Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
MALAYSIAN
STANDARD
MS 426 : 1994
ICS : 13.100
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©
without the prior permission in writing of SIRIM
SIRIM. No part of this publication may be photocopied or otherwise reproduced
MS 426:1994
This Malaysian Standard, which had been approved by the Industry Standards Committee and
endorsed by the Board of the Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM)
was published under the authority of the SIRIM Board in December, 1994.
SIRIM wished to draw attention to the fact that this Malaysian Standard does not purport to
include aU the necessary provisions of a contract.
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The Malaysian Standards are subject to periodical review to keep abreast to progress in the
industries concerned. Suggestions for improvements will be recorded and in due course
brought to the notice of the Committees charged with the revision of the standards to which
they refer.
(i)
MS 426: 1994
CONTENTS
Page
Foreword (vii)
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1.1 Scope I
1.2 Purpose i
1.3 Application 2
1.4 Reference documents 2
1.5 Definitions 2
SECTION 2. RESPONSIBILITIES
2.1 General 6
2.2 Employers 6
2.3 Employees 7
2.4 Governments 7
2.5 Trade unions 8
2.6 Designers, manufacturers, importers and suppliers 8
2.7 Industry associations 9
3.1 General 10
3.2 Understanding the phenomenon 10
3.3 Data sources 10
3.4 Predictions 11
3.5 Determination of priorities 12
3.6 Determination of changes required 12
3.7 Process of change 12
3.8 Communication of information 13
3.9 Measurement of change 13
(ii)
MS 426 : 1994
CONTENTS (Contd.)
Page
5.5 Communication 20
5.6 Standards and goals 20
5.7 Work methods 21
5.8 Accident investigation 24
5.9 Emergency planning 26
SECTION 6. PERSONNEL
6.1 Placement 27
6.2 Personal disability 27
6.3 Training 28
6.4 Supervision 29
7.1 General 31
7.2 Service 31
7.3 Staff 31
7.4 Role of the service 32
7.5 Records 33
8.1 General 34
8.2 Working environment 34
8.3 Environment stress 36
8.4 Access and egress 37
8.5 Personal amenities 39
(iii)
MS 426: 1994
CONTENTS (Contd.)
Page
9.1 Responsibility 40
9.2 Design and procurement 40
9.3 Installation 40
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10.1 General 46
10.2 Storage of material 46
10.3 Mechanical handling of material 47
10.4 Manual handling 48
10.5 Floor and travelling ways 49
10.6 Piping and storage facilities 50
11.1 General 51
11.2 Hazards 51
11.3 Location, site layout, and building design 52
11.4 Material safety data sheets 52
11.5 Work practices 53
12.1 General 55
12.2 Fire protection of buildings 55
12.3 Causes of fire and explosion 55
12.4 Fire prevention measures 58
12.5 Fire-fighting equipment 59
12.6 Emergency evacuation procedures 59
(iv)
MS 426 : 1994
CONTENTS (Contd.)
Page
13.1 General 61
13.2 Accidents having serious consequences 62
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13.3 Procedures 62
14.1 General 67
14.2 Purchase and selection 67
14.3 Correct use 68
14.4 Equipment for use in emergency 69
Appendices
(v)
MS 426: 1994
Committee representation
The Consumer Products and Safety Industry Standards Committee under whose supervision this Malaysian Standard
was prepared, comprises representatives from the following Government Ministries, trade, commerce and
manufacturer associations and scientific and professional bodies.
Ministry of Finance
The Working Group~on Safety and Health at Work which prepared this Malaysian Standard consists of the following
representatives:
Encik Mohd. Hazri Abdullah/Puan Zurainah Musa Syarikat Lindungan Kerja (M) Sdn. Bhd.
Puan Dzuraidah Hj. Abd. Wahab (Secretary) Standards and Industrial Research Institute ofMalaysia
(vi)
MS 426: 1994
FOREWORD
This revised Malaysian Standard was prepared by the Working Group on Safety and Health
at Work under the authority of the Consumer Products and Safety Industry Standards
Committee.
This standard was based on the AS 1470 1986 on the ‘Health and safety at work Principles
- -
and practices’ in which a number of clearly defined trends in safety management were
incorporated, viz:
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(i) the control of conditions that result in personal damage in the longer term, e.g.
excessive noise;
(b) Promulgation of the International Office’s Convention 155, to extend the scope of the
term ‘health’, in relation to work, to include all physical and mental elements affecting
health and directly related to safety and hygiene at work.
(c) Compliance with legislation, in several States, which requires formal consultative
arrangements at workplaces to promote employee participation in safety and health
matters.
Recent extensions of the role and functions of safety management require a thorough
knowledge of the accident phenomenon, as well as the need for recourse to assistance from
the specialised disciplines of ergonomics, industrial hygiene, system safety, and loss control.
This standard is intended to supersede MS 426 : 1976 on ‘Code of Practice for general
principles for safe working in industry’.
(vii)
MS 426: 1994
1.1 Scope
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This standard sets out recommendations aimed at promoting the safety, health and
well-being of persons in the workplace.
1.2 Purpose
The purpose of this standard is to outline the action which should be taken by
employers and employees in all occupational groups in order to achieve healthy, and
safe working conditions. It reflects the three main bases for concern for occupational
safety and health, viz:
Society strongly disapproves of those persons who show a lack of concern for
the well-being of others, such as employers who do little about the safety of their
employees and those employees who pay insufficient regard to their own safety
and health and that of their colleagues, and to the security of their dependants.
(b) Legal
Under common law, however, employers also have a duty to take reasonable
care for the safety and health of their employees. An employer’s duty of care
for the safety and health of employees involves the provision of:
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MS 426 : 1994
(c) Economic
Lack of safety imposes penalties such as the loss of earnings, the costs of
insurance, lost production of goods and services, overtime, damage to plant,
and resulting industrial disruption.
To meet these obligations and successfully ‘manage’ the problem of safety and
health in the workplace, a key requirement for employers and occupiers is to
develop a safety and health policy and introduce the necessary organization and
administrative arrangements for its application.
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This calls for a commitment to safety at the most senior level of the
organization, the continued involvement of employees, and the deliberate
application of management skills to the implementation of the policy. It will
usually involve the development of safety and health programs tailored to the
specific needs of the organization. The structure and scope of such programs
will depend on a number of factors which take into account the nature and size
of the enterprise.
1.3 Application
The requirements apply primarily to the prevention of personal damage but apply also
to the minimization of property damage.
The concepts are applicable to the whole range of conditions or events at work that
can damage the individual with varying degrees of severity, either rapidly or over a
period of time.
NOTE. Attention is drawn to the need to refer to specific standards and reference documents relevant to
individual operations, hazards and/or industries.
1.5 Definitions
1.5.1 Accident
Any occurrence arising out of and in the course of employment which results in
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1.5.2 Employees
Persons engaged in activities for an employer for which they receive direct payment
or remuneration.
1.5.3 Employer
A physical barrier that prevents the entry of any part of the body into an area that is
hazardous.
1.5.5 Harmfulprocesses
1.5.6 Harmfulsubstances
Substances which alone or in combination with others are or could become toxic,
irritant, explosive, flammable, corrosive, or obnoxious, and for which special
precautions are required.
1.5.7 Hazard
1.5.8 Health
(b) the physical and mental elements affecting health which are directly related to
safety and hygiene at work.
1.5.9 Incident
An event or a sequence of events that are unplanned but has the potential to result
in injury and/or property damage and/or economic loss.
1.5.10 Management
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MS 426: 1994
Any damage to a person which arises out of and in the course of employment. The
term includes work injuries, occupational disease, and work-connected disabilities.
1.5.12 Practicable
(ii) the state of knowledge about the hazard or risk; and ways of removing or
mitigating that hazard or risk;
(iii) the availability and suitability of ways to remove or mitigate that hazard or risk;
1.5.14 Risk
1.5.15 Safeguard
A screen, barrier, guard or safety device designed to protect persons from personal
damage.
1.5.16 Safety
The provision and control of work environment systems and human behaviour which,
together, give relative freedom from those conditions and circumstances which can
cause personal damage.
The word ‘shall’ is to be understood as mandatory and the word ‘should’ as non-
mandatory, advisory or recommended.
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Specific written instructions prepared for the purpose of providing for operations or
processes to be carried out in a safe manner.
1.5.19 Workplace
NOTE. Although this definition includes all places of work, some of the requirements of this standard for
‘workplaces’ may not be applicable or appropriate for mobile workplaces. Special provisions will need to
be made for such work places.
