfaces of the pipe may be calculated combining bending, and membrane, m , strain tensors, that is

ti = m + b to = m b

(2) (3)

Using the denition of the equivalent strain and assuming that in the dent region the strains are mainly in plastic range, so

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that the strain tensors have trace equal to zero, the equivalent i o strains on the inside, eqv , and on the outside, eqv , surfaces are given by

b c =

t 2 t 2 t 2

1 1 Rc R0 1 Rl 1 Rcl

(7) (8) (9)

i eqv

2 m b m b (c + c )2 + (lm + lb )2 + (cl + cl )2 3
m b + (c + c )(lm + lb )
1 2

lb =
b cl =

(4)

o eqv =

2 m b m b (c c )2 + (lm lb )2 + (cl cl )2 3
m b + (c c )(lm lb )
1 2

(5)

where the subscripts c, l and cl stands for the circumferential, the longitudinal and the shear components of the bending or membrane strains, respectively. Actually ASME B31.8 Code suggests that the total strains on the inside and on the outside surfaces should be calculated using only the circumferential and the longitudinal bending strains combined with an ad-hoc expression for the longitudinal membrane strain given by

lm =

1 2

d L

(6)

where d is the depth of the dent and L is its length, which is not specied how to be measured. The resulting components are used to calculate simplied equivalent strains. The DSE-T program calculates the equivalent von Mises strain using all strain components calculated as shown in the next sections.

where t is the pipe wall thickness; R0 is the original radius of curvature of the mean surface of the pipe; Rc and Rl denote, respectively, the normal circumferential and the longitudinal radii of curvature of the deformed mean surface of the pipe; and Rcl is the tangential radius of curvature for the same point. Bending strains on the outside pipe surface have the same absolute value and opposite sign of the respective bending strains on the inside surface. For calculating the radii of curvature it is necessary to identify geometrical properties of the deformed surface. This can be accomplished, for example, by employing an interpolation technique when some points on the surface are known. In order to evaluate bending strains in dents of complex shape, in this paper we present an extension of previous works [48]. The methodology consists of using fourth-order B-spline surfaces to interpolate a set of points measured from the deformed pipe surface. The interpolated surface is used to calculate the radii of curvature at any point of the dent. This method was implemented in two computational codes developed by the authors: the DSE-B program [8], which calculates only bending strains and the DSE-T program which contains also a nite element module developed to calculate membrane strains in a cylindrical membrane shell subjected to a set of known radial displacements. The position vector, r (u, w), of a parametric surface interpolated using B-splines is given by [10]

n+1 m+1

r (u, w) =

i=1 j=1

Bi, j Ni,k (u)M j,l (w)

(10)

GEOMETRY INTERPOLATION AND BENDING STRAIN COMPONENTS Three components of bending strain are present at any point b of an indented cylindrical shell: the circumferential, c , and b , normal bending strains and the shear, b , the longitudinal, l cl bending strain. Assuming that these strains are proportional to changes of curvatures in the shell surface, as suggested by ASME B 31.8, for any point on the inside surface of the pipe they are given by

where u and w are non dimensional parameters dened in the interval [0.1.], the coefcients Bi, j are the coordinates of (n + 1)(m + 1) vertices of a control polyhedron; Ni,k (u) and M j,l (w) are the B-spline basis functions; and k n + 1 and l m + 1 dene the B-spline orders. For the bi-cubic B-spline surfaces employed in this work, k = l = 4, meaning that the surfaces are interpolated with third degree polynomials what ensures the continuity of the second derivative, associated to curvatures, of the interpolated surfaces.

