B Ti nguyn v mi trng cc bo v mi trng

an ton sinh hc:

nh gi v qun l ri ro cc sinh vt bin i gen

H ni, thng 10 nm 2004

Ch bin
Ts. Trn Hng H

Nhm bin son

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ThS. L Thanh Bnh PGS. TS. L Trn Bnh PGS. TS. Nng Vn Hi TS. L Th Thu Hin ThS. Ho ng Thanh Nh n

Mc lc

Bng vit tt ........................................................................................................... 4 Li gii thiu ........................................................................................................... 5 M u.......................................................................................................................... 6 1. sinh vt bin i gen v an ton sinh hc .......................................... 7 2. nh gi ri ro.................................................................................................. 10 3. qun l ri ro ................................................................................................... 19 4. Qun l an ton sinh hc v vn nh gi, qun l ri ro mt s quc gia tiu biu ............................................................ 22 5. N lc to s thng nht gia cc quc gia trong qun l an ton sinh hc, nh gi v qun l ri ro cng nh trao i thng tin v an ton sinh hc ................................................ 26 6. Mt s cch tip cn nhm thng nht qun l An ton sinh hc v trao i thng tin An ton sinh hc ............................ 31 7. Qun l an ton sinh hc v trao i thng tin Vit Nam............................................................................................................................... 34 Ti liu tham kho chnh............................................................................... 35

Bng vit tt
APEC APHIS ASEAN ATSH BINAS CBD CNSH Codex EC EHC EPA EU FAO GATT GM GMAC GMC GMF GMO IPPC ISAAA LMO NBF OECD UNEP UNIDO USDA WHO Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service The Association of Southeast Asian Nations Biosafety The Biosafety Information Network and Advisory Service Convention on Biodiversity Biotechnology Codex Alimentarius European Commission Environmental Health Criteria Programme Environmental Protection Agency European Union Food and Agriculture Organization General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Genetically Mofidied Genetically Modified Advisory Committee Genetically Modified Crop Genetically Modified Food Genetically Modified Organism The International Plant Protection Convention International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications Living Modified Organism National Biosafety Framework Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development United Nations Environment Program United Nations Industrial Development Organization United States Department of Agriculture World Health Organization T chc Hp tc Kinh t chu Thi Bnh Dng C quan Kim dch ng Thc vt thuc B Nng nghip Hoa K Hip hi cc quc gia ng Nam An to n sinh hc C quan T vn v Cung cp Mng Thng tin ATSH Cng c a dng sinh hc Cng ngh sinh hc y ban An to n V sinh Thc phm Quc t = y ban Codex y ban chu u Chng trnh Tiu chun Sc kho Mi trng Cc Bo v mi trng ca Hoa K Lin minh chu u T chc Nng lng ca Lin hp quc Hip nh chung v Thu quan v Thng mi Bin i gen Hi ng t vn GMO ca Australia Cy trng bin i gen Thc phm bin i gen Sinh vt bin i gen Cng c Quc t v Bo v Thc vt T chc Dch v Quc t v Thu thp cc ng dng CNSH Nng nghip Sinh vt sng bin i gen Khung Quc gia v An to n sinh hc T chc Hp tc v Pht trin Kinh t ca Lin hp quc Chng trnh Mi trng Lin hp quc T chc Pht trin Cng nghip Lin hp quc B Nng nghip Hoa K T chc Y t Th gii

Li gii thiu
Trong hn hai thp k qua, cng ngh sinh hc c nhng bc pht trin vt bc gp phn mang li li ch to ln cho lo i ngi. Cng ngh sinh hc hin i cho php con ngi chuyn gen t lo i n y sang lo i khc, thay i di truyn to ra nhng ging mi mang nhng c im m nh to ging mong mun. Sinh vt bin i gen v sn phm ca chng vi nhng c tnh u vit tng bc khng nh v tr ca mnh trong cc lnh vc nng nghip, cng nghip thc phm v y t. Tuy nhin, bn cnh sinh vt bin i gen v sn phm ca chng cng c th gy nh hng bt li n sc kho con ngi, mi trng v a dng sinh hc. Chnh v vy, ng y 29/01/2000 Ngh nh th Cartagena v An to n sinh hc c ho n thin v thng qua ti Montreal trong cuc hp ca cc bn tham gia Cng c a dng sinh hc. y l mt vn bn php l u tin ca cng ng quc t nhm to iu kin t ti a cc li ch do cng ngh sinh hc mang li, ng thi gim thiu nguy c tim t ng ti mi trng v sc kho con ngi. Vit Nam, trong qu trnh pht trin kinh t - x hi, ng v Nh nc ta rt ch trng ti cc chnh sch to iu kin cho s pht trin ca khoa hc cng ngh, c bit l cng ngh sinh hc. Ngh quyt ca Chnh ph s 18/CP ng y 11 thng 3 nm 1994 v Chin lc pht trin cng ngh sinh hc Vit Nam n 2010 ch r: Cng ngh sinh hc c xc nh l mt trong nhng chng trnh trng im quc gia trong pht trin kinh t- x hi. Song song vi qu trnh pht trin cng ngh sinh hc, Nh nc ta cng nhn thc r tm quan trng ca vic qun l an to n sinh hc. Ng y 19 thng 1 nm 2004, Vit Nam chnh thc gia nhp Ngh nh th Cartagena v An to n sinh hc. Cng vi vic ph chun n y, rt nhiu h nh ng khc c trin khai nhm thc y cng tc qun l an to n sinh hc nc ta. Trong khun kh d n "Xy dng Khung Quc gia v An to n sinh hc " do UNEP t i tr, cun sch "An to n sinh hc: nh gi v qun l ri ro cc sinh vt bin i gen" c bin son nhm gii thiu nhng thng tin c bn v an to n sinh hc, nh gi v qun l ri ro GMO v sn phm ca chng cng nh tm hiu mt s ni dung lin quan n nh gi an to n sinh hc v trao i thng tin an to n sinh hc mt s quc gia trn th gii v trong khu vc chu . Xin trn trng gii thiu ti bn c cun sch n y. Ts. Trn Hng H Cc trng Cc Bo v Mi trng