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SECTION 2. RESPONSIBILITIES
2.1 General
Employers, employees, governments, industry associations and trade unions all have
an important role to play in establishing, promoting and maintaining safe and healthy
working environments.
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2.2 Employers
(a) Setting out in writing their policy and arrangements in the field of occupational
safety and health and bringing this information to the notice of employees in
language they readily understand.
(b) Controlling or eliminating hazards at work and, where appropriate, the provision
of protective clothing.
(c) Providing adequate supervision of work, of work practices and of the application
and use of occupational safety and health measures.
(d) Giving necessary instructions and training, taking account of the functions and
capacities of employees.
(e) Providing, where necessary, for measures to deal with emergencies and
accidents, including adequate first-aid arrangements, and for rehabilitation.
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MS 426: 1994
(g) Keeping such records relevant to occupational safety and health and the working
environment as are considered necessary by the competent authorities. These
might include records of all accidents and personal damage which arise in the
course of or in connection with work, records of authorization and exemptions
under laws or regulations in the field and any conditions to which they may be
subject, certificates relating to supervision of the health of employees in the
enterprise, and data concerning exposure to specified substances and agents.
conduct those activities in such a way as will ensure, so far as is practicable, that
nothing about the manner in which each business is conducted makes it unsafe or
a risk to the safety or health of not only their own employees but also persons not in
their employment.
2.3 Employees
(a) Take reasonable care for their own safety and that of other persons who may
be affected by their acts or omissions;
(b) Cooperate in the fulfilment of the obligations placed upon their employer;
(c) Comply with instructions given for their own safety and health and those of
others and with safety and health procedures;
(d) Use safety devices and protective equipment correctly and not render them
inoperative;
(e) Report forthwith to their immediate supervisor any situation which they have
reason to believe could present a hazard; and
(f) Report any accident or injury to health which arises in the course of or in
connection with their work.
2.4 Governments
(a) Promote improvements in the quality of the working environment, including safe
and healthy work practices and workplaces;
(b) Consult with employer and employee organizations prior to the introduction of
legislation;
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(c) Enact legislation concerning occupational safety and health and the working
environment which is consistently and effectively enforced by an adequate and
appropriate system of inspection and which includes penalties for breaches of
the laws and regulations;
(d) Cooperate in the adoption, so far as is practicable, of uniform standards for safe
and healthy working environments and work practices;
(e) Provide guidance to employers and employees to help them comply with legal
obligations;
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(h) Monitor the health of people in the workplace, including the incidence and
prevalence of work-related injuries and disease; and
(a) Identify the safety and health problems for occupations of their members;
(c) Cooperate with and assist government, employer, and industry associations in
developing preventive strategies in occupational safety and health.
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(b) Any substance for use at work is free from avoidable risks to safety or health
when properly used; and
(c) Adequate information is made available about the correct installation and use
of machinery and equipment or use of substances and about any condition
necessary to ensure that it will be free from avoidable risk to safety or health
when properly used.
(a) Identify safety and health problems within the enterprises of their members, or
in enterprises within the same industry or utilizing similar substances or
processes;
(b) Communicate these problems to their members, and other enterprises within the
same industry and
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3.1 General
The principal objectives for safe and healthy working are to prevent personal and
property damage, and to promote the safety, health and well-being of persons in the
workplace.
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3.3.1 General
The four major sources of information which can be used for control of personal or
property damage are as follows
(a) Enterprise experience (i.e. information from within the enterprise).
(b) Industry and occupational experience (i.e. information from industry associations,
trade unions, national and international bodies).
(c) Professional and academic information (i.e. information from scientific bodies,
engineers, medical doctors, hygienists).
Information within an individual enterprise may exist in at least three forms as follows:
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Information from industry associations and trade unions provides important data,
(b) The ways by which the energy can be released in an unexpected form;
(c) The personal and property damage which is possible as a result of the release
of energy; and
3.4 Predictions
However, the history and experience of one enterprise will rarely provide enough data
for adequate prediction. Therefore, data from other enterprises and from the industry
and occupation as a whole may be required for comparative and predictive purposes.
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MS 426: 1994
The extent to which each factor can be controlled needs to be assessed realistically.
This will often require a comparison of:
Such assessment should also take notice that control of the behaviour of people is
less dependable, less durable, and often more expensive than control of physical
conditions or reduction of hazards at their source.
The process of developing and introducing change involves eight stages, as follows:
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MS 426 : 1994
The changes can be implemented more effectively if the people required to make
them are involved in each of these stages of the task.
An essential element in the safety programs of all enterprises, large and small, is the
need to provide for adequate communication concerning
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MS 426 : 1994
The achievement of safety and health at work requires coordinated efforts by all
members of an enterprise and a genuine commitment to minimize personal and
property damage. This requires the commitment of adequate resources to ensure
management coordination and support for the establishment and maintenance of
specific safety and health programs.
Management at all levels should cooperate to provide, observe, and supervise safe
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working practices and procedures in all work situations. Reduction of personal and
property damage is best achieved by directing efforts towards seeking changes which
will minimize the likelihood of future accidents rather than by attempting to lay blame
for the past.
A direct result of such an effort is the improvement of the physical, mental, and social
well-being of people in the enterprise both on and off the job. Indirectly, the
enterprise also benefits financially as a result of the reduced personal and property
damage.
Improvements in employees’ safety and health are best achieved through reducing
hazards at the source and modifying the workplace to fit the needs of people, rather
than through modifying the behaviour of people or adapting the people to fit the
demands of a hazardous workplace.
Maximum emphasis should be placed on identification and implementation of
preventive measures developed from an analysis of the hazards present. Ideally, this
should be in advance of any initial accident, which may serve as a catalyst for the
development of control measures.
Management is responsible for ensuring that all aspects of the employer’s policy on
safety and health in the workplace are achieved in conjunction with the attainment
of other aims of the organization.
Management assigns to line management not only responsibility for the work to be
done but also responsibility for safety at the workplace. Accordingly, line
management must have the means, knowledge, skills, and authority to achieve the
safety policy objectives.
The implementation and continuation of a safety and health policy requires the
cooperation of all parties in the work force, the preparedness of management to ‘lead
by example’, and regular formal or informal interaction between all levels of
management, supervision, and other employees, including the following
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MS 426:1994
(a) Use of daily informal contacts between supervisors and employees to ensure
that the need for safety and health at work is kept well in mind.
(d) Encouragement for reporting hazards, perhaps through safety and health
• suggestion schemes, and implementation of prompt action to remedy all
identified hazards.
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(e) Active support and contribution to safety and health committees, including
worker-elected representatives.
(f) Insistence that safety and health rules and instructions be observed by all levels
of management and employees.
In establishing programs for safety and health in the work place, management may
need to seek expert advice from outside persons or organizations. Depending on the
size of the enterprise, it may need to weigh the advantages of establishing its own
accident prevention section with full-time practitioners against the employment of
accident prevention and occupational health consultants on a part-time basis.
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MS 426 : 1994
(b) Occupational health services, which integrate the medical, hygiene and general
environmental activities of an organization for the prime purpose of preventing
occupational illness or injury and promoting the health and well-being of the
workforce (see Section 7).
(d) Fire protection, which deals specifically with fire hazards, fire protection
engineering, and fire-fighting measures.
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(f) Loss control, which examines foreseeable potential damage to people, property,
or production, estimates the cost of loss from such damage, and ensures that
action is taken to control or minimize such costs.
(g) Risk management, which involves the identification, analysis and evaluation of
risk and the selection of the most advantageous way of combating it.
All government departments responsible for legislation covering the various aspects
of safe working in industry are available for advice on legislation and practical
aspects of industrial safety and health.
• 16
MS 426 :1994
Every enterprise shall establish an occupational safety and health policy which will
ensure that all levels of management and supervision understand their responsibilities
for maintaining safety and health in the workplace and ensuring that employees’
rights are met.
(c) Include a commitment by the employer to provide a safe and healthy workplace;
(f) Clearly state the accident prevention responsibilities of all persons in the
enterprise;
(g) Seek the cooperation of all employees to achieve the aims of the policy;
To ensure that safety and health policies succeed, senior management must not only
have an active commitment to, but also demonstrate a personal and persistent
enthusiasm for, accident prevention and maintenance of workers’ health. The
personal aspect is vital and cannot be delegated. Interest and enthusiasm cannot
be maintained if both success and failure elicit the same response.
For safety and health in the workplace to be controlled in any enterprise, the following
are required
(a) Regular audits of the workplace to identify potential problem areas and adoption
of plan(s) for necessary control action.
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MS 426 : 1994
(b) Analysis of work procedures to identify hazards and establish the reason for
their existence.
