Introduction

Anatomy Structure Denition: to cut apart Physiology Function The study of the integrated functions of the body The functions of all its parts (systems, organs, tissues, and cells) Orientation Dorsal/Ventral Cranial/Caudal Proximal/Distal Medial/Lateral Supercial/Deep Common Anatomy Terms Macroscopic Anatomy (gross) - study of the form and relative positions of the structures of the body which can be seen with the unaided eye. Microscopic Anatomy - study of tissues and cells that can only be seen with the aid of a microscope. Comparative Anatomy - study of the structures of various species of animals with emphasis on characteristics that aid in classication. Osteo = Bones Arthro = Joints Splanch = Digestive, Respiratory, Urinary, Resproductive Endo = Hormone Angio = Blood Vessels Derma = Integumentary (Skin) Cardio = Heart

The Big Picture: Systems Skeletal Muscular Digestive Respiratory Urinary Reproductive Endocrine Nervous and Sensory Cardiovascular Integumentary The Small Picture: Microanatomy Cellular anatomy review Cytoplasm Nucleus Cell membrane

Tissues Epithelial Cover the surface of the body Line body cavities Form glands Connective Hold structures together Muscle Specialized in contraction Nervous Specialized in communication Specialized Cells In animals, cells are usually specialized to perform one or more of the functions of the animal body. System Urinary tract Organ Kidney Tissue Connective tissue Cells Loop of Henle Embryology

Epithelial Tissue

Simple One-cell layer thick Squamous Cuboidal Columnar

Stratied Many layers Many cells in thickness Stratied: Columnar Pharynx Salivary ducts Stratied: Transitional Must be able to stretch Urinary bladder Stratied: Squamous Skin Hooves Upper GI tract Layers: Stratum basale Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum corneum

Pseudostratied Columnar Cells Cylindrical Vary in length Appearance of more than one layer Upper respiratory tract

Glandular Epithelial Cells Specialized for secretion and excretion Endocrine No ducts Produce hormones Circulate in the bloodstream Exocrine Have ducts Empty on to an epithelial surface Glands in the Horse's Skin

Connective Tissue

Function: Connects other tissues Give form and strength Elastic Tissue Contain kinked bers that regain their original shape after being stretched Collagenous Tissue Has remarkable tensile strength Fibroblasts produce long proteinaceous bbers of collagen Regular, irregular, and loose Reticular Tissue Fine brils and cells Makes up framework for endocrine and lymphatic organs Adipose Tissue Also known as fat White fat Brown fat (hibernating fat - found in neonatal foals) Adipocytes store fat as inclusions within the cell Cartilage Firmer than brous tissue but not as hard as bone Chondrocytes Three types Hyaline Elastic Fibrous Bone Bone is produced by osteoblasts Osteoid tissue becomes calcied Arrangements: Cancellous Spongy Compact Laminated cylinders