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Q1.

What are the sources of energy?

Ans. Sources of energy: source of energy is that which is capable of providing enough useful energy at a sustainable rate for a longer period of time.eg. wood, coal, kerosene oil, the sun, water, moving wind, nuclear fuel, biomass, etc. are the common sources of energy. Q2. What do you understand by renewable sources and non renewable sources of energy?

Ans. Renewable sources: Renewable sources of energy are those sources of energy which never comes to an end after their continuous use. It may also be defined as the sources which when once used can be available again and again. For example water, air, etc. Non renewable sources: Those sources of energy which once exhausted cannot be obtained immediately are called as non renewable sources of energy. These sources take years and years of time to build up. For example coal, natural gas, uranium, etc. Q3. What are characteristics of a good source of energy?

Ans. Following are characteristics of a good source of energy: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Q4. It It It It It should should should should should give large amount of energy. be cheap and easily available. be easy to store and transport. be safe to handle and use, and not create any environmental pollution.

What are conventional and non-conventional sources of energy?

Ans. Sources are classified as: 1. 2. 1. 2. Conventional sources of energy Non-conventional sources of energy Conventional sources: These are those sources which are used extensively and meet a major portion of our energy requirement and these are Fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) and hydro energy (energy of water flowing in rivers). Non-conventional sources of energy: these are those sources which are not used as extensively as the conventional ones and meet our energy requirement only on a limited scale. Solar energy, ocean energy, geothermal energy and nuclear energy belong to this category. These sources of energy which have been tapped with the aid of advances in technology to meet our growing energy needs are also called alternative sources of energy.

Q5.

What are fossil fuels?

Ans. Fossil fuels are the remains of prehistoric plants and animals which got buried deep inside the earth millions of years ago due to some natural processes. Coal, petroleum and natural gas are fossil fuels and a major portion of our energy demands is being met by these fuels. Q6. How was coal formed?

Ans. Coal: It is the most abundant fossil fuel on earth. It is essentially carbon and is mainly used as combustion fuel. Formation of coal: Coal is the product of plants, mainly trees, which died ten or hundreds of years of millions of years ago. These dead plants and trees did not decompose in a normal way as they were covered with water and protected from oxidizing effect of air. The action of certain bacteria released oxygen and hydrogen, making the residue richer and richer in carbon. Thick layers of this carbon-rich substance, called peat, built up over thousands of years. As more material accumulated above peat, water was squeezed out. Pressure and temperature further compressed peat and gases were expelled. The portion of carbon continued to increase till it slowly changed into coal over a period of millions of years. Coal mining in India: Coal mining in India dates back to the 18th century. India has about 7% of worlds known coal reserves and these are mainly found in Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. Coal supplies 50% of the countrys total energy requirement. By current estimates, the reserves are sufficient to meet the countrys demand for at least another 100 years.

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Q7. What is petroleum and how it is formed? Ans. Petroleum literally means rock oil. It is a complex mixture of many compounds of hydrogen and carbon which are called hydrocarbons. Small amounts of other compounds of carbon containing oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur are also present in petroleum. Formation of petroleum: Millions of years ago, sea covered much of what is now dry land. In prehistoric times, tiny plants and animals lived in the sea. When these died, they sank to the bottom of the sea and got buried in the layers of mud and sand. As the gases passes, this organic material sank deeper and deeper. The earths crust changed its shape and put intense pressure and heat on what were once only plants and animals. Heat from the earths interior and the weight of the overloading rocks gradually changed these energy containing substances into oil. Bacterial anaerobic reactions also played their role in the formation of oil. Oil being light and mobile, moved upwards through the rocks but eventually got trapped beneath impermeable such reserves through wells driven in them by cutting through the impervious rocks in the earths crust and that is where the present day oil reserves are located. Q8. What is natural gas? Give its uses?

Ans. Natural gas is an important fossil fuel and is usually found underground near an oil source. However, there are some oil wells which give only natural gas. The process by which natural gas was formed millions of years ago is the same as that of oil. Natural gas is lighter than air and is a mixture of methane (about 95%), ethane, propane and butane. Other components found in natural gas include carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen sulphide and nitrogen. It is highly inflammable and has no odour and cannot be seen. Therefore, before it is sent to the pipelines or storage tanks, it is mixed with a chemical that gives a strong odour which is almost like that of rotten eggs. This makes it easy to detect any leakage. Natural gas is found around the world but its largest reservoirs are in the former Soviet Union and the Middle East. Natural gas is the cleanest burning fossil fuel as it gives off 50% of the carbon dioxide released by coal and 25% less carbon dioxide than oil for the same amount of energy produced. Uses of natural gas: 1. 2. 3. 4. It is used as a domestic and industrial fuel. It is used as a fuel in thermal power plants to generate electricity. It has been a source of hydrogen in the manufacture of fertilizers. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), which is in the liquid form, is used as a fuel transport vehicles as being pollution free, it is a good alternative to petrol and diesel.