(c) Review of new plant, equipment and substances (e.g. chemicals) to be used
prior to their purchase, installation and commissioning, to ensure that necessary
safety standards are met.
(d) Collation of case histories of past incidents that resulted in personal injury or
ill-health and analysis of the incidence of accident and damage.
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(e) Awareness of industry accident experience outside the enterprise and the action
taken to prevent repetition.
(f) Development of safe working practices and procedures embodying correct trade
and technical practices with appropriate training in the use of those procedures.
The composition of the safety committee should be the subject of negotiation at the
workplace and should represent the interests of all the work force without becoming
so large that the conduct of the business is impeded.
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MS 426:1994
(a) Take reasonable steps to keep themselves informed of the legal requirements
relating to the safety and health of people at work, particularly those they
• represent;
(b) Be aware of any particular hazards of the workplace and the measures
necessary to eliminate or minimize the risk from these hazards;
(c) Know the safety and health policy of the enterprise and the organizational
arrangements for implementing it;
(d) Encourage consultation between employer and employees in. promoting and
developing essential safety and health measures and checking their
effectiveness; and
(e) Bring to the employer’s notice any hazardous or unhealthy conditions, working
practices, or unsatisfactory welfare arrangements.
(I) Information about safety plans and performance, and any proposed changes
affecting the safety and health of employees.
(ii) Technical information about safety and health hazards, and precautions
necessary to eliminate or minimize them.
(iii) Information about processes, systems of work and substances in use, including
relevant data provided by consultants or designers, or the manufacturer or
supplier of any article or substance used, or proposed to be used, by
employees.
(iv) Any other information specifically related to matters affecting the safety and
health of people at work.
Safety representatives need close relationships with other safety personnel to enable
them to deal with hazards, develop a common approach, and gain knowledge which
complements their responsibility to the group they represent.
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MS 426 : 1994
5.5 Communication
(a) The same kind of thinking or ‘quality of thought’ is given to safety and health as
is given to production; and
(b) The practical belief that the effect of what is done is far greater than what is
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Thus, every efficient and effective safety inspection, every thorough investigation of
an accident, and every improvement in the workplace environment communicates
management’s desire for safe working. Likewise, comprehensive, clear and precise
working procedures provide a sound basis for training. Training sessions and safety
meetings can lead to the implementation of safe working procedures without delay.
These formal activities may be considered as forms of mass communication. Of at
least equal importance are the informal face-to-face contacts where safety and health
matters can be discussed in the context of:
5.6.1 General
Such procedures may be classified into three groups, viz., operating procedures,
maintenance procedure, management and supervisory procedures, so that all aspects
of work are covered. The procedures should
(a) Be designed so that they become the normal way of working;
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MS 426 : 1994
(c) Provide a level of training beyond the normal requirements of the work;
(d) Provide a common frame of reference that will allow people to communicate
effectively;
5.6.3 Goals
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Goals must be positive and realistic and must be seen to be achievable by the work
force. Goals should not be based solely on the past performance of the enterprise
concerned. The potential for improvement may be assessed by review of
performance of similar enterprises together with the study of the main causes of poor
performance and consideration of what action can be takento counter these causes
and the likely effectiveness of that action.
It is not easy to define occupational safety and health goals; however, they should
be set to aid administrative decision making. Consequently, they can be expressed
in a variety of ways such as a reduction of work place hazards, or a reduction of
personal or property damage (actual or potential). The reductio~iof injury frequency
rates and dollar-costs are also important goals. However, they are, at best, historical
measures and cannot be relied on solely to measure the achievements in safety
management.
5.7.1 General
(d) Control of noise, vibration, atmospheric contaminants, radiation and heat stress,
etc.
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MS 426: 1994
(e) Work rotation and limiting rotation times, to limit exposure to environmental
stress.
5.7.3.1 General
The monitoring of the current safety and health standards of workplaces should be
maintained at a number of levels of surveillance. The specific purpose of these
activities is to ensure that occupational safety and health standards fully satisfy legal
requirements and those of the enterprise’s written safety policies, objectives, and
programs.
(d) Exposed to potentially harmful substances e.g. chemicals, lead, asbestos and
dust, or excessive energy of any kind, e.g. heat, noise, radiation, electric shock,
in excess of the prescribed levels.
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MS 426 : 1994
A safety survey is a detailed examination of a narrower field of activity, e.g. key areas
revealed by safety audits, particular plants, or specific problems common to an
enterprise as a whole. A safety survey should be followed by a formal report and
monitored.
5.7.3.5 Follow-up
The terms used in the foregoing section, i.e. safety audits, safety surveys, workplace
inspections, though having specific connotations will inevitably involve differences in
interpretation. Collectively, they constitute a form of critical examination of the
enterprise’s stated objectives, provided that all persons participating in them
understand and observe the following
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MS 426: 1994
(a) The need for immediate action to correct any deficiencies in procedures or
inspections.
(b) The need to check that unauthorized changes of working methods or
unacceptable habits, such as taking short cuts, are not developing.
Not with standing the above, it may not be practicable to remove all hazards from the
workplace and it is therefore essential that persons are experienced in the work
environment and the use of inspection, audit, and survey techniques.
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When inspection programmes are being planned, the experience within the workforce
should be recognized. All employees should be encouraged to assist and participate
in safety inspections by providing input into checklists and by being personally
involved in regular inspections. This involvement will not only increase employees’
awareness of workplace hazards, but will also emphasize the importance that
management places on safety and health matters.
5.8.1 General
Accidents occur for a variety of reasons, but personal fault finding contributes little
to minimizing them. What is necessary is an effective system of reporting accidents,
followed by skilled analysis of the data obtained, with a view to identifying measures
that need to be taken to prevent further similar occurrences. Accident reporting and
analysis should, therefore, be undertaken by appropriately trained staff.
The uniform reporting of occupational injuries and diseases and the collection,
recording and analysis of data concerning them is requisite to the following
(a) Management for whom such data will be of assistance in:
(I) identifying measures that need to be taken to prevent further similar
occurrences;
(ii) selecting the priorities for preventive action; and
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MS 426 : 1994
5.8.3 Principles
There are two principles of efficient accident and incident reporting, as follows:
(a) Full, thorough, and factual investigation as soon as possible after the accident,
with findings documented at each stage of the investigation.
5.8.4 Responsibility
The responsibility for the investigation and compilation of reports of accidents rests
with the management.
Initial accident reports should be completed by the supervisor concerned and should
be forwarded to line management. Subsequent investigations should be conducted
by the safety specialist in conjunction with the supervisor; more serious accidents
resulting in severe personal damage or disasters may also be investigated by
governmental or insurance representatives. To obtain a complete and factual record,
all those involved or who witnessed the accident should be consulted.
For accidents resulting in personal damage, the report completed by medical service
personnel should record the employee’s history of the accident in his own words.
Accident investigations must be conducted with employees’ full understanding that
the details recorded on the accident report form will not be used for disciplinary
purposes. It needs to be emphasized continually that the aim is to obtain facts rather
than to assign fault. There must be no misunderstanding about, or misuse of, the
information disclosed during investigations. Any suspicion by employees that
someone will be penalized could lead to misleading or incomplete information being
supplied. In turn, management might take inappropriate action, leaving the real
causes of the accident unknown and uncorrected.
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MS 426 : 1994
Information from investigations and accident reports may form basic data for
periodical statistical analysis.
Critical analyses should be made of the workplace to ascertain areas and operations
within which an emergency situation could arise. An emergency plan should be
prepared, incorporating the following
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(d) Liaison with public authorities and the need for some enterprises to have a
disaster plan to protect the nearby community.
(h) Communications.
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SECTION 6. PERSONNEL
6.1 Placement
Employees should be assigned only to tasks which they can perform safely and
without adverse effects to their health. Where doubt exists, advice should be sought
from specialist staff with a knowledge of industry. For tasks in which a high degree
of operating skill and correct procedures are critical, standards of competence should
be defined and measures taken to ensure they are met.
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6.2.1 General
Any temporary disability which may influence an employee’s safe working practice
should be noted and, if necessary, the work modified accordingly.
6.2.3 Transitory factors/disabilities
In addition to the above, the impairment of employee abilities and judgements caused
through the use of alcohol, drugs, or a combination of alcohol and certain
medications can be of considerable significance in respect of accident causation.
27
MS 426 : 1994
6.3 Training
6.3.1 General
All levels of management and employees should be trained and understand their
respective responsibilities to maintain a safe and healthy working environment.
6.3.2 Management training
(b) Their responsibility and accountability for the safety and health of employees at
work;
(c) Practices and procedures to ensure responsibilities are met, particularly the
importance of senior management’s involvement in safety matters; and
(b) Provision of effective communication between management and the work force.