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Using the vector r (u, w) and its rst, r u and r w and second, r uu , r ww and r uw , derivatives, relative to the parameters, we calculate the normal vector to the surface r r u r w r r |r u r w |

If Fc , Fl and Fcl are the generalized circumferential, longitudinal and shear forces, respectively, acting on the cross section of a membrane subjected to prescribed radial displacements, the Principle of Virtual Work states that

N=

(11)
L 0 0 2

r r r and the scalar products N r uu , N r uw and N r ww . Now, following the steps given in [11,12] the principal normal curvatures, K1 and K2 , in any point of the surface and, associated to them, the principal directions, can be calculated. For each point, the normal curvature, Kn (), and the tangential curvature, Kt (), in any direction forming an angle with the rst principal direction are given by

m m (Fc c + Fl lm + 2Fcl cl ) Rd dz = 0

(17)

m m where c , lm and cl are virtual strains, dened in the same way as the true strains. Supposing that the membrane has uniform wall thickness, t, and is made of homogeneous, isotropic and linear elastic material, then the following constitutive equations can be written

Kn () = K1 cos2 + K2 sin2

(12) Fc = Et ( m + lm ) 1 2 c Et m ( m + c ) 1 2 l (18) (19) (20)

Kt () = (K1 K2 ) sin cos

(13)

Fl =

The associated radii of curvature are given by the inverse of the curvature and are used to evaluate the bending strains given by Eqn. (7-9). MEMBRANE STRAIN COMPONENTS Inspired by [9] we developed and implemented in the DSE-T program a nite element procedure to calculate the circumferential, longitudinal and shear membrane strains in dents with complex shape. These strains are calculated assuming that the radial displacements of the dented pipe are known. Here we describe this approach. m For a cylindrical membrane, circumferential, c , longitudim nal, lm , and the shear, cl , strains are given by [13] 1 u w 1 + + R R 2 v 1 + z 2 1 2 w z
2

m Fcl = G t cl

m c =

1 w R

(14)

where the constants E, and G are respectively the Young Modulus, the Poisson Coefcient and Shear Modulus. Substituting Eqn. (14-16) and Eqn. (18-20) into Eqn.(17), the Principle of Virtual Work becomes a functional depending only on displacements and their derivatives. This is the basis for the primal nite element approximation implemented in the DSE-T program using 9-node C0 bi-quadratic Lagrangian isoparametric elements [14]. After integrating the polynomial interpolation of the displacements and its derivatives inside each element of a nite element discretization of the membrane surface and using a well known assemblage procedure, which takes into account contributions from each element of the mesh, we arrive at a set of linear algebraic equations written in the classical matrix form as

lm =
m cl =

(15) + 1 2 1 w R w z (16)

KU = F (w)

(21)

u 1 v + z R

where R is the mean radius of the cross section; u and v represent circumferential and longitudinal displacements, respectively; radial displacement is denoted by w; and z are circumferential and longitudinal coordinates.

where K is the stiffness matrix, U is the unknown vector containing the U j and V j displacements of all nodes of the mesh and F (w) is the force vector resulting from the prescribed radial displacements. With the displacements elds, using Eqn. (1416) we can calculate the strains inside each element of the nite element mesh.

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DSE-T PROGRAM The DSE-T program was developed to automatically evaluate strains in pipelines containing dents with complex shapes using geometric data such as those from ILI tools. It consists of two modules: verication and simulation. The verication module is designed for standard analyses. It is used when the objective is to identify whether the dent is smooth or kinked and to calculate the strain levels associated with the dent employing actual ILI tool data. The simulation module is designed to perform more sophisticated analyses. As the name suggests, in this module it is possible to simulate dent shape measurements using virtual geometric tools with different degrees of resolution. When simulation module is chosen, the user must set the desired resolution of the virtual ILI tools by dening two parameters: the number of sensors and the frequency of acquisition of the data, i.e., distance between readings in axial direction during the virtual shape measurement. Simulations are performed in three steps: rstly, geometry les, like those provided in verication module, are used for a rst geometry interpolation; then, from this interpolated surface, the program calculates a set of geometry data according to the predened resolution parameters of the simulated tool; nally, the data set acquired by the simulated tool is used to calculate strain levels. By comparing strain levels obtained with tools with different degrees of resolution, the user can evaluate the impact of the degree of resolution of each ILI tool on the strain assessment. DSE-T allows the execution of up to four simulations simultaneously making these comparisons easier. The user can also dene what kind of strain is going to be evaluated. There are three options, namely: only bending strains, only membrane strains and bending plus membrane strains. When bending plus membrane strains are evaluated the program also combines them and calculates total strains. The DSE-T interface consists of a main menu and ve tabs. The main menu comprises a File and a Help menu. The program tabs are the Input Data tab and four post-processing tabs: Geometry, Bending Strains; Membrane Strains and Total Strains. The File menu provides options for data reading and saving. The reading options allows the user to load the geometry data of the pipeline to be analyzed or to recover all input data from previously performed analyses through les saved using another option in this same menu. Moreover, saving options also include export les containing a summary of analyses results or export results for the open source visualization application ParaView. In the Input Data tab it is provided all information necessary for the analyses. The user chooses which module of DSE-T is going to be employed: verication or simulation; and what kind of strains are going to be calculated: bending, membrane or bending plus membrane. The user must also provide the outside diameter and the wall thickness of the pipeline and the le con-