M u
Trong nhng nm gn y, cng ngh sinh hc (CNSH) pht trin mt cch mnh m v mc s dng ng nh khoa hc tin tin n y cng tng nhanh chng. CNSH v ang c ng dng rng r i v o thc t i sng v to ra nhng nh hng su sc quy m to n cu. Nhng th nh tu mang tnh quyt nh ca CNSH m ra giai on pht trin mnh m c bit cho cc nghin cu, ng dng v thng mi sinh vt bin i gen (Genetically Modified Organisms GMO). Song song vi s pht trin ca GMO, nhng nh hng bt li c th xy ra i vi h sinh thi cng nh sc kho con ngi khi s dng hoc gii phng GMO ra mi trng t nhin l mi quan tm ca nhiu quc gia trn th gii. trnh nhng tc ng bt li n y, h ng lot nghin cu c trin khai nhm nh gi v qun l ri ro GMO. n nay, rt nhiu sn phm GMO qua cc quy trnh gim st nghim ngt c cp php sn xut i tr phc v mc ch thng mi trn th gii. Nhm nh gi GMO hoc sn phm ca chng c c cp php nghin cu th nghim hoc s dng hay khng cn da trn cc kt qu ca qu trnh kim nh khoa hc cc tc hi tim t ng ca GMO i vi sc kho con ngi, vt nui v mi trng. Tuy nhin, vic a ra quyt nh cho php gii phng ra mi trng hay s dng mt loi GMO n o da v o nhiu yu t khc na nh cc chnh sch ca quc gia v CNSH v ATSH, cc vn bn tho thun quc t, li ch ca cc bn lin quan v thi ca d lun. Trong khun kh d n "Xy dng Khung Quc gia v An to n sinh hc " do UNEP t i tr, Cc Bo v Mi trng phi hp vi Vin Cng ngh Sinh hc t chc nghin cu t i " Thng nht vic nh gi v qun l ri ro cc sinh vt bin i gen". Trn c s nghin cu n y, cun sch "An to n sinh hc: nh gi v qun l ri ro cc sinh vt bin i gen" c son tho nhm gii thiu ti cc c gi nhng thng tin khi qut v cc ni dung sau: 1. Sinh vt bin i gen v an to n sinh hc; 2. nh gi ri ro; 3. Qun l ri ro; 4. Qun l an to n sinh hc v vn nh gi, qun l ri ro mt s quc gia tiu biu; 5. N lc to s thng nht gia cc quc gia trong qun l an to n sinh hc, nh gi v qun l ri ro cng nh trao i thng tin v an to n sinh hc; 6. Mt s cch tip cn nhm thng nht qun l an to n sinh hc v trao i thng tin an to n sinh hc; 7. Qun l an to n sinh hc v trao i thng tin Vit Nam. Nhm bin son xin chn th nh cm n D n NBF, Cc Bo v Mi trng, Vin Cng ngh Sinh hc, cc c quan lin quan trong nc v quc t h tr hiu qu cho qu trnh thu thp t liu, bin son v xut bn cun sch. H Ni, thng 10 nm 2004 Nhm bin son