(c) Interpretation of occupational safety and health legislation and work instructions.
(e) Continual instruction of all (i.e. old and new) employees when the necessity
arises.
(f) On going monitoring of work practices to detect and correct any dangerous acts
and conditions in the workplace.
(g) Reporting and correct investigation of all accidents, including those not involving
personal or property damage.
28
MS 426: 1994
The behaviour patterns of some employees and their lack of skill or knowledge about
the job can be contributory factors to accidents. This situation can be influenced
substantially by personalized safety training which is effective not only in re-orienting
the employee’s thinking about the job, but in inducing improved work habits.
6.3.5 Induction
The induction process gives management the opportunity to communicate to new and
relocated employees both its basic safety obligations and their responsibilities on
safety and health matters. The occupational safety and health policy and programs
should be projected as a balanced obligation between the organization and the
employee, each having a role to play and interdependent for help and cooperation
in reducing accidents.
All new employees should be given a detailed explanation of safety and health rules
applying in their particular workplaces, and be advised of any particular hazards
associated with them. Special measures should be taken to ensure that those
employees not familiar with the National language fully understand the training given
to them.
6.4 Supervision
The line supervisor has a key role to play in implementing an occupational safety and
health program. Supervisors are directly involved with safety at the workface and
have the most intimate knowledge of work practices and the employees under their
control. To employees, the supervisor represents management; to management, the
supervisor provides a direct means of communication and contact with the workforce.
Supervisors able to communicate effectively are invaluable in interpreting the
requirements of safety legislation, instructions, etc., and in resolving
misunderstandings between management and workforce.
29
MS 426: 1994
(e) Particular attention is paid at times of change, e.g. new employees, new, or
increased quantities of materials, new methods or new machinery.
Even given the active interest of management, an occupational safety and health
policy, appointment of appropriate safety personnel, and involvement of employees
in safety and health activities, the success or otherwise of any program still relies
heavily on the role of the line supervisor. Effective safety work depends on a
supervisor’s specialized knowledge coupled with general management skills.
The supervisor, however, needs motivation and must have the active support of
management. The supervisor cannot be expected to perceive safety and health
issues at the workplace as a predominant role unless this is dearly, consistently, and
continuously promoted by management.
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MS 426: 1994
7.1 General
the materials being handled, the product being produced, and the impact of the
operation on the general environment. It should enhance the well-being, safety, and
productivity of the worker, reduce absenteeism and staff turnover, and contribute to
the health of the community.
7.2 Service
7.3 Staff
In the larger organizations, the service should include staff with formal training at
tertiary level in occupational health, occupational hygiene, occupational nursing, and
ergonomics. These personnel should report directly to an official at the policy-making
level of management. In smaller organizations, professional staff should be engaged
according to needs of the work force and the identified and potential health hazards
of the workplace. In very small organizations, nominated members of senior staff
• should acquire knowledge of the occupational hazards to which employees are
exposed and have access to professionalS advice.
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MS 426: 1994
(e) Ergonomist.
(f) Other paramedical (e.g. first aid services), administrative, and technical
personnel.
7.4 Role of the service
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(f) Rehabilitation.
The service should also be responsible for routine monitoring and reporting of
the working environment. This would involve the assessment of dust, fume,
noise, ionizing radiation, non-ionizing radiation, temperature, chemicals, and
other factors affecting safety and health.
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MS 426: 1994
Provision should be made for basic first aid training of operating and supervisory
personnel, either on site or through a recognized establishment. Where
appropriate, such training may need extending to include special first aid
treatment appropriate to a particular or unique work environment.
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7.5 Records
Records should be kept of all activities in this field by adequately trained personnel;
in some instances, records may have to be kept for several years for epidemiological
or statutory purposes.
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MS 426 : 1994
8.1 General
Employers should provide and maintain workplaces and the accesses thereto,
machinery and equipment, and work methods that are safe and without risk to health,
consistent with this standard.
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8.2.1 General
A major proportion of many persons’ lives is spent in the working environment, and
every effort should be made to create and maintain a healthy and safe environment.
Significant factors to be taken into account will depend upon, for example, the type,
size, nature, and complexity to the industry, together with location, geographic
conditions, and economic considerations.
Detailed attention should be given to at least the following
(b) Strength and stability of the structures involved, including strength and design
of floors of working areas and walkways.
(c) The use of structural materials, furniture, and fittings which minimize the risk of
personal exposure to harmful substances and chemicals in the event of fire, e.g.
urea formaldehyde.
(d) Provision of sufficient floor space to accommodate people, plant, machinery, and
material without congestion or risk of collision.
(e) The adequacy and suitability of ancillary services, such as change rooms, first
aid and rest rooms, toilets, and potable water.
(iii) heating, cooling, and ventilation, e.g. general and local exhaust.
(g) Arrangements for maintenance, and cleaning of structures, plant, and machinery
to ensure order and hygiene in the workplace.
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MS 426:1994
(h) The supply, maintenance, and use of reliable personal protective equipment.
~) Measures to resist the spread of fire through, for example, training all staff in the
vicinity of flammable and explosive substances to minimize the risk of
uncontrolled escape or accumulation, and the placement of detection and fire-
fighting equipment. Where appropriate, a disaster program/centre to protect the
general community should also be established.
(k) The safety of persons required to work in situations where departure from
standard procedures may result in hazardous situations, e.g. work in confined
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spaces.
(m) Adequate means of communication, so that safety, health, and rescue needs are
fully known.
(n) Provision of non-slip flooring and work surfaces, changes of level in work
surfaces, and regular floor cleaning.
(p) Provision of sufficient storage, hazardous and general waste disposal, packing,
etc. to aid general housekeeping.
(q) Nature of work and the working arrangements.
(r) The design of machinery and equipment to satisfy ergonomic considerations and
so minimize exposure to hazards.
(s) The design, appropriateness, and maintenance of hand tools for work to be
undertaken.
(t) The periodic inspection of electrical appliances and their operation through
approved protective devices.
(a) Provision of appropriate types of warning signs, markers, and protective clothing.
(b) Training and instruction to ensure that traffic is diverted from, or prevented from
entering, the work zone.
(c) Work not being commenced until all safety precautions have been effected and
traffic brought under control.
35
MS 426: 1994
(d) Employees being provided with high visibility protective clothing, which for work
at night or in conditions of poor lighting shall be reflectorized, with the use of
such clothing being mandatory.
Depending on the nature of the industry, other factors and occupational health
hazards may also require detailed attention.
8.3.1 General
(ii) Modification of the workplace by visual contrast, colours, adequate bench space,
seating, ventilation, lighting, and cabin operation (isolating employee).
(iv) Identification of hazardous areas through provision of warning signs, lights, and
aural signals.
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MS 426 : 1994
8.4.1 General
Clearly defined safe means of access to and egress from work places need to be
provided in all cases. Special attention should be given to the following
(c) The strength, dimensions, and stability of stair-ways, ladders, and platforms, to
comply with the relevant standards.
(d) Access for maintenance and repair of structures, machinery, and plant, to
comply with the relevant standards.
(e) Lighting and identifying means during bad weather and/or during hours of
darkness.
(f) Access for emergency vehicles and rescue equipment during and after normal
hours of work.
Emergency lighting should be provided and maintained to ensure the safety of all
persons in the workplace and to permit safe evacuation if necessary, even during
power failures. Where applicable, such systems should comply with and maintained
in accordance with the relevant standards.
The number, size and position of emergency exits should be sufficient to enable all
persons in the workplace to quickly reach places of safety in an emergency. All exits
should open outwards and be conspicuously identified by signs illuminated by natural
or emergency lighting.
No emergency exit should be fastened or obstructed against egress during periods
of occupancy.
• 37
MS 426: 1994
8.4.5.1 General
Precautions necessary to prevent falls and to minimize their effects entail constant
attention to housekeeping.
8.4.5.2 Openings and edges
All openings and edges where there is a risk of falling to a lower level should be
guarded by guard railings. Where it is not possible to have permanent railings, then
covers or removable railings or other means should be provided to prevent falls.
Guard railings and covers should be of adequate strength and firmly supported.
Surfaces on which persons stand or walk should be sufficiently even to afford a safe
foothold, with consideration being given to the inclusion of permanent non-slip
surfaces. The surfaces should, where practicable, be free from holes, projections
and obstructions which may create risk of stumbling, and should not be allowed to
become slippery through wear, spillage of water, oil, or other material. Where
slipping is especially dangerous, adequate handholds and guard railings should be
provided.