Q9. What are characteristics of an ideal fuel? Ans. Following are characteristics of an ideal fuel: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. It It It It It It It should should should should should should should have a high calorific value. burn without giving out any smoke or harmful gases. have a proper ignition temperature. be cheap and easily available. burn smoothly. be easy to handle, safe to transport, and convenient to store. not leave much ash behind after burning.

Q10. Describe thermal power plant? Ans. A power plant in which the heat required to make steam to drive turbines is obtained by burning fuels is called thermal power plant. Coal is burned in a furnace F to produce heat. This heat boils the water in a boiler B to form steam. The steam formed from the boiling water builds up a pressure. The hot steam at high pressure is introduced into a turbine chamber C having a steam turbine T. The steam passes over the blades of the turbine as a high pressure jet making the turbine rotate. The shaft S of turbine is connected to the generator G. When the turbine rotates, its shaft also rotates and drives the generator. The generator produces electricity. The spent steam coming out of the turbine chamber is cooled to form a fresh steam. This process is repeated again and again. Q11. What is a hydro power plant? How electricity is produced in power plant? Give its advantages also? Ans. Hydro power plant: A power plant generates electricity by using flowing water is called a hydroelectric power plant.

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The electricity produced from the kinetic energy of flowing water is called hydroelectricity. To produce hydroelectricity, the water of rivers is collected in dams. The energy stored in dam is potential energy. The stored water is then allowed to fall from height over the turbine at the bottom of dam. The blades of turbine rotate very fast which rotates the generator coil placed in strong magnetic field. Due to rotation this coil, electricity is produced. Thus in hydel station, mechanical energy of stored water is converted into electrical energy Advantages of hydroelectricity The process is 80-90% efficient. The hydroelectricity can be easily regulated by opening or closing the control values. This generation of electricity is non-polluting source of energy. It is a renewable source of energy.

Q12.

What is biomass and bioenergy? Discuss the usage of biomass as a source of energy.

Ans. Biomass: The dead parts of plants, trees and the waste material of animal are called biomass. Biomass includes wood, agricultural waste and cow dung. When wood is burnt, a lot of heat is produced, so wood is also used as a fuel for a long time. Cow dung is cattle dried dung. Cow dung cakes have been used traditionally for a long time for cooking food. Bio-energy: The energy obtained from the biomass is called bio-energy. Biomass is used as a fuel to produce energy. It is a conventional source of energy found in rural areas, e.g. wood, agricultural wastes and animal dung cakes , etc. constitutes biomass. The fuel of biomass does not produce much heat on burning and a lot of smoke is given out when they are burnt. Q13. What is biogas? Give its principle, construction and working? Ans. Biogas obtained from biomass is a mixture of methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide. The major constituent of biogas is methane which is extremely good fuel. In fact, biogas contains 75 percent of methane gas which makes it an excellent fuel. Principle: Biogas is produced by the anaerobic degradation of animal wastes like cow dung in the presence of water. This degradation is carried out by anaerobic micro organisms called anaerobic bacteria in the presence of water but in the absence of oxygen. Construction: A biogas consists of a well shaped, underground tank T called digester, which is made of bricks, and has a done shaped roof D, also made of cement and bricks. The digester is a kind of sealed tank in which there is no air. The dome of the digester tank acts as a gas holder or storage tank for the biogas. There is a gas outlet S at the top of the dome having a valve V. On the left side of the digester tank is a sloping inlet chamber I and on the right side is a rectangular outlet chamber O, both made of bricks. The inlet chamber is for introducing fresh dung slurry into the main digester tank whereas the outlet chamber is for taking out the spent during slurry after the extraction of biogas. The inlet chamber is connected to a mixing tank M while the outlet chamber is connected to the overflow tank F. Working: Cow dung and water are mixed in equal proportions in the mixing tank M to prepare the slurry. This slurry of dung and water is fed into the digester tank T through the inlet chamber I. The digester tank is filled with dung slurry up to the cylindrical level, the dome being left free for the collection of biogas. It takes about 50 to 60 days for the new gas-plant to become operative. During this period, the cow dung undergoes degradation by anaerobic bacteria in the presence of water with the gradual evolution of biogas. This biogas starts collecting in the dome. As more and more biogas collects in the dome, it exerts pressure on the slurry in the digester tank, and forces the spent slurry to go into overflow tank F, through the outlet chamber O. From the overflow tank, the spent