1. sinh vt bin i gen v an ton sinh hc

Hin nay, cng ngh sinh hc hin i vi cc cng ngh cao, c bit l cng ngh bin i gen ang c u t pht trin mnh m v ng dng rng r i trn to n cu. Nhn thc r tm quan trng ca ng nh khoa hc mi nhn n y i vi s pht trin chung ca x hi, cc quc gia ang pht trin cng tng bc u tin u t cho cng ngh sinh hc hin i v nghin cu to ra nhng sn phm c gi tr ng dng. Sinh vt bin i gen (bao gm ng vt, thc vt v vi sinh vt) l mt trong nhng nhm sn phm chnh ca cng ngh sinh hc hin i, c con ngi to ra nh s dng cc k thut phn t a gen mi v o b gen ca sinh vt nhn. Qu trnh chnh sa/ sa i n y ch din ra trong phm vi mt v i gen. V vy, thut ng sinh vt bin i gen cn c gi l sinh vt bin i di truyn hay sinh vt chnh sa/ sa i gen hoc sinh vt cng ngh sinh hc. Thc phm c to ra t cc sinh vt bin i gen n y hay c cha th nh t ca chng c gi l thc phm bin i gen (Genetically Modified Food - GMF)/ thc phm GM (Genetically Modified - GM) hay thc phm cng ngh sinh hc. S khc bit gia sinh vt bin i gen v sinh vt sng bin i gen (Living Modified Organisms - LMO): LMO v GMO u l nhng sinh vt c mang nhng c tnh mi hoc nguyn liu di truyn ti t hp mi to ra nh s dng CNSH hin i. LMO tn ti dng sng, cn GMO c th tn ti dng sng hay khng sng. Nh vy, tt c LMO u l GMO, nhng khng phi GMO n o cng l LMO. Tuy nhin, nhiu quan im cho rng GMO l tn gi ph bin ca LMO.1 Sinh vt bin i gen li ch v nguy c tim n Cng ngh bin i gen gp phn khng nh trong vic nng cao hiu qu sn xut v p ng nhu cu ca i sng x hi. GMO to ra t cng ngh n y vi nhng tnh nng u vit em li rt nhiu li ch cho lo i ngi. Bn cnh nhng tim nng pht trin to ln m GMO c th em li, sn phm ca cng ngh bin i gen n y cng to ra mt s mi lo ngi v nhng nguy c ri ro n sc kho con ngi v mi trng cng nh cc vn kinh t - x hi khc. Nhn chung, nhng tranh lun v cng ngh bin i gen v sn phm ca chng thng xoay quanh cc nguy c ri ro v li ch do chng em li. Cc kin ng h cho rng vic ng dng cng ngh bin i gen to ra GMO c th gp phn: (1) Cung cp ngun lng thc cn thit trong tng lai; (2) Tng cng cht lng thc phm; (3) Loi tr thc phm c mang cc cht c hoc cc cht gy d ng; (4) To ra cy trng sn sinh nng lng, sau nui cy thu sinh khi chuyn th nh nng lng v nhin liu sinh hc (biodiesel v bioethanol) c th thay th c cc nhin liu ha thch v du khong; (5) Sn xut nhiu loi ha cht, trong ch yu l cc loi du chit t ht lanh, ci du v hng dng; (6) To ra cc cht ha hc c bit nh cc dc phm, m phm v thuc nhum; (7) Sn xut cc hp cht sinh hc c bit nh si sinh hc tng hp (ch yu bt ngun t si gai du v si lanh); keo lignocellulose, cc cht tn sc, phn bn v ph gia; nha sinh hc...; (8) Tng kh nng chm sc sc kho; (9) Sn xut dc phm chng cc cn bnh c bit; (10) To cc cht ha hc t gy nhim mi trng v d kim sot; (11) L m thay i li nhun t cc hot ng nng v cng nghip, gim bt s nhim mi trng; (12) em li nhng li ch ng k cho mi trng, trong to ra cc kh nng mi trong vic gim st v qun l nh hng mi trng. Tuy nhin, cc kin ngc li cho rng: (1) Cng ngh bin i gen vt qua nhng iu con ngi l ra khng nn l m; (2) Hin nay, c rt t bng chng khng nh sn lng
1

Mt s t i liu cho rng GMO l tn gi ph bin ca LMO (xem An to n Sinh hc v Mi trng, T i liu gii thiu Ngh nh th Cartagena, 2003)

nng nghip tng ln; (3) Rt nhiu v d v cc ng dng cng ngh bin i gen b tht bi do s hn ch vn c ca cng ngh v s phc tp trong gii quyt cc vn , v d: sn xut la khng gy d ng; (4) V kha cnh y t, khng c thng tin lin quan n c t v cht gy d ng trong cc sn phm thc phm c ngun gc t cy trng bin i gen (Genetically Modified Crop GMC); (5) nh hng i vi mi trng khi a GMO ra mi trng, c bit l nhng nh hng i vi a dng sinh hc; (6) Hot ng nng v cng nghip b thay i theo chiu hng bt li; (7) Cc nh hng kinh t - x hi cng nguy c cao, v d vic loi b cc cy trng thu hoa li hoc cc cy trng truyn thng v gy nh tr h thng nng tri quy m nh ang thnh h nh cc nc ang pht trin; (8) Mt s cng ty v cng ngh sinh hc nng nghip, cng ty ging c nhng hng qun l v s dng cng ngh kh chp nhn; (9) Vic ng k sng ch i vi cc sinh vt sng, gen v /hoc cc nguyn liu di truyn cng gy cn tr nghin cu, trin khai... c bit l : nng dn cn c gi ht ging ca ma v n y cho ma v gieo trng sau; cn phi cm vic quyn s hu tr tu bo h gen hoc cc trnh t nucleic acid khng thuc cc sng ch thc s. i vi bo tn a dng sinh hc, vic ng dng cng ngh bin i gen to ra cc mi quan tm. Cc kin ng h cho rng, cng ngh mi n y c th em li nhng li ch cho a dng sinh hc v mi trng, v d, nhng tc ng tch cc ca cng ngh bin i gen bao gm: (1) Tng hiu qu nng nghip, gim nhu cu s dng t canh tc v nh vy, c th l m gim p lc chuyn i t lm nghip v cc khu vc sinh thi a dng sinh hc quan trng khc th nh t nng nghip; (2) S dng cc cy trng c kh nng khng su bnh gip gim dng thuc tr su ha hc; (3) S dng vi sinh vt trong cc quy trnh cng nghip, v d, trong lnh vc sn xut nhin liu v nha c th l m gim lng ha cht cn s dng. Tuy nhin, cng c mt s lo ngi v nh hng ca GMO n a dng sinh hc. Mt s gi thuyt cho rng gii phng GMC ra mi trng c th pht sinh nhng loi ri ro tng t nh nhng nh hng tm thy cc lo i sinh vt xm ln. Vic gii phng c ch nh (v d, trong cc d n th nghim ng rung hoc trng i tr phc v mc ch thng mi GMC) l m pht sinh cc mi quan tm v nh hng ca GMO i vi a dng sinh hc, trong bao gm cc nguy c: (1) Pht tn sinh vt ra mi trng - v d, thng qua qu trnh xm ln hoc tng cng kh nng cnh tranh; (2) Chuyn cc nguyn liu di truyn ti t hp (v cc c tnh lin quan) v o cc c th sinh vt khc - v d, thng qua th phn cho; (3) nh hng n cc lo i sinh vt khng cn dit - v d, mt s nghin cu ch ra kh nng GMC vi tnh trng khng cc lo i cn trng gy hi cng c th gy nh hng bt li i vi cn trng c ch v chim; (4) nh hng n vi khun t v chu trnh nit; (5) nh hng gin tip n mi trng - v d, nh hng pht sinh do thay i cung cch qun l nng nghip. Hn na, cc nh hng kinh t - x hi lin quan n bo tn a dng sinh hc cng gy ra nhng mi lo ngi. Li sng, ngh nghip, truyn thng vn ha v cng ng a phng, cng ng nng thn v cc vn khc cng c th b nh hng trc tip hay gin tip. Cc tranh lun trn dn n rt nhiu cuc tho lun v mt chnh sch l l m sao qun l vic ng dng cng ngh bin i gen cp quc gia. Vn xy dng khung qun l GMO ho n to n khng n gin v kh khn chnh l l m sao cn bng gia li ch to ln cng ngh c th em li v m bo an to n i vi mi trng cng nh sc kho con ngi. Nhng tr ngi n y ch c th c gii quyt vi n lc ca mi quc gia v s hp tc quc t c hiu qu. Khi nim an to n sinh hc (ATSH): ATSH l nhng bin php nhm gim thiu hoc loi b nhng ri ro tim t ng ca cc ng dng CNSH c th gy ra cho con ngi, ng vt, thc vt, vi sinh vt, mi trng v a dng sinh hc. ATSH bao gm ba ni dung chnh: nh gi ri ro, qun l ri ro v gim st. Trong , nh gi ri ro nhm xc nh nhng tc ng bt li c th xy ra. Qun l ri ro bao gm cc bin php qun l nhng tc hi nhn bit mc c th chp nhn c. Mc tiu ca nh gi v qun l ri ro l nhm m bo s an