taining geometry data of the dent. For membrane strains calculation the elastic constants (Young Modulus and Poisson s ratio) of the material are also needed. The post-processing tabs are used to show the results though 2D plots and tables with summary of results. Each tab shows a particular kind of result, for instance, Membrane Strain tab provides the following results: circumferential, longitudinal and shear membrane strain components. Post-processing can also be made through 3D visualization of results directly in DSE-T or by using ParaView with exported results. It is also possible to compare DSE-T results to external results such as strain calculated by nite element analyses or from strain gage measurements. These results are provided to DSE-T through simple text input les.

EXAMPLES The DSE-T was tested against nonlinear nite element analyses of constrained dents with different depths and against results presented in [9]. Constrained dents were considered because dents in gas pipelines operating at moderate or high stress levels generally reround to a very shallow residual depth due to the internal pressure when the indenter is removed [3]. The nonlinear nite element analyses were performed with the Ansys general purpose nite element program. The nite element models used in the analyses were made of 8-node shell elements. In the rst example the pipe was subjected to prescribed displacements, producing a smooth shape. In the second example the dent was generated by a complex shape surface modeled with rigid elements. Contact elements were generated in all areas where contact was expected. In the third example the dent was produced by a conncentrated load. Because of the highly nonlinear characteristics of the problem, the nite element analyses accounted for large displacements and strains and stress-stiffening. Example 1 In this example we simulate a 100 length (L) piece of pipe with 20 nominal outside diameter (D), 0.38095 wall thickness (t). The material has Young Modulus, E = 29.0 106 psi, and Poissons coefcient, = 0.3. In this idealized example the pipe was subjected to radial displacements w = W sin cos z , with amplitude W = 8%D. L Figures 1 to 3 presents DSE-T results compared to Ansys results, obtained from an elastic analysis, shown with the black line curves. The graphs correspond to strain distibutions on the middle cross section (Fig.1) or on a longitudinal generatrix (Fig. 2,3).

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DSE-T results were obtained simulating different ILI tools for the bending strain estimate, combined to different nite elements meshes for the membrane strain assessment. The red line curves correspond to a tool having 32 sensors and gathering the geometry data at every 1 in the longitudinal direction. The nite element mesh used have 30 and 50 elements in the circumferential and longitudinal directions, respectively, that is a 30 50 mesh. A tool having 64 sensors gathering the geometry data at every 1 in the longitudinal direction and a 60x100 nite element mesh were used to obtain the results represented by the blue lines.

FIGURE 2. ANSYS (BLACK LINE) X DSE-T (RED AND BLUE LINES) RESULTS

FIGURE 1. ANSYS (BLACK LINE) X DSE-T (RED AND BLUE LINES) RESULTS

For this well behaved model the gures show that even the low resolution tool with the coarse nite element mesh can give good results. Figure 3 shows that the use of a higher resolution tool was needed to achieve accurate results for the circumferential components of strain and, consequentely, for the equivalent strain. Example 2 In this example we compare the bending strains calculated with the DSE-T program to those calculated with Ansys for a pipe deformed by an indenter with complex shape. The model is schematically shown in Fig. 4 and the dent produced has a depth equal to 12% of the nominal outside diameter of the pipe. The geometrical properties and the elastic constants of the pipe are the same used in the Example 1. Nevertheless, in this example, Ansys code was run in elastoplastic range. The material true stress x true strain curve is presented in Fig. 5.