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slurry is removed gradually. The spent dung-slurry, left after the extraction of biogas, is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus compounds and hence forms a good manure. Once the gas-plant becomes operative, more flesh dung slurry is added to the digester tank regularly and this leads to the continuous biogas production. The biogas which has collected in the dome of the digester tank is taken out through the outlet S and supplied to village homes through a network of pipes to be used as a cooking gas.

Q14. What do you mean by wind, wind energy and windmill? Give construction and working of the windmill? Ans. Wind: The moving air is called wind. Wind energy: The kinetic energy possessed by air due to its velocity is called wind energy. Wind energy, which is a renewable source of energy, can be utilized for performing mechanical and electrical works. Windmill: A windmill is defined as a machine which works with the help of wind energy. A wind mill is used for running water pumps Construction: a windmill mainly consists of the following parts. 1. 2. 3. 4. Big blades to catch the wind. Pole Crank (the crank is a long rod with U-shaped bend) Pump, etc. Shown in the figure.

Working: The kinetic energy of the wind rotates the blades of the windmill continuously. This rotation of the blades rotates the crank whose U-bend lifts the pump rod up and down. The rod works, the pump and lifts the water from the ground. In this way, water can be pumped out from greater depth with the help of the wind energy. The windmill is also used for grinding grains: Construction: 1. 2. 3. 4. Big blades to catch the wind. Pole Two wheels fitted with the teeth. Two millstones etc. shown in the figure.

Working: The blowing wind rotates the wind mill blades continuously. When the blades rotate, the connecting rod turns and rotates the first wheel. This will rotate the second wheel by the action of teeth push. The second wheel rotates the rod fixed to upper millstone and ultimately upper millstone rotate over the lower fixed millstone. The grains are put into the hole through the hopper. The grains are crushed into flour which comes out through the edges of millstone. Q15. What do you mean by solar energy and solar constant? Ans. Solar energy: The energy from the sun in the form of radiation is called solar energy. Some interesting aspects of solar energy are:

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The sun is radiating energy at the rate of 4.51023 kJ/s The sun radiates energy in all the directions in space. The earth and the other planets of the solar system receive only a small fraction of this energy. The earth intercepts only a small part of the total radiation from the sun. The solar energy that reaches the earths surface is mostly in the form of heat and visible light. Plants also absorb a part of the solar energy reaching the earth to synthesize their food through photosynthesis. India receives solar energy equivalent to over 5000 trillion kWh/year, which is far more than the total energy consumption of the country. The solar energy is the cause of wind and storm, ocean waves, rain and snowfall.

Solar constant: Solar constant is the amount of solar radiation incident normally per second on 1 m2 area of a perfectly black surface at the mean distance of the earth from the sun. Obviously, solar energy received = solar constant area time The approximate value of solar constant is 1.4 kJ per second per square metre or 1.4 kW/m2. Q16. What is solar cooker? Give its construction and working with the help of a diagram? Ans. Solar cooker: It is a device which is used to cook food with the help of solar radiations. Principle: solar energy is converted into heat energy. Construction: It consists of an insulated metal box (B) which is painted black from inside. The food to be cooked is placed in metal container(C) painted black from outside and is kept in the centre of the box. All this covered with a transparent glass sheet. The lid of the box has a plane mirror reflector (R) as shown in the figure. Working: We know that the black surfaces are good absorber of heat. When the sun rays fall on the plane mirror reflector (R), it sends them to the top of the solar cooker. The sun rays passes through the glass sheet and get absorb by the black surface in the box. Now, sun rays consists of infra red rays which have heating effects and once the infra red rays enter the box, the glass sheet does not allow them to go back. Due to these heating rays, the temperature in the box rises to 100 0 C 1400 C. this heat cooks the food kept in the black container.

Uses: 1. 2. 3. 4. It is used for cooking food. Solar cooker saves fuels. It does not create any type of pollution. When food is cooked in it, their nutrients do not get destroyed.

Limitations: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. It cannot be used at night. It cannot be used when there are clouds in the sky. It cannot be used to make chapattis. It cannot be used for frying purposes. The direction of the reflector has to be changed from time to time to keep it facing the sun rays.