Where a number of different materials are used on walking surfaces, rapid and
significant changes in the coefficient of friction of the surfaces should be avoided.
The influence of liquids on walking surfaces should be taken into account. In some
instances, the performance or characteristics of the soles of shoes must be enquired
into and appropriate choices made.
Safety nets, safety belts, lifelines or other adequate means of protection should be
provided for persons working at heights where it is not practicable to provide a safe
foothold or adequate guarding.
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MS 426 : 1994
Facilities that need to be provided will depend upon a variety of factors including the
nature of work, the number of persons engaged, the locality, the climate and the
mobility of people, including the handicapped and people in wheelchairs.
(a) Toilet facilities, including washing points, soap, towels, showers, receptacles,
mirrors, and shelves.
(b) Sanitary facilities, including water closets/urinals and sanitary pad disposal.
(d) Lighting and colour of the work environment and facilities, e.g. rest rooms.
(f) Drinking water facilities including the capacity and temperature of the water
su~ipIy,and the location and cleanliness of the outlets.
(g) Dining and lunch facilities.
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MS 426: 1994
9.1 . Responsibility
Employers shall ensure as far as is practicable that machinery, plant and equipment
is safe and without risks when used properly. This requires having the application
of hazard analysis procedures at the design stage together with procedures which
specifically relate to the following
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(b) Installation.
(e) Operation.
(f) Maintenance.
Where practicable, manufacturers shall ensure that their product complies with the
requirements of this and other appropriate standards, e.g. hearing conservation
control.
When preparing documents for the design, repair, procurement or hire of machinery,
plant and equipment, either from a manufacturer, importer, supplier, or a service
within the same enterprise, the employer shall also ensure that the specifications are
in compliance with the relevant requirements of this standard, any other appropriate
standard, the requirements of statutory authorities, together with other recognized
good practices (which shall be in writing).
9.3 Installation
The installation, spacing, clearance, services and foothold around machinery, plant
and equipment shall be such as to ensure
(a) stability, safe operation, access and supervision,
(b) satisfactory facilities for maintenance work, operating adjustments and cleaning,
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MS 426 :1994
(c) adequate space for handling materials and parts to or from machines and for
work in progress.
Before any machinery, plant or equipment is brought into operation, measures shall
be taken to ensure that
(a) Machinery, plant or equipment is not used or operated until it has been
ascertained that such use or operation does not expose any person to risk of
injury;
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Job safety training and instructions form the basis for operator safety training.
Supervisory and operating staff should be completely familiar with~correcttraining and
operating techniques. It is important to emphasize that methods of operation,
training, instruction, testing, auditing and monitoring must be kept up-to-date.
9.6 Operation
The continuing safe operation of machinery, plant and equipment requires strict
adherence to precise safety instructions that relate to the functioning of all installed
items. Measures are to be taken to ensure that no machinery, plant or equipment
is used or operated at any time until it has been ascertained that such use or
operation does not expose any person to hazard.
9.7 Maintenance
9.8 Protection
9.8.1 Philosophy
41
MS 426: 1994
Portions of machinery, plant and equipment being processed that are not constructed
or positioned so as to be permanently, safe should be guarded or screened to the
greatest possible extent, and specific procedures should be implemented so as to
prevent injury to employees or other persons. The basic principle is that, unless a
danger point or area is safe by virtue of design or its position, the machinery should
be provided with an appropriate safeguard which eliminates danger before access to
the danger point or area can be achieved.
Guards should not interfere with the controls nor hamper the operation or regular
maintenance of the machine or unit to which they are attached. The fitting of a guard
should, in itself, not create a hazard. In this regard, particular attention should be
given to ergonomic aspects such as
(e) Lighting.
42
MS 426 : 1994
Before the removal of any guard, the machinery, plant or equipment shall be isolated
from all motive power and the isolator locked in tile isolated position. The isolator
should preferably be of the type which can be locked using padlock and key. Danger
tags complying with the relevant standard should be affixed to the isolator to prevent
unauthorize operation. The machinery, plant or equipment shall remain isolated
during the period the guard is not effective. Where appropriate, permit-to-work
systems should be established to avoid exposure to hazards (e.g. work in confined
spaces).
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9.9.1 Standardization
All starting controls should be situated so that they cannot be operated accidentally.
Start buttons shall be shrouded and coloured green.
Where devices operated from a single central control point cannot be readily seen
from that control point, positive signalling equipment and a suitable instrument display
should be installed and a prescribed procedure followed that can be understood by
all, so that ample warning will be given before starting.
All power-operated devices should be equipped with readily accessible and clearly
distinguishable means for cutting off power to the device. In each location where
there is a start control there shall be a stop control, which should be coloured red.
Emergency stop buttons should preferably be of mushroom shape, coloured red and
readily accessible.
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MS 426: 1994
All power-driven machinery or equipment shall have a control for isolating it from all
sources of power, whether electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, mechanical or other.
The isolator shall be either on the machine, or in close proximity to it, and shall be
clearly visible, readily accessible, and clearly identified.
There shall be provision for the manual locking of the isolator in the isolated position,
except where the machinery or equipment is supplied through removable plug or
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coupling.
Boilers, unfired pressure vessels, and gas cylinders, and their fittings and
attachments should be designed and constructed so that they will be of sufficient
strength to sustain the internal pressure to which they will be subjected, and in all
cases shall comply with the requirements of the relevant authority.
All such equipment shall be subject to adequate and regular inspection and tests to
ensure that the risk of failure or leakage is reduced to the minimum.
Lifts, hoists and rope haulages, including their ropes, fittings, and cages, which are
used for the transfer of materials or persons shall be designed, constructed, installed
and operated in accordance with the requirements of the relevant authority and,
where appropriate, with respect to the requirements of the disabled.
The machinery, ropes and appliances used for handling and transporting material or
persons shall be regularly inspected and subjected to such tests as are necessary
to establish the soundness of those parts which are vital to the safety of any person.
Maintenance and repair work should be adequate to provide for safe operation at all
times.
Where practicable and necessary, the lifts, hoists and haulages should be fitted with
adequate overwind and overspeed control devices.
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MS 426 : 1994
Care should be taken to ensure that, during its operation, conveying and elevating
machinery is not loaded in excess of its rated capacity.
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45
MS 426 : 1994
10.1 General
The stacking and storage of materials requires constant attention so that no facet of
the operations presents hazards to employees or to other persons in the area. Both
temporary and permanent storage should be neat and orderly. Materials piled
haphazardly or strewn about increase the possibility of personal and property
damage.
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MS 426 : 1994
(m) The need for inspection for damage prior to storage of containers.
Material should be identified and classified and stored according to its flammable or
hazardous nature. Dependent upon this classification, the compatibility of the
individual substances must be taken into account prior to their being stored together.
The methods of stacking materials and the height of the stacks should take account
of the following considerations
(a) Stability of the material or packages.
(b) Shape of the material (objects) to be stacked and any special precautions, e.g.
stacking of round objects.
(e) Form in which the material is delivered, e.g. palletable unit loads.
(h) Extent to which employees may have to reach in order to remove materials.
All parts of buildings and structures should be capable of safely withstanding all loads
10.3.1 Genera!
47
MS 426: 1994
10.3.2 Equipment
Appropriately designed mechanical devices and aids to materials handling should be
readily available and
(a) Have adequate capacity and be suitable for the work involved;
(b) Be clearly marked to indicate safe working loads and necessary controls;
(c) Not produce airborne contaminants in excess of specified levels, e.g. carbon
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monoxide; and
(d) Where necessary, be approved by the appropriate authority.
10.3.3 Instructions
10.4.1 Genera!
Manual handling injuries are sustained most frequently during the lifting or setting
down of loads, but they also occur in the carrying, stacking, pushing, pulling, rolling,
sliding and wheeling of loads, in the operation of levers and other mechanical
devices, and in the maintenance of unbalanced postures while performing these
tasks. Aggravating factors include the following
(b) Gross or repeated overloading of the spine, lifting with a bent back or with the
object held well out from the body or to one side.
48
MS 426:1994
(k) Uncoordinated team lifting and lack or imbalance of strength, skill, stature or
agility.
10.4.2 Prevention
The most effective means of preventing injury is to design tasks to reduce the
stresses imposed by manual handling. In this respect, advice should be sought from
persons trained in ergonomics.
10.5.1 Pavements
Paved surfaces, indoors and outdoors, should have adequate strength to support
loads superimposed by stored material and vehicles. Surfaces should afford safe
movement of material and employees at all times.
10.5.2 Layout
Traffic ways should have adequate width, ample radius at curves, sufficient lanes and
limited gradient to provide safe movement for the size of vehicles and the volume of
traffic.