to n nhng khng c tr th nh r o cn i vi nghin cu v pht trin cc sn phm CNSH c gi tr. Cc quyt nh ng dng CNSH (chp nhn hay khng chp nhn) s c a ra trn c s khoa hc cc kt qu nh gi v qun l ri ro. Thng thng, vic thng qua quyt nh cui cng thuc ch quyn ca mi quc gia. Nhng yu t v kinh t x hi, vn ha v cc nhn t quan trng khc c th tc ng n quyt nh cui cng mc d chng khng c xem l nhng tiu ch ca nh gi ri ro.

u bin i gen c kh nng khng virus gy bnh m vng (Ngun: USDA)

2. nh gi ri ro
nh gi ri ro l qu trnh nh gi khoa hc nhm xem xt cc kh nng trc mt hoc lu d i, xy ra cc ri ro (nh hng khng c li) i vi sc kho con ngi v mi trng sinh thi t nhin khi s dng cc i tng GMO c th. nh gi ri ro l ni dung quan trng nht ca qu trnh qun l ATSH. Nhng ngi chu trch nhim nh gi tnh an to n ca mi sn phm CNSH v kh nng s dng chng phi l nhng chuyn gia gi u kinh nghim, c hiu bit su sc v cc c ch nh gi ri ro v tin cy ca cc c ch . Quy trnh nh gi ri ro Thng thng, cc quy trnh nh gi ri ro c trng ring cho tng trng hp c th. Tuy nhin, nhn chung mi qu trnh nh gi v xc nh ri ro cn tun theo 5 bc: (1) Xc nh cc nguy c ri ro i vi sc khe con ngi cng nh i vi mi trng; (2) c tnh kh nng xy ra cc nh hng c hi ca cc nguy c n y; (3) nh gi ri ro pht sinh t cc nh hng c hi; (4) a ra cc bin php thch hp qun l ri ro; (5) c tnh cc nh hng tng th n mi trng, bao gm c cc tc ng c tnh tch cc i vi mi trng v sc khe con ngi. Theo OECD, cc nguy c ri ro bao gm: (1) Nguy c ly nhim: kh nng gy bnh cho ngi, vt nui v thc vt; (2) nh hng ca c t, cht gy d ng v nhng tc ng sinh hc khc ca cc sinh vt; (3) nh hng ca c t, cht gy d ng v nhng tc ng sinh hc khc ca nhng sn phm do cc sinh vt to ra; (4) nh hng ti mi trng. Cn nhn mnh rng, mi bc, thng tin cn c thng k, b sung mt cch chnh xc, to n din v cp nht bo m cc hot ng c th tin h nh trong mc an to n cho php. Do , qu trnh nh gi ri ro c th phi tr ho n cho n khi thng tin cn cung cp y . Thng tin l mt trong nhng ni dung quyt nh ca qu trnh nh gi ri ro. Kh nhiu phng php nh gi ri ro ca CNSH trong c lit k danh mc thng tin bt buc cn c cung cp y v cn c gim st c quc t chp nhn rng r i nh: Bn Hng dn K thut v An to n trong CNSH ca UNEP (the UNEP International Technical Guidelines for Safety in Biotechnology); Ngh nh th Cartagena v ATSH (Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety); Vn bn hng dn s 18 ca Lin minh chu u (European Union EU: EC Directive 2001/18/EC); D liu nh tnh di truyn phn t ca B Nng nghip Hoa K (USDA Molecular Genetic Characterisation Data) v Bn lit k cc gim st cn thc hin gia Hoa K v Canada (US and Canada Reviewers Checklists). Cc nguyn tc nh gi ri ro chung Theo Ngh nh th Cartagena v ATSH, cc nguyn tc chnh bao gm: (1) nh gi ri ro phi minh bch v c tin h nh trn c s khoa hc ca cc k thut nh gi ri ro c cng nhn, trong c quan tm n cc hng dn v t vn do cc t chc quc t lin quan xy dng; (2) Thiu kin thc khoa hc hoc khng c d liu khoa hc th khng nn khng nh cp ri ro l c bit, khng c ri ro hoc ri ro c th chp nhn c; (3) Cc ri ro lin quan vi GMO hoc sn phm ca chng cn c xem xt trong bi cnh ri ro gy ra bi cc sinh vt nhn khng bin i gen hoc cc sinh vt b m trong mi trng nhn tim t ng; (4) nh gi ri ro nn tin h nh theo tng trng hp c th. Cc thng s cn xem xt khi nh gi ri ro Mt s ni dung quan trng cn gim st khi gii quyt cc vn quan trng nu trn bao gm: cc c tnh sinh hc ca sinh vt b m, sinh vt nhn v sinh vt bin i gen, phng php bin i gen, s bn vng ca tnh trng mi to c, nguyn liu s dng biu hin, mc ch s dng GMO v c im ca mi trng tip nhn. Sinh vt nhn: khi nim quen thuc (Familiarity) l im khi u nh gi ri ro GMO. Cc kin thc, thng tin thu thp c v sinh vt nhn cha bin i gen l c s gim st GMO, nht l trong qu trnh nh gi an to n thc phm. V d: i vi ging ng