FIGURE 3. ANSYS (BLACK LINE) X DSE-T (RED AND BLUE LINES) RESULTS

Nodal nite element displacement results were used to extract sets of data points which were utilized to perform simulations of deformation ILI tools with different degrees of resolution. The bending strain estimates were performed considering a low and a high resolution ILI tool. The low resolution tool has 12 sensors and gathers geometry data at every 2 in the longitudinal direction, whereas the high resolution tool has 120 sensors and gathers geometry data at every 0.5 in the longitudinal direction. Three-dimensional plots of nite element results are presented in Fig. 6. The results shown are: the circumferential bending strain (Circ. Bend.), the longitudinal bending strain (Long. Bend.). The maximum value of these elds are 7.75% and 3.31%, respectively.

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FIGURE 4. TER

PIPE INDENTED BY A COMPLEX SHAPE INDENFIGURE 6. SHAPE FE ELEMENT RESULTS FOR A DENT OF COMPLEX

FIGURE 5.

MATERIAL CURVE

FIGURE 7. DSE-T RESULTS CONSIDERING A LOW RESOLUTION ILI TOOL

The respective results obtained with DSE-T are depicted in Fig. 7 for the low resolution tool and Fig. 8 for the high resolution tool. As expected, DSE-T provided better results with the high resolution tool. The comparison of Fig. 6-8 shows that DSE-T is able to calculate the bending strain component elds in very good agreement with the nite element results when the high resolution tool is considered. For this tool, the maximum circumferential and longitudinal bending strains predicted by DSE-T are 8.5% and 3.74% respectively. For the low resolution tool the respective values are 5.69% and 2.95%. Regarding the equivalent strain, depicted in Fig. 9, considering only bending strain components, the maximum value predicted by DSE-T is 8.33%, for the low resolution tool whereas for the high resolution tool is 11.67% (Fig. 9, right). The maximum value predicted by DSE-T with the high resolution tool is almost equal to the value found with the Ansys nite element model, 11.73%, considering all strain components (Fig. 9, left). However, observe that disregarding the contribution of the membrane strain components led to a signicant decrease in the area subjecetd to high equivalent strain levels, indicated in red in Fig. 9.

FIGURE 8. DSE-T RESULTS CONSIDERING A LOW RESOLUTION ILI TOOL

Example 3 The main purpose of this example is to compare membrane strains calculated with the DSE-T program to those calculated with the Ansys code and to similar results presented in [9]. The experiment consists of a 102 length pipe having 36 nominal outside diameter and 0.49 wall thickness, subjected to

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FIGURE 9.

EQUIVALENT STRAINS: ANSYS X DSE-T

a point load applied at its middle cross section. The pipe material has Young Modulus, E = 30.5 106 psi, and Poissons coefcient, = 0.3. Figure 10 shows the pipe and the 24x24, 8-nodes shell nite element mesh used to run the model with the Ansys code. The pipe displacements were xed at both ends and the possibility of large rotations was considered.

FIGURE 11. SULTS

ANSYS (BLACK LINE) DSE-T (BLUE LINE) RE-

FIGURE 12. ANSYS (GREEN LINE) REFERENCE LINE [9] (RED LINE) RESULTS

FIGURE 10.

THE FINITE ELEMENT MODEL FOR EXAMPLE 3

different nite elements approximations.