Q17. What is a solar cell? Give its construction, working and uses? Ans. Solar cell: A solar cell is a device, which is used to convert sunlight directly into electricity.

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Construction and Working: Silicon and germanium are used in making solar cell. A photosensitive plate contains billions of such cells is exposed to sunlight in the open on the pole so that sunlight may fall on it for maximum time. The solar energy is absorbed by the electron which creates different layers of positive and negative charges. The larger the potential difference larger will be the capacity acquired to flow when these charges joined externally. Due to this potential difference between the plates, current can be made to flow in a circuit. This voltage is used to light lamps to run water pumps, streetlights, etc.

Uses of solar cell: 1. 2. 3. Solar cells are used for providing electricity in artificial satellites and space proves. Solar cells are used for street lights, running water pumps and for running radios and television sets in remote areas. Solar cells are used for operating electronic watches and calculators.

Q18. What is solar cell panel? Ans. A solar cell panel consists of a large number of solar cells joined together in a definite pattern and provided with a protective encapsulation. Through a solar cell panel, solar energy is changed to dc electricity. This electricity can either be used as such or it can be stored in the batteries. This stored electrical energy can be used at night. Solar cell panel can be used for a number of applications such as: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Domestic lighting Street lighting Water pumping Powering remote sensing telecommunications stations Railway signals.

Q19. Name the forms in which energy is stored in oceans? Name any three forms which could be harnessed? Ans. The main forms in which the energy stored in oceans are:Ocean thermal energy is the heat energy of the oceans 1. Ocean thermal energy: We know that there is always a temperature difference between the water at the surface and water at the deeper levels. At some places, this temperature difference is up to 20 0C. The energy produced due to this difference of the temperature is called ocean thermal energy. This energy can be used to produce electricity. Sea wave energy: The high speed sea waves on the waves on the surface of ocean have a lot of kinetic energy in them. The energy of moving sea waves can be used to generate electricity. Tidal energy: The tidal energy can be harnessed by constructing a tidal dam. Sea water when rise during the high tide is stored in the tidal dam. This water is then allowed to fall on water turbines. The flowing water causes the rotation of the turbine. Which then rotates the armature of the generator to produce electricity. Due to blowing of wind on the surface of ocean, very fast sea waves move on the surface of ocean. These fast moving waves have a lot of kinetic energy in them. The tidal waves in the oceans build up and recede twice a day. The rise of ocean water due to attraction of moon is called high while the fall of ocean water is called low tide. The 5tidal waves keep a very huge source of energy. The energy obtained from tidal waves is called tidal energy. Energy from salinity gradients: The difference in concentration of salts in the water of two seas is called salinity gradients. The difference in concentration of salts where water from the two different seas meet can be used to obtain energy in usable form.

2. 3.

4.

Q20 what do you mean by geothermal energy? Ans. Geo means earth and thermal means heat. Thus, geothermal energy is the heat energy from hot rocks present inside the earth. This heat can be used as a source of energy to produce electricity. Note that geothermal energy is one of the few sources of energy that do not come directly or indirectly from solar energy.

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At some places in the world, the rocks at some depth below the surface of the earth are very, very hot. This heat comes from the fission of radioactive materials which are naturally present in these rocks. The places where very hot rocks occur at some depth below the surface of earth are called hot spots, and are sources of geothermal energy. The geothermal energy is harnessed follow: The extremely hot rocks present below the surface of earth heat the underground water and turn it into steam. As more and more steam is formed between the rocks, it gets compressed to high pressure. A hole is drilled into the earth up to the hot rocks and a pipe is put into it. The steam present around the hot rocks comes up through the pipe at high pressure. This high pressure steam turns the turbine of a generator to produce electricity. Advantages of geothermal energy: The minimum temperature to which a substance must be heated before catches fire is called kindling or ignition temperature. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Geothermal energy is the most versatile and least polluting renewable source of energy. It can be harnessed for 24 hours throughout the year. It is relatively inexpensive. As compared to solar energy and wind energy, the power generation level of geothermal energy is higher. Geothermal energy can be used for power generation as well as direct heating. In U.S.A, water is pumped from underground hot water deposits and is used to heat house.

Limitations of geothermal energy: 1. 2. 3. 4. Geothermal hot spots are scattered and usually some distance away from the areas that need energy. The overall power production has a lower efficiency (about 15%) as compared to that of fossil fuels. Though as a whole, geothermal energy is inexhaustible, a single bore has a limited life span of about 10 years. Noise pollution is caused by drilling operations at geothermal sites.