49
MS 426: 1994
Storage facilities such as hoppers, silos, vats, tanks and bins, and their pipes, fittings
and valves, should be made of material capable of resisting the chemical or abrasive
nature of the substances stored or handled, whether solid, powdered, liquid, or
gaseous, and should be suitable for the maximum pressure and temperature to which
they may be subjected.
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Provision should be made for the holding of flammable or dangerous materials in the
event of spills, damage, or collapse of facilities to prevent the material causing a
dangerous situation.
Where necessary, provision should be made to protect pipes and valves from
mechanical damage.
Hoppers, silos, bins and similar structures containing loose bulk materials should be
designed to minimize the need for entry of persons. Bunkers should be self-cleaning
by having steeply sloping sides and low friction linings or by the provision of other
means to keep material from sticking or clogging. Clearing of blockages should be
possible from outside the container.
10.6.3 Entry into storage facilities
If entry into a hopper, bin, vat, tank or similar structure is unavoidable, a risk of injury
assessment must be conducted by a competent and authorized person. If there are
hazards present, e.g. due to the possible movement of material which may be stored
in or near the bin or from residue from stored material, then written procedures,
including the specification, provision and use of suitable rescue and personal
protective equipment, shall be laid down to cover each situation. All such work shall
be carried out under direct supervision and in accordance with the statutory
requirements.
Pipes, fittings and valves should be arranged so that they can be easily traced, and
50
MS 426:1994
Chemicals are extensively used in modern industry. All people who use or are
exposed to chemicals need to be aware of the hazards and precautions necessary.
Appropriate procedures and precautions must be adopted if hazards are to be
adequately contained.
All persons involved in the use of handling of chemicals should be familiar with the
requirements of those standards appropriate to the chemicals and processes used
and with the requirements of the relevant authorities.
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11.2 Hazards
(a) The nature of the chemical is particularly hazardous, e.g. concentrated acids;
Absorption through the skin can be more common than assumed since some
chemicals can readily pass through healthy, unbroken skin into the bloodstream.
• Inhalation can allow fumes, vapours or dust to pass quickly into the lungs and hence,
sometimes, into the bloodstream and to specific organs, e.g. liver.
Ingestion is the least common form of accidental poisoning and can be caused by
eating with contaminated hands.
(ii) Fire
Many chemicals are fire risks. Others become so if they decompose. Some
give off toxic fumes as a result of the heat of a fire. The consequences of fire
can be particularly severe in areas containing large quantities of chemicals.
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MS 426 : 1994
The location, design and construction of buildings, workrooms, machinery, plant and
equipment, should be such as to prevent harmful exposure of persons to the effects
of chemicals and physical substances.
The design of the building and site layout should include the following
(b) Floors which are impermeable to liquids and designed for easy cleaning.
Material Safety Data Sheets should be provided for each chemical used in the
workplace. It is the duty of the manufacturers, suppliers and importer to make
available at least the following information
(a) chemical product and company identification (including trade or common name
of the chemical and details of the supplier or manufacturer);
(b) composition/information on ingredients (in a way that clearly identifies them for
the purpose of conducting a hazard evaluation);
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MS 426:1994
workplace exposure);
U) physical and chemical properties;
(k) stability and reactivity;
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(m) toxicological information (including the potential routes of entry into the body and
the possibility of synergism with other chemicals or hazards encountered at
work);
(n) ecological information;
(s) other information (including the date of preparation of the chemical safety data
sheet).
NOTE. Attention is drawn to the requirements of the International Labour Office, ILO 177.
(e) Safe and correct operating instructions for the equipment in use.
(f) Hygiene and safety procedures for all regular operations, including plant
maintenance.
53
MS 426 : 1994
(g) Procedures for any foreseeable emergencies which may arise, including the
handling of spillage and any medical supervision required.
It is the responsibility of the user to inform the Fire Services Department of the nature
of the chemicals handled on the site and particularly of any high risk areas.
11.5.3 Security
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(a) Medical supervision and testing (e.g. biochemical tests, X-rays) where
appropriate.
All spillage shall be dealt with immediately in accordance with instructions on the
material safety data sheet, including notification of all persons in the vicinity and,
where appropriate, the relevant authority and emergency services.
All wastes shall be disposed of in a safe and approved way in accordance with the
relevant statutory requirements.
All contaminated containers not intended for re-use must be decontaminated where
necessary, made unusable by puncturing, and disposed of in an approved way. It
is the responsibility of the waste generator to safely dispose the waste.
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MS 426: 1994
This Section gives a very brief outline of what to consider for effective fire control.
Reference should also be made to the appropriate standards for detailed
requirements.
The principal role of structural fire protection is to prevent the collapse of the
structural elements, e.g. columns, beams, if a building is involved in a fire. In a
correctly designed building, heat and smoke will not spread, the occupants will be at
less risk in the event of fire, and damage is likely to be restricted to the point of origin
of the fire.
Good building design principles for fire safety shall at least involve the following
12.3.1 Liquids
Many common liquids give off flammable concentrations of vapour in the air without
being heated-sometimes at well below room temperatures. Petroleum spirit, for
example, gives off ignitable vapours at all temperatures above approximately -40°C.
The vapours are readily ignited by a small spark or flame. Other liquids, as do solids,
need to be heated to a point when sufficient vapour is produced.
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MS 426: 1994
12.3.2 Gases
Gases are commonly stored in pressure vessels; in some cases great pressure is
used to liquefy some or most of the gases. Very unstable gases cannot be stored
in this way, e.g. acetylene, which is liable to decompose violently and is required to
be dissolved in acetone in cylinders.
Compressed gas released from a container expands rapidly. Even small leaks
release relatively large quantities of gas which, given that the gas is within its
explosive limits, can support combustion.
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If cylinders containing liquefied gas are not stored and used as recommended,
defective components may cause leaks which will produce an even greater volume
of gas.
12.3.3 Electrical
Electrical faults and misuse of electrical equipment are high on the list of fire causes.
All electrical apparatus, e.g. machines, wiring, transformers and switches, are
designed to operate at a given current which if exceeded may overheat the
equipment and cause a fire. Short-circuits and earth faults can be caused by
overloaded circuits. Some electrical equipment requires some degree of cooling or
ventilation for safe operation. All electrical installations should comply with the
requirements of the local electricity supply authority.
(a) Electrical equipment should be inspected and tested regularly for defects.
(b) Electrical motors should be mounted on plinths, rather than at floor level, and
should be kept clear of all accumulations of combustible material.
(c) Flexible electrical wire and cables should be kept to a minimum and plugs of the
piggy back type discouraged. Plug/socket connections by flexible cable should
be mechanically protected.
(d) All non-luminous heating equipment should be provided with indicator warning
lamps.
(e) Electrical equipment should be switched off when not in use and, where
appropriate, the plug removed from the socket.
(f) Where possible, core balance earth leakage devices should be permanently
installed.
12.3.4 Explosive atmospheres
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MS 426:1994
An explosion is likely to occur if sources of ignition are also present. The risk is
increased substantially if the atmosphere is rich in oxygen. Automatic detection
devices should be used to indicate a build up of vapours beyond certain acceptable
levels.
Substations and motor control devices should be located in a safe area, thus
reducing the amount of electrical equipment in the hazardous area to a minimum.
(d) Steam, air or gas flowing from any opening in a pipe or hose when the steam
is wet or holds solid particles.
(e) Electrostatic charges in moving dust.
(f) Flowing gas contaminated with metallic oxides, scale particles, etc., orwith liquid
particles or spray (electrification may also result).
The human body is an electrical conductor and, in dry atmospheres, frequently
accumulates very high static charges. Static charges are also generated when a
person is removing clothing, particularly where it contains artificial fibres.
57
MS 426: 1994
(f) Lightning;
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U) Smoking.
Fire prevention begins with the examination and identification of areas and processes
likely tb present a fire hazard. Such examination should include
(a) Type of building construction and general layout;
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MS 426: 1994
Adequate fire-fighting equipment and services of the type suitable for the fires likely
to be encountered should be readily available in all workplaces. All fire-fighting
equipment should be easily identifiable and its correct application stated. It should
be protected from fire damage, conspicuously situated, inspected at regular intervals,
properly maintained, and kept ready for use.
The employer should ensure that personnel trained to use fire-fighting equipment,
materials and services effectively, are readily available during all normal working
periods, and that all supervisors and, where necessary, others are given proper
instruction in the use of that equipment, material and service. All personnel should
know what to do in the event of fire. The employer should ensure that at least one
person present knows the action to be taken should an emergency arise.