Figure 11 shows the longitudinal membrane strain distribution on the longitudinal section containing the deepest point of the dent. The results from DSE-T (blue line) are in good agreement to the results from Ansys (black line). A similar comparison is made in Fig. 12, extracted from [9], showing that the results achieved by that authors (red line) also compared well to Ansys results (green line). Figures 13 and 14 also present longitudinal membrane strain distributions but now on the cross section containing the deepest point of the dent. Figure 13 compares results from DSE-T (blue line) to results from Ansys (black line) and Fig. 14 compares results from [9] (red line) to results from Ansys (green line). As before all results agree well although they were obtained with

CONCLUSIONS The DSE-T program allows the assessment of strain levels in pipeline dents with complex shape. DSE-T automatically calculates strains in plain dents or dents on ductile welds by using geometric data from ILI tools. The equivalent strain can be calculated considering only bending strain components or taking into account the membrane strain components. Strain estimates given by DSE-T are, in general, much cheaper and faster than estimates using other numerical technique, e.g., the nite element method. The exemple of complex shape dent provided in this work showed that the bending strain components calculated by DSET are in very good agreement with the results of the respective

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FIGURE 13. SULTS

ANSYS (BLACK LINE) DSE-T (BLUE LINE) RE-

FIGURE 14. ANSYS (GREEN LINE) REFERENCE LINE [9] (RED LINE) RESULTS

nonlinear nite element analysis. Regarding the membrane strain estimate, two examples were provided, showing that for those cases DSE-T performance was similar to the nite element results calculated with Ansys code or presented by other authors. However we understand that a wider set of tests should be performed to validate the aplicability of the methodology presented here.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to thank PETROBRAS for the support and permission to publish this paper.

REFERENCES [1] Cosham, A., and Hopkins, P., 2003. The pipeline defect assessment manual. A Report to the PDAM Joint Industry Project. [2] ASME, 2007. ASME B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. [3] Rosenfeld, M., Pepper, J., and Leewis, K., 2002. Basis of new criteria in ASME B31.8 for prioritization and repair of mechanical damage. In International Pipeline Conference, Paper IPC-27122. [4] Noronha Jr., D., Martins, R., Jacob, B., and Souza, E., 2005. The use of b-splines in the assessment of strain levels associated with plain dents. In Rio Pipeline Conference, Paper IBP 1245. [5] Noronha Jr., D., Martins, R., Jacob, B., and Souza, E., 2008. Some remarks on the strain based assessment of pipeline dents. In International Pipeline Conference, Paper IPC-64136. [6] Noronha Jr., D., Martins, R., Jacob, B., and Souza, E., 2010. Procedures for the strain based assessment of pipeline dents. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 87, pp. 254265. [7] Noronha Jr., D., Martins, R., Fonseca, L., Lopes, T., Costa, M., Castro, E., Garcia, E., and Guerreiro, J., 2011. Um programa para avaliacao da severidade de amassamentos em dutos baseado no ap ndice R da norma ASME B31.8. e In 11a Confer ncia Sobre Tecnologia de Equipamentos, Pae per COTEQ-268. [8] Guerreiro, J., Garcia, E., Noronha Jr., D., Martins, R., Fonseca, L., Lopes, T., Costa, M., and Castro, E., 2011. DSE-B: A program for strain based assessment of pipeline dents of genaral shape. In Rio Pipeline Conference, Paper IBP1280-11. [9] Lukasiewicz, S., Czyz, J., Sun, C., and Adeeb, S., 2006. Calculation of strain in dents based on high resolution inline caliper survey. In International Pipeline Conference, Paper IPC-10101. [10] Rogers, D. F., and Adams, J., 1990. Mathematical elements for computer graphics. McGraw-Hill. [11] Gallier, J., 2001. Geometric methods and applications for computer science and engineering. Springer. [12] Nutbourne, A. W., and Martin, R., 1988. Differential geometry applied to curve and surface design. Ellis Horwood Limited. [13] Krauss, H., 1967. Thin elastic shells. An introduction to the theoretical foundations and the analysis of their static and dynamic behavior. John Wiley & Sons Inc. [14] Hughes, T., 2000. The nite element method. Linear static and dynamic nite element analysis. Dover Publications Inc.

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