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bin i gen MON 810, ngun gc v c tnh ca sinh vt nhn ch r: Ng l mt trong v i cy lng thc chnh c ngun gc t bn cu ty v n nay c trng ph bin trn to n cu. Ng c s dng rng r i l m thc phm, thc n chn nui v sn xut mt s sn phm khc. Ng khng cha c t cng nh cc cht phi dinh dng. Tuy nhin, c mt bo co cng b d ng do ng, c bit l ht phn ng gy ra nhng ngi ta cha tm thy protein gy nn d ng n y. Nguyn liu to ging ng bin i gen MON 810 l hai dng ng trng i tr A188 v B73. Ng v cc sn phm t ng bin i gen c s dng sn xut cc sn phm thc phm cng nh thc n chn nui. Sinh vt b m (sinh vt cho): cn cung cp thng tin v ngun gc t nhin ca sinh vt cho, nht l khi sinh vt cho hoc cc th nh vin trong cng lo i ca chng l mm bnh hoc gy nh hng ti mi trng cng nh sc kho con ngi v vt nui. Quay tr li trng hp ca ging ng MON 810, cc trnh t DNA a v o ging ng n y bao gm: gen cry1Ab ca vi khun t Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), on khi ng 35S ca virus khm sp l (CaMV35S), on intron ca gen hsp 70 ng, on kt thc c ngun gc t Ti-plasmid ca vi khun t Agrobacterium tumefaciens (NOS3). Cc trnh t n y u khng gy hi v khng c coi l mm bnh. Ngo i ra, 4 gen ch th chn lc c mt trong Ti-plasmid c s dng trong qu trnh chuyn gen v o ng nhng cui cng khng c mt trong b gen ca MON 810. Sinh vt cho trong v d n y l Bt. Bt t nhin c tm thy trong t v c kh nng sn sinh c t ngoi b o gy c h tiu ha ca cn trng mn cm. Rt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc chng minh c t n y ch c hiu i vi cn trng b cnh vy. V vy, s dng Bt trong cc ci bin gen c xem l an to n Hoa K. Tuy nhin, i vi cc quc gia khc c l cn tin h nh nghin cu nh gi ri ro vi cc bc thch hp trc khi gii phng cc sn phm bin i gen n y v o mi trng. Phng php bin i gen: Thng tin lin quan n phng php bin i gen s dng s cho bit s lng bn sao, kh nng sp xp ca gen chuyn trong GMO cng nh hiu qu chuyn gen. i vi thc vt, hai phng php chuyn gen c gi tr thc tin v c s dng ph bin l phng php chuyn gen gin tip thng qua vi khun t A. tumefaciens v phng php chuyn gen trc tip bng ha cht, xung in hay sng bn gen. Chuyn gen qua A. tumefaciens cho s lng bn sao ca gen chuyn t, kh nng sp xp li trong b gen thp v hiu qu chuyn gen cao hn cc phng php trc tip. Chuyn gen trc tip thng ch c s dng khi m t b o khng tip nhn phng php qua A. tumefaciens do hiu qu thp v thng to ra t b o km bn vng cng nh gy nn s sp xp li ca cc trnh t DNA a v o. i vi ging ng MON 810, hai vector DNA plasmid (mt vector cha gen cry1Ab ca Bt di s iu khin ca on khi ng CaMV35S v cc gen ch th chn lc) c a v o b gen ca ng s dng phng php bn gen. Cc c tnh phn t: Cc c tnh ca GMO mc phn t l ngun cung cp thng tin v th nh phn v s tip hp ca cc on DNA a v o, s lng cc bn sao DNA cng nh mc biu hin ca protein mi nhng thi im v cc m khc nhau. Kh nhiu ngi hiu sai rng thng tin v qu trnh nh gi ri ro ch bao gm cc c tnh phn t. Trong trng hp ca MON 810: thng tin phn t cho thy mt bn sao ca gen cry1Ab vi on khi ng v on intron c a v o MON 810. S n nh, bn vng ca tnh trng mi to c: i vi mi tnh trng mi, cn xc nh bn vng cng nh mc biu hin. Cc phng php xt nghim huyt thanh hc nh ELISA, lai min dch (western blotting) thng c s dng nghin cu c tnh n y. Nu tnh trng mi khng to ra do s biu hin ca protein ti t hp th c tnh lin quan cn c xc nh thng qua kim tra trc tip cc phn t DNA hoc gin tip thng qua qu trnh phin m RNA. i vi MON 810, s bn vng ca cry1Ab c chng minh qua 7 th h lai to. Sn phm biu hin: xc nh c nguy c cn c nhng hiu bit nht nh v gen chuyn v o thc vt, c tnh, nng sn phm ca gen (protein) v v tr biu hin ca