Q21. Explain nuclear fusion with the help of an example? Ans. Nuclear Fusion: The word fusion means to join or to combine. So nuclear fusion means joining together of nuclei of atoms. Thus the process in which two nuclei of light atoms combine to form a heavy, more stable nucleus with the liberation of large amount of energy is called as nuclear fusion. The nuclear fusion is carried out by heating the light atoms to an extremely high temperature.Example: When two deuterium atoms are heated to a very high temperature, then two deuterium nuclei combine two form a heavy nucleus of helium and an enormous amount of energy is produced.

Hydrogen bomb is an example of nuclear fusion. Q22. Explain nuclear fission with the help of an example? Ans. Nuclear fission: The process in which an unstable nucleus of a heavy atom (like U- 235) spilt up into two medium weights nuclei with the liberation of large amount of energy is called nuclear fission. The nuclear fission is carried out by bombarding the heavy nuclei with the slow moving neutrons. There is a small loss of mass during the fission process which appears as a great amount of energy. Example: When U-235 atoms are bombarded with the slow moving neutron the heavy Uranium nucleus breaks up to produce two medium weight atoms Barium (Ba) -139 and Krypton (Ka) with the emission of neutrons and a large amount of energy. The fission reactions are as follows:

The nuclear fission of U-235 isotopes by means of a slow moving neutron can be explained diagrammatically as follows.

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Q23. What are the environmental consequences of the increasing demands of energy? What steps would you suggest to reduce energy consumption? Ans. The increasing demand of energy compels to exploit more sources of energy and it will disturbs the environment in one way or the other, e.g. the use of fossil fuels cause air pollution: hydroelectricity imbalances the ecological system. Environment is disturbed whenever a source of energy is used to derive energy from it, e.g., 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Burning of fossil fuels causes air pollution. Construction of dams destroys large ecosystems and creates problem of rehabilitation of displaced population. Continuous whirling and whistling cause noise pollution and plays havoc with the lives of migratory birds. Heavy energy structures to exploit wave energy affect marine mammal and seabird population. Using wood as fuel results in deforestation which affects environment.

Although the devices such as wind generator, solar cooker and solar cells serves as the pollution free sources of energy but the process involved in making these devices must have damaged the environment. The following steps must be taken to reduce energy consumption: 1. 2. 3. The fossil fuels should be done with maximum care The devices using energy sources should be regularly serviced so that their efficiency will be more and more. We should be economical in the consumption of energy as Energy saved is energy produced.

QUESTIONS OF BOOK ACTIVITIES: Q1. What is a good source of energy? Ans. Refer to Q3. above. Q2. What is good fuel? Ans. Refer to Q9 above. Q3. If you consider use any source of energy for heating your food, which one would you use and why? Ans. We use a microwave oven for heating the food as it heats it uniformly and cleanly without loss in its nutritional value. Q4. What are advantages of fossil fuels? Ans. Fossil fuels have the following advantages: 1. 2. 3. 4. There are non-renewable sources of energy. Air pollution is caused by burning of fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide produced by burning these fuels produces greenhouse effect. The oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur which are released on burning these fuels lead to acid rain which affects our water and soil resources.

Q5. Why are we looking at alternate sources of energy? Ans. Fossil fuels were formed due to extraordinary conditions that prevailed on the earth many millions years ago. No new reservoirs of these fuels are being formed due to absence of those conditions. As such fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of energy. In case we continue to use these sources at the present rate, we would soon be deprived of these sources. It is due to this reason that we should conserve these sources and look for alternate sources if energy. Q6. How has the traditional use of wind and water energy been modified for our convenience?

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Ans. The traditional use of wind energy has been modified by using windmills and that of water by constructing hydroelectric power plants. Q7. What kind of mirror-concave or plane-would be best suited for use in a solar cooker? Why? Ans. A concave mirror is best suited for use in a solar cooker. This is due to the reason that a concave mirror reflects and concentrates solar energy from over a large area into a small area. Such a mirror is called a solar concentrator. Q8. What are the limitations of energy that can be obtained from the oceans? Ans. Refer to Q19 above. Q9. What is geothermal energy? Ans. Refer to Q20 above. Q10. What are the advantages of nuclear energy? Ans. Following are the advantages: 1. 2. To produce a certain amount of energy, the mass of nuclear fuel (U-235) required is extremely small. In a nuclear power plant, the nuclear supplies energy over a long span of time.