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MS 426 : 1994
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MS 426 :1994
All classes of vehicle should be considered, including fork-lifts, cranes and other
specialized equipment, and mechanical aids such as dozers, trenching machines and
road boring equipment.
Experience indicates that serious injuries are common in the use of such specialized
machinery and the requirements of Clauses 13.3.3 and 13.3.4 are particularly
relevant.
While most accidents including vehicles occur on public carriageways, due regard
should be given to accidents arising from the use of roads, traffic ways or parking
areas located on an enterprise’s property or on construction sites.
It is in the enterprise’s interest to regulate traffic flow within plant confines by the use
of appropriate signs and other measures so as to ensure the safety of.employees
and visitors to the plant. Where necessary, additional training programs outlining
precautions and control measures should be conducted.
Compliance with appropriate statutory requirements shall be enforced and standard
traffic signs should be used wherever appropriate.
• NOTE. Supporting material may be derived from relevant authorities.
(a) The drivers of vehicles normally operate away from the direct control of
supervision.
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MS 426 : 1994
(c) The very significant influence of other factors, e.g. alcoholism, drugs, long hours
of driving.
13.1.4 Dispatching
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The assignment of vehicles in good operating condition to handle loads within their
designed capacity, and any legal limitations for journeys of the type for which they
were selected, are prime considerations that relate to efficient operation. When
scheduling, consideration needs to be given to the following
(c) Time of departure to best accomplish these ends, taking into account conditions
such as temperature, humidity, etc.
Schedules should allow time for proper maintenance between journeys and checking
the security and stability of the loads carried.
Vehicle accidents which involve high energy exchanges will produce a great degree
of damage. Impacts with fixed objects, collisions involving one or more vehicles, or
roll-overs in vehicles without adequate protection constitute such energy exchanges.
At higher speeds the risk of fatalities, serious personal injury and major structural
damage increases greatly.
The collapse of the load being transported or the spillage of flammable or toxic
material are accidents with potentially serious consequences and often require the
attendance of specialist emergency services.
NOTE. Attention is especially drawn to the requirements of relevant authorities.
13.3 Procedures
13.3.1 Management
Proper consideration should be given to the following matters if the losses mentioned
in Clause 13.1.1 are to be minimized
(a) Special policy requirements.
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MS 426: 1994
(c) Training.
(d) Vehicle maintenance and records.
13.3.2 Poilcy
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Particular attention should be given during the driver selection process to the
following:
(d) Physical condition and emotional stability, including the need for medical
examination particularly for long-distance drivers.
(e) Previous accident history.
(fl Prospective drivers should be subjected to a road test over the type of route
which would be normally encountered in the type of vehicle for which selection
is being made.
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MS 426: 1994
13.3.4 Training
In most States, the training and certification of persons who are required to operate
large vehicles or mechanical plant is highly recommended.
It is in the interest of the employing enterprise to undertake such training and issue
certificates of competency to avoid negligence claims under Common Law, i.e. the
provision of a safe system of work and provision of competent staff.
No similar constraints, however, apply to the smaller and usually more numerous
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(a) Policy and procedures relating to safe driving and vehicle operation, the issue
of licences where appropriate, and legal liability.
(b) Road safety concepts, including a thorough knowledge of the road laws and
emergency procedures applicable.
(c) Vehicle operation, which includes loading, unloading and also regular checks of
condition.
(d) Correct and safe methods of stowing and securing loads and the need to
regularly check same during transport.
(i) Specific skill training where driving on dirt roads, or where off-road conditions,
trailer equipment, and fog is likely to be encountered.
(ii) Elements of defensive driving.
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MS 426:1994
A suitable log book should be associated with each vehicle or mechanical aid in
which the driver or operator shall record daily usage, all faults and damage from
accidents. Drivers or operators should also be responsible for recording in the
logbook the general condition of the vehicle or mechanical aid, including the
condition/operation of the items essential for safe use.
A recording system for each vehicle operated by the enterprise should be established
on which the following can be recorded
(a) When service/maintenance is required.
Although there is little scope for complete control over journey accidents,
consideration should be given to voluntary employee participation in defensive driving
and alcohol/drug programs, either of an in-house nature or by utilizing programs
provided by outside organizations.
Driving skills and abilities can be impaired by a range of physical and psychological
factors including the following
(a) Inappropriate scheduling resulting in excessive hours at the wheel, i.e. driving
long distances to meet stringent time constraints.
vehicle.
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(i) Persons with an alcohol/drug problem are not placed in control of a company
vehicle;
(ii) Employees are not placed in a situation where they perceive that social drinking
(entertaining) is expected of them prior to driving; and
(iii) Social functions arranged by the organization do not encourage the intake of
alcohol by employees expected to drive.
13.3.8 Driving near work on traffic ways
Drivers operating vehicles in the vicinity of work on or adjacent to roadways need to:
(b) Be alert for the intrusion of workers or equipment onto the roadway; and
(c) Recognize and understand the controls used during such work, e.g. signs,
guards.
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MS 426 : 1994
14.1 General
The provision and use of personal protective equipment does not reduce or replace
the need for proper accident prevention measures, such as engineering or
administrative controls, to be undertaken. Specification of such preventive measures
must always be fully explored before consideration of issue of personal protective
equipment.
It is also important that adequate care be taken in the selection, use and
maintenance of personal protective equipment, and that adequate resources be
allocated for these functions. Advice on these matters should be sought from the
equipment manufacturers/suppliers and the relevant standards.
It is not practicable to expect that a single design of mix item of personal protective
equipment will provide absolute protection for all hazards which may be found in the
variety of workplaces, nor is it practicable to insist that all designs of a particular
device must incorporate features and accessories sufficient to protect against the
most critical hazards found in isolated industries.
(c) Ensure that the sizing of the protective equipment is such that the efficiency of
the device is not reduced by inadequate ‘fit’ or interference e.g. from facial hair;
and
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MS 426 : 1994
(d) Take into consideration any medical problems, e.g. chronic bronchitis, which
may prevent the employee from using the protective equipment.
Whenever practicable and provided that the level of protection is not reduced, it is
desirable to cater for employees’ individual characteristics and preferences for types
and style of protective equipment. A high level of acceptance by employees will
cause protective equipment to be worn without prejudice.
Proof of compliance with the relevant standard should be a prerequisite for purchase
of any personal protective equipment. Other factors regarding selection, use, and
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Even after correct selection, there are many considerations necessary to ensure the
safe use of personal protective equipment. These considerations include the
following
(a) Fitting
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MS 426: 1994
Where the analysis of the work method indicates that personal protective
equipment should be used, the wearing or using of such equipment must then
be regarded as a basic prerequisite for performing that task.
In all work locations where the use of personal protective equipment is required,
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In locations where plant failures or accidents could cause hazardous conditions due
to harmful chemical or physical agents, appropriate personal protective equipment,
which is capable of protecting employees against such conditions and which has
been correctly maintained, shall be conveniently located for the use of employees
engaged in repair, fire-fighting, or rescue operations.
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MS 426: 1994
Appendix A
Example I
The safety, health and well-being of our employees are of the utmost importance and it is my
wish therefore as Managing Director of this Company that all levels of management and
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supervision should regard these as their highest priorities. It is important that the health,
safety, and well-being of our employees should not be in any way impaired or prejudiced as
a result of working within the Company.
Accidents which injure people cause needless pain and suffering and distress to loved ones.
We must take all reasonable steps to eliminate all of the risks and hazards which could be
prejudicial to the safety or health of our employees. If the risks cannot be entirely eliminated,
then it is the responsibility of management and all employees to see that effective guarding
is in place and protective clothing and equipment is used when required so that work can be
performed without risk to the employee.
All levels of supervision are responsible for the prevention of accidents td their employees and
for their protection against damage to health arising from the work environment. In this regard,
particular attention must be given to new and young employees. Good housekeeping must
be maintained at all times and unsafe practices must not be allowed. Work must not be
carried out on unsafe equipment or where all guarding is not completed to the satisfaction of
the Safety Department and in accordance with company safety standards and the law. New
or altered machinery or equipment must be fully guarded, if required, before being operated.
Employees are responsible for ensuring that they work safely and in accordance with the
Company’s safety procedures and requirements. Should any doubt exist, Supervisors are
available to advise the correct method of working on any job required to be done. The
Company’s responsibilities are to ensure a healthy, safe and clean workplace and to provide
equipment to protect employees to enable them to work in a safe manner.
The Company seeks the cooperation of all of its employees in upholding a high standard of
accident prevention.
Signed.