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chng. Khi sn phm biu hin l mt protein mi, hoc mt chui polypeptide, chng cn c nhn din, nghin cu chc nng v nu c th th so snh vi cc sn phm truyn thng cng loi. Nhn chung, i vi cc m thc vt bin i gen, protein mi c th c biu hin vi nng khng cao, thng thp hn khong 0,1% so vi trng lng kh. c nhng th nghim c chnh xc cn mt lng ln protein tinh ch. Thay v s dng protein tch t m thc vt, ngi ta chit cc protein n y t t b o vi khun tin h nh th nghim. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, cn phi chng minh s tng ng v mt chc nng gia protein tch t thc vt v protein tch t vi khun... i vi MON 810, th nghim ng rung c tin h nh ti mt s khu vc trng ng chnh trn th gii nh Hoa K, Italy v Php. Phng php ELISA c s dng xc nh s biu hin v mc biu hin ca protein Cry1Ab tinh ch t cc mu m thc vt thu thp t cc khu vc trng ng n y. Kt qu t cc th nghim cho thy protein Cry1Ab trong MON 810 khng thay i mc d ng c trng cc khu vc a l khc nhau. Hn na, mc biu hin ca protein kh cao v n nh gip cho cy trng c th khng li cn trng gy hi. Thng tin dinh dng: Trong chn to ging, ging mi d c to ra nh CNSH hin i hay truyn thng u cn c nghin cu v dinh dng hc. Vic a cc nguyn liu di truyn v o ging gc c th gy ra s thay i v nng dinh dng cng nh dn n s biu hin ca mt s cht ha sinh khng mong i. Kh nng thay i th nh phn dinh dng l mt trong nhng vn rt c quan tm khi nh gi an to n thc phm. c t: nh gi c, ngi ta thng tp trung v o nghin cu s biu hin ca protein mi mc t b o v phn t. Trong trng hp ca ging ng MON 810, cc th nghim c t c tin h nh s dng trng lng phn t, phn ng min dch v hot tnh dit cn trng. Ngo i ra, kh nng gy d ng cng l mt trong nhng tiu ch quan trng nh gi an to n ca GMO. Trong mi trng hp, cn gim st v a ra cc bin php gii quyt khi ngu nhin xy ra s c. Cc c tnh ca mi trng nhn tim t ng: Khu vc gii phng GMO c gn khu dn c hay gn mi trng sinh thi c bit nh vn quc gia hay khng l nhng ni dung cn quan tm. Mt s c im a l cng cn bit nh: khu vc c gn thung lng, sng, i... Tt c thng s n y s nh hng n qu trnh pht tn ca gen. Ngo i ra, chng ta cng cn bit v thi tit, kh hu. C trung tm pht sinh chng loi hay trung tm a dng di truyn trong khu vc gii phng GMO? Khu vc trc y c GMO n o c gii phng cha? Lp bng lit k mi ri ro c kh nng xy ra v hu qu nh th n o? Cn nhn mnh rng, cc nh gi ri ro thng c tin h nh trong giai on th nghim. Thm ch, ngay trc khi tin h nh th nghim, nh khoa hc cn nh gi cc nguy c ri ro c th xy ra cho sc kho ca h, ca ng nghip hoc ca cng ng v cc nguy c i vi mi trng. Cc c tnh ca GMO cn c xem xt k lng ngay trong bc u tin ca phng php nh gi ri ro (bc xc nh nguy c). Bc n y cng cn d on cc tnh hung th nghim c th xy ra cng nh chn la nhng gii php hp l. Sau tin h nh nh gi kh nng xy ra nhng nh hng c hi v mc gy hi i vi tng ri ro xc nh c, cng nh cn phc tho cc iu kin th nghim s tin h nh. Trong giai on xc nh ri ro, khng c loi tr bt k nguy c n o ngay c khi thy chng khng chc s xy ra hoc khng hp l. Cui cng, cn c lng mc ri ro tng th ca th nghim. Mc n y thng ngang bng mc ca mt ri ro n l cao nht trong tt c nguy c xc nh c. Nu nh gi cho thy nguy c ri ro cao c th xy ra th cn thc hin cc iu kin cch ly cht ch nhm loi b hoc gim thiu cc ri ro n y. Trong trng hp ri ro khng th kim sot c th cn dng ngay th nghim. Cc vin nghin cu nn th nh lp Hi ng an to n GMO t vn v nhng vn lin quan n nh gi ri ro cho cc nh khoa hc. Trn thc t, cc nh khoa hc d nh tin h nh th nghim vi GMO cn phi chng t cho cc th nh vin Hi ng thy rng h khng b qua hoc ang nh gi cc ri ro tim t ng. Th nh vin Hi ng l cc chuyn gia gi u