Q11. Can any source of energy be pollution free? Why or why not? Ans. No source of energy is totally pollution free-only the degree and the manner of pollution varies. A source of energy like a solar cell is pollution free in actual operation but its assembly cause damage to environment. Q12. Hydrogen has been used as a rocket fuel. Would you consider it a cleaner fuel than CNG? Why or why not? Ans. Hydrogen is a cleaner fuel than CNG. This is due to the reason that it produces water on burning whereas CNG on burning produces CO2, through much less than that produced when coal or oil is burnt. A spaceship carries oxygen along with it to burn hydrogen as a fuel. Q13. Name two energy sources that you would consider to be renewable. Give reasons for your choices. Ans. (1) water energy; (2) biomass energy, Water on earth can be used again and again to generate hydro-energy as in obvious from water cycle in nature Biomass can be managed by replacing the trees that have been cut for fire wood. By doing so, we can get a constant supply of energy at a particular rate. Q14. Give the names of two energy sources that you would consider to be exhaustible. Give reasons for your choices. Ans. (1) Coal, (2) Petroleum and natural gas. Both these sources are present only in limited amounts and will be exhausted soon if we continue to use them at the present rate. These sources were formed over millions of years under special conditions. EXERCISES: Q4. Compare and contrast fossil fuels and the sun as sources of energy? Ans. 1. 2. 3. The reserves of fossil fuels are limited, .e.g., exhaustible whereas solar energy in available in abundance, i.e., inexhaustible. Fossil fuels cause pollution on burning whereas solar energy is pollution free. Fossil fuels can provide energy at any required time whereas solar energy becomes unavailable when the sky is covered with clouds.

Q5. Compare and contrast bio-mass and hydro-electricity as sources of energy? Ans.

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Bio-mass is a renewable source of energy only if we plant trees in a planned manner which is not the case with hydroelectricity. The energy from bio-mass can be obtained by using a chullah or a gobar gas plant whereas hydroelectricity requires construction of dams on rivers. Bio-mass provide pollution free energy only when converted into biogas whereas hydroelectricity is totally pollution free.

Q6. What are limitations of extracting energy from: a) b) c) The wind Waves Tides?

Ans. Limitations of extracting energy from the wind: a) b) c) d) Wind energy farms can be located only in vast open areas located in favourable wind conditions as the minimum velocity for a windmill to function is 15 km/h. The cost of construction of a wind energy farm is high. The appearance of windmills on the landscape and their continuous whirling and whistling is irritating. The location of wind energy farms should not be the routes of migratory birds otherwise it will play havoc with the birds.

Limitations of extracting energy from the waves: a) b) c) d) The power output is of variable nature. Wave energy extraction equipments must be capable of withstanding very severe peak stress in storms. Wave power is expensive with the presently available technologies. Marine mammal and seabird population could be affected due to the presence of wave energy structures.

Limitations of extracting energy from the tidal energy: a) b) c) d) Due to variation in tidal range, the power output is variable. Power generation is interment and is not vary large. There are very few suitable sites available for construction of dams. The most difficult problems in the use of tidal power are the barrage construction in areas of high tidal flow: and corrosion of barrage, sluiceways and turbines by salty sea waters.

Q7. On what basis would you classify energy sources as: a) b) Renewable and non-renewable? Exhaustible and inexhaustible?

Are the option given in (a) and (b) are same? Ans. Renewable sources of energy are those which can be replaced after we use them and can be used to produce energy again and again. Non-renewable sources of energy are those resources which cannot be replaced once these are used. Exhaustible sources of energy are those whose supply is limited, e.g., coal, petroleum and natural gas. Inexhaustible sources of energy are those whose energy supplied is limited, e.g., solar energy, water energy, wind energy, nuclear energy, etc. Renewable sources of energy are inexhaustible whereas non-renewable sources of energy are exhaustible with some exceptions. For example, biomass is a renewable source of energy only if we plant trees in a planned manner. On the other hand, geothermal energy and nuclear energy though inexhaustible are non-renewable. Q8. What are the qualities of an ideal source of energy? Ans. Refer to Q3 above. Q9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a solar cooker? Are there places where solar cookers would have limited utility? Ans. For advantages and disadvantages of using a solar cooker refer to Q16 above.

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Solar cooker have limited utility at places which remain cloudy or have longer winter duration, e.g., hilly areas. Q10. What are the environmental consequences of the increasing demand for energy? What steps would you suggest to reduce energy consumption? Ans. Refer to Q23 above.

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