(Managing Director)
Date:
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MS 426: 1994
Example 2
ACCIDENT
PREVENTION
POLICY
It is the policy of this organization that every employee shall be provided with a safe and
healthy place in which to work. To this end, every reasonable effort will be made in your
interest in the fields of accident prevention, fire protection and health preservation.
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(a) To place the safety of employees and the public ahead of protection of the
organization’s equipment and service.
(c) To ensure that all staff are instructed how to perform their jobs safely.
(d) To train supervisors in high and potentially high accident rate areas in the basic
principles of accident prevention.
(e) To establish safety committees in appropriate areas and to provide for employee
consultation on accident prevention measures.
(f) To ascertain the cause and take corrective action for every accident, whether it has
caused injury or not.
(g) To regard all industrial accidents as preventable.
To assist in implementing this policy, coordination committees have been set up to provide for
Signed.
(Director General)
Date:
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MS 426: 1994
Appendix B
Reference Standards
• Acetylene
AS 2030.2 SAA Gas Cylinders Code, Part 2 Cylinders for Dissolved Acetylene
-
AS 2030.3 SAA Gas Cylinders Code, Non-refillable Cylinder for Compressed Gases
AS 2030.4 SAA Gas Cylinders Code, Part 4 Welded Cylinders Insulated
- -
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MS 426 : 1994
AS 1428 Code of Practice for Design Rules for Access by the Disable
AS 1668 SAA Mechanical Ventilation and Airconditioning Code
Part 2 - Ventilation Requirements
AS 1680 Code of Practice for Interior Lighting and the Visual Environment
AS 1768 Lightning Protection
AS 2220 Rules for Emergency Warning and Intercommunication Systems for Buildings
AS 2430 Classification of Hazardous Areas
Part I - Explosive Gas Atmospheres
Part 2 - Dusts (including Inherently Explosive Dusts)
AS 1064 Universal Symbols for Operator Controls on Agricultural and Light Industrial
Equipment
AS 1200 SAA Boiler Code
AS 1210 SAA Unfired Pressure Vessels Code
AS 1219 SAA Safety Code of Metalworking Power Presses
AS 1228 Boilers-Water-tube
AS 1375 SAA Industrial Fuel-fired Appliances Code
AS 1418 SAA Crane Code
AS 1735 SAA lift Code
AS 1755 Conveyors-Design, Construction, Installation and Operation-Safety Requirements
AS 1788 SAA Abrasive Wheels Safety Code
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MS 426: 1994
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MS 426:1994
AS 2161 Industrial Safety Gloves and Mittens (Excluding Electrical and Medical Gloves)
AS 2210 Safety Footwear
AS 2225 Rubber Gloves for Electrical Purposes
AS 2375 Guide to the Selection, Care and Use of Clothing for Protection Against Heat
and Fire
AS 2594 Hose and Hose Assemblies for Liquid Chemicals
AS 2626 Industrial Safety Belts and Harnesses-Selection, Use and Maintenance
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MS 426: 1994
Australia Government
- National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC)-Publications and
standards (to be developed)
- Department of Employment and Industrial Relations ‘At Work’ series
-
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Standards, guides and
-
publications
- The National Labour Consultative Council (NLCC) Publications and monographs
-
Others
- American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Publications
-
and standards
- Safety Institute of Australia-Publications, monographs and presentations
• 76
TANDA-TANDA STANDARD SIRIM
Tanda-tanda Standard SIRIM seperti yang tertera di bawah adalah tanda -tanda pengesahan
dagangan berdaftar. Tanda-tanda ini hanya boleh digunakan oleh mereka yang dilesenkan
di bawah skim tanda pengesahan yang dijala nkan oleh SIRIM mengikut nombor Standard
Malaysia yang berkaitan. Kewujudan tanda -tanda ini pada atau berkaitan dengan sesuatu
barangan adalah sebagai jaminan bahawa barangan tersebut telah dikeluarkan melalui satu
sistem penyeliaan, kawalan dan ujian, yan g dijalankan semasa pengeluaran. Ini termasuk
pemeriksaan berkala kerja -kerja pengeluaran menurut skim tanda pengesahan SIRIM yang
dibentuk untuk menentukan bahawa barangan tersebut menepati Standard Malaysia.
Ketua Pengarah
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Director-General
Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia
Persiaran Dato’ Menteri, Section 2. P.O.Box 7035
40911 Shah Alam
Selangor Darul Ehsan
3
INSTITUT STANDARD DAN PENYELIDIKAN PERINDUSTRIAN MALAYSIA
Institut Standard dan Penyelidikan Perindustrian Malaysia (SIRIM) telah ditubuhkan hasil dan cantuman Institut
Piawaian Malaysia (SIM) dengan Institut Negara bagi Penyelidikan Sains dan Perusahaan (NISIR) di bawah
Undang-Undang Malaysia Akta 157 pada l6hb. September 1975:Akta Institut Standard dan Penyelidikan
Perindustrian Malaysia (Perbadanan) 1975. Institut mi diletakhak dengan kuasa untuk memamju dan
menjalankan penyelidikan perindustrian dan untuk menyedia dan memajukan standard-standard bagi barangan-
barangan, proses-proses, amalan-amalan dan perkhidmatan-perkhidmatan; dan bagi mengadakan peruntukan
bagi perkara-perkara yang bersampingan atau berkaitan dengan maksud-maksud itu.
Satu daripada tugas-tugas Institut mi adalah menyediakan Standard-Standard Malaysia dalam bentuk
penentuan-penentuan bagi bahan-bahan, keluaran-keluaran, kaedah-kaedah ujian, kod-kod amalan yang
sempurna dan selamat, sistem penamaan dan lain-lain. Standard-Standard Malaysia disediakan oleh
jawatankuasa-jawatankuasa perwakilan yang menyelaras keupayaan pengilang dan kecekapan pengeluaran
dengan kehendak-kehendak yang munasabah dan pengguna. Ia menuju ke arah mencapai kesesuaian bagi
maksud, memudahkan pengeluaran dan pengedaran, kebolehsalingtukaran gantian dan pelbagai pilihan yang
mencukupi tanpa pembaziran.
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Standard-Standard Malaysia disediakan hanya setelah penyiasatan yang lengkap menujukkan bahawa sesuatu
projek itu disahkan sebagai yang dikehendaki dan berpadanan dengan usaha yang terlibat. Hasil ml berasaskan
persetujuan sukarela dan memberi pertimbangan kepada kepentingan pengeluar dan pengguna. Standard-
Standard Malaysia adalah sukarela kecuali is dimestikan oleh badan-badan berkuasa melalui peraturan-
peraturan, undang-undang persekutuan dan tempatan atau cara-cara lain yang sepertinya.
Institut mi beroperasi semata-mata berasaskan tanpa keuntungan. Ia adalah satu badan yang menerima bantuan
kewangan dan Kerajaan, kumpulan wang dan bayaran keahlian, hasil dan jualan Standard-Standard dan
terbitan-terbitan lain, bayaran-bayaran ujian dan bayaran-bayaran lesen untuk mengguna Tanda Pengesahan
SIRIM dan kegiatan-kegiatan lain yang berhubung dengan Penstandardan, Penyelidikan Perindustrian dan
Khidmat Perunding.
The Standard and Industrial research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM) is established with the merger of the
Standards Institution of Malaysia (SIM) and the National Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research (NISIR)
under the Laws of Malaysia Act 157 on ~ September 1975: Standards and Industrial Research Institute of
Malaysia ~(Incorporation) Act 1975. The Institute is vested with the power to provide for the promotion and
undertaking of industrial research and for the preparation and promotion of standards for commodities,
processes, practices and services; and to provide for matters incidental to or connected with those purposes.
One Of the functions of the Institute is to prepare Malaysian Standards in the form of specifications for materials
and products, methods of testing, codes of sound and safe practice, nomenclature, etc. Malaysian Standards are
prepared by representative committees which co-ordinate manufacturing capacity and production efficiency with
the user’s reasonable needs. They seek to achieve fitness for purpose, simplified production and distribution
replacement interchangeability, and adequate variety of choice without wasteful diversify.
Malaysian Standards are prepared only after a full enquiry has shown that the project is endorsed as a desirable
one and worth the effort involved. The work is based on voluntary agreement, and recognition of the community
of interest of producer and consumer. The use of Malaysian Standards is voluntary except in so far as they are
made mandatory by statutory authorities by means of regulations, federal and local by-laws or any other similar
ways.
The Institute operates entirely on a non-profits basis. It is a grant aided body receiving financial aid from the
Government, funds from membership subscriptions and proceeds from sales of Standards and other
publications, fees and licence fees for the use of SIRIM Certification Mark and other activities associated with
Standardization, Industrial Research and Consultancy Services.