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kinh nghim trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nhm m bo cc th nghim i vi GMO c gim st cht ch. Cc vn nh hng n qu trnh nh gi ri ro Tnh ch quan: Tnh khch quan rt cn cho mt qu trnh nh gi ri ro tiu chun. Tuy nhin, qu trnh nh gi lun chu nh hng khng trnh khi ca cc th nh kin v nhng hn ch nht nh mang tnh ch quan v mt tr tu, kinh nghim bn thn, v tr x hi v nn tng vn ha. Cc yu t bn ngo i nh cc chnh sch ca a phng, khu vc, hoc quc gia cng nh thi v s nhn thc ca x hi cng tc ng khng nh n qu trnh nh gi ri ro nh nh hng n tnh cng bng, s phn tch v tm hiu bit ca cc nh gim st. nh gi ri ro mt cch khch quan cn da trn thng tin khoa hc hin c. Qu trnh a ra quyt nh v tnh an to n ca GMO c th tc ng n kinh t, nhu cu dinh dng, cc gi tr tn ngng v x hi... Thng thng, cc chnh sch quc gia cng nh cc vn bn di lut khc v ATSH s tr th nh khung php l nh gi khch quan qu trnh nh gi ri ro. Thng tin khng y : Cc d liu khoa hc cn cho qu trnh nh gi ri ro thng khng y v khng ho n chnh. Do , quyt nh nh gi ri ro s c nhng hn ch nht nh. Hi ng nh gi thng phi n lc tm kim mi d liu c c ngo i nhng thng tin do ngi ng k cung cp, cn c trn cc ng dng c v kinh nghim tch ly ca cc chuyn gia khoa hc a ra cc phng n qun l ri ro thch hp cho tng vn . Vn quy m: Cc nh nh gi ri ro thng phi quan tm n quy m khng gian v thi gian ng dng GMO. Khi quy m sn xut GMO b thay i th mt s vn mi c th ny sinh. sn xut sn phm GMO quy m thng mi th khng th s dng cc d liu nh gi ri ro tin h nh phm vi sn xut nh, v nhng s kin c tn s xut hin nh (kh nng chuyn gen khc lo i thc vt...) li d c kh nng xy ra quy m ln. nh gi ri ro quy m c h sinh thi nng nghip l bc ln nht v phc tp nht. Thay i quy m t ng rung sang h sinh thi ln r r ng cn nhiu vn khoa hc cha c l m sng t v thu ht s quan tm ca cng chng, nht l khi cc tnh trng bin i gen nh tnh khng cn trng c th nh hng n nhiu nc trong chui thc n sinh thi. nh k nh gi li thng tin: Mt trong nhng yu t cn bn ca qu trnh nh gi ri ro l nh gi li thng tin. Ngi sn xut v s dng cn phi thng xuyn cung cp cc thng tin b sung cho nh nh gi ri ro. Cc d liu n y s b lp cc thng tin thiu st do khch quan v h tr qu trnh nh gi. Qu trnh n y cng gip tm ra cc l hng v thng tin t ra cc vn nghin cu su thm cng nh c kt cc kinh nghim cn thit khi nh gi ri ro nhng vn lin quan. Cc nh nh gi thng xuyn phi tip xc vi nh sn xut, ngi s dng cng nh gii khoa hc, nh lp php v cng lun. Thng qua , h c c hi t tng kt cc vn khoa hc v t ra cc vn , kha cnh mi cn b sung trong qu trnh nh gi ri ro. S tham gia ca Hi ng T vn: Mc d khng bt buc, nhng Hi ng T vn gm cc nh khoa hc, chuyn gia ng vai tr quan trng i vi qu trnh nh gi ri ro. H khng ch c kin thc khoa hc trong tng lnh vc ring m cn a ra cc cuc tranh lun hu ch xung quanh nhng hn ch ca cc thng tin khoa hc gip nh nh gi ri ro c th a ra kt lun cui cng cng nh quan tm n cc vn cha c l m sng t. Tuy nhin, mi quc gia, c bit l cc quc gia ang pht trin, s gp phi kh khn trong vic la chn chuyn gia t vn. iu n y c th c gii quyt phn n o thng qua s hp tc trong khu vc v s gip ca cc chuyn gia trong cng ng quc t. Ngo i ra, vic thng nht chi tit cc ni dung nh gi ri ro s gp phn gim bt cc sai st trong qu trnh nh gi do hn ch v nhn thc.

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S nh gi ri ro Trch nhim nh gi ri ro Nhiu quc gia trn th gii yu cu ngi ng k trnh cc nh gi ri ro cho nhng hot ng trin khai vi cc ni dung ph hp quy nh. Kt qu nh gi ri ro c ngi ng k cung cp nh l mt phn ca H s ng k, sau C quan c thm quyn s quyt nh cc ni dung cng vic n y , chnh xc v khoa hc cha. Nh vy, C quan c thm quyn s chu trch nhim cui cng i vi cc nh gi ri ro. C quan c thm quyn thng thng thc thi nhim v n y bng cch gi mt bn sao nh gi ri ro cho Hi ng T vn Khoa hc. Hi ng n y c nhim v kim tra cc kt qu nh gi ri ro. Khi Hi ng thy kt qu nh gi ri ro trnh khng hoc mun xc nhn mt s ni dung nht nh ca bn kt qu n y, th thng qua C quan c thm quyn, yu cu ngi ng k tin h nh nghin cu hay th nghim b sung. Cc kt lun khoa hc v cc kin xut ca Hi ng T vn Khoa hc, sau , c cung cp cho C quan c thm quyn a ra quyt nh cui cng. Ngi ng k thng c to c hi trao i v cc kt lun v kin xut ca Hi ng T vn Khoa hc trc khi cc quyt nh i vi H s ng k c a ra.

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Ng bin i gen (Ngun: ISAAA) Cc vn khoa hc trong tng lnh vc nh gi ri ro nh gi ri ro i vi mi trng Cc yu t quan trng nht cn quan tm i vi an to n mi trng bao gm: s pht tn gen; kh nng tr th nh siu c di i vi thc vt; tc ng n cc sinh vt khng phi l sinh vt ch; tc ng n a dng sinh hc v cc tc ng khng mong mun khc. Trong , nhng lo ngi chnh v tc ng ca GMO i vi mi trng xung quanh l kh nng xm chim v gy bin i gen cc lo i t nhin cng nh cc lo i khc dn n s thay i cc mi quan h sinh thi. Nh vy, ngun gc ca nhng lo lng trn l bt ngun t nhng nguy c ri ro v a dng sinh hc i vi cc khu vc sn xut GMO. Pht tn gen: Vn nhim gen l mt trong nhng lo ngi chnh v nh hng ca GMO i vi mi trng. Gi, ma, cn trng th phn c th mang nhng ht phn ca GMC sang cc cnh ng canh tc cy trng truyn thng bn cnh v gy nhim gen do kh nng xy ra lai cho (lai khng mong mun) ca gen c chuyn trong GMC vi cc cy h h ng hoang di. Nguy c tim n n y cn c nh gi trc khi chuyn gen cng nh cn c kim sot sau khi cy trng c gii phng v o mi trng. Vn c di: C di khng phi l c tnh di truyn ca sinh vt v thng c nh gi tu thuc v o tng thi im v ho n cnh nht nh theo mun ch quan ca con ngi. Do , c di c nh ngha mt cch n gin l mt lo i sinh vt sinh trng ti nhng ni khng mong mun. Trn cc cnh ng, GMC c th c coi l i tng gy hi hay c di khi chng tip tc sinh trng cc v sau v cnh tranh vi cc cy chnh v. Nu ging thc vt n y c bin i gen chng chu cc loi thuc dit c th vn c di rt kh c kim sot v cn phi nghin cu, p dng cc bin php, thuc dit c thay th. Tuy nhin, thng thng cc ging cy lng thc c thun ha n mc ch c kh nng sinh sng trn cc cnh ng canh tc thch hp nn kh nng tr th nh mt lo i thc vt gy hi l khng ln. Nh vy, nguy c gy hi mi trng ca mt ging cy lng thc bin i gen ch c th xy ra khi ging cy n y c kh nng di truyn tn ti lu v sinh trng 15

 mt mi trng mi khng c canh tc thch hp. Do , mi nguy hi n y ch thc s xut hin i vi cc lo i cy bin i gen c kh nng t sinh sn v t c thun ha nh c linh lng, thng, dng, bch n Mt nghin cu bt u t nm 1990 ko d i 10 nm chng minh rng GMC (nh ci du, khoai ty, ng, c ci ng) khng l m tng nguy c xm chim hay tn ti lu d i trong mi trng t nhin so vi cc cy trng khng bin i gen tng ng. Cc tnh trng nh khng thuc dit c, khng cn trng ng thi cng c kim tra. Tuy nhin, cc nh nghin cu cho rng nhng kt qu n y khng c ngha l s thay i di truyn khng th l m gia tng tnh hoang di hay kh nng pht tn ca cy trng m chng ch ra rng nhng cy trng nng sut kh c th tn ti lu d i m khng c canh tc. i vi nhng sinh vt khng phi l sinh vt ch cn dit, GMO c th tc ng do sn sinh c t v cng c th gy hi thng qua vic l m mt khu vc c tr. GMO cng c th l m thay i s lng cng nh th nh phn (t l c/ ci, c th trng th nh/ cha trng th nh) ca qun th sinh vt khng phi l sinh vt ch. Do vy, bn cnh vic xem xt nhng nh hng ca GMO n qun th sinh vt ch, cc nh nh gi ri ro cng cn quan tm n qun th sinh vt khng phi l sinh vt ch. Trc khi thng mi ha, GMO thng c th nghim quy m ln nhm xc nh nhng nh hng khi a v o sn xut i tr . Nh vy, trc khi a ra th trng, cc nh nghin cu to ra GMO cng nh nhng chuyn gia ca cc c quan qun l cn tin h nh nhng nh gi cht ch v nh hng ca GMO ti mi trng trn c s nhng quy tc do cc chuyn gia mi trng trn to n cu xy dng (nh ca Hi ng Nghin cu Quc gia Hoa K nm 1989; OECD nm 1992; Chnh ph Canada nm 1994). Trong , hu ht cc quc gia s dng nhng quy trnh nh gi tng t xem xt s tng tc gia GMC v mi trng vi nhng thng tin v vai tr ca gen c a v o, nh hng ca chng i vi cy nhn gen, ng thi c nhng cu hi c th v nh hng khng mong mun ln cc sinh vt khng phi l sinh vt cn dit trong mi trng ; GMC c tn ti trong mi trng lu hn bnh thng hoc xm chim nhng ni c ng mi khng? Kh nng gen pht tn ngo i mun t cy chuyn gen sang lo i khc v nhng hu qu c th xy ra. Nhng nh gi v nh hng ti mi trng l c s a ra cc bin php qun l ri ro hiu qu v xy dng cc h thng nng nghip tt pht hin v gim thiu nhng mi nguy hi c th xy ra.

Ng bin i gen khng e do s pht trin ca bm Monarchs C quan Bo v Mi trng Hoa K (Ngun: P. B. Southerland) nh gi ri ro i vi sc kho con ngi v an to n thc phm

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Mi lo ngi ln nht i vi GMO ni chung v thc phm bin i gen (Genetically Modified Food GMF) ni ring l nhng protein mi to ra c th gy c hoc gy d ng. Ngo i ra, cn cc nguy c khc nh gim nng mt s cht dinh dng trong khi li tng nng mt s cht khc. Kh nhiu t chc an to n thc phm quc t tin h nh thng k thc phm gy d ng v xy dng cc nguyn tc, quy ch nh gi ri ro. H ng lot th nghim v cu hi phi c xem xt k quyt nh liu thc phm n y c l m tng tnh d ng hay khng. Chng hn, i vi GMC, cc tiu ch lin quan n kh nng gy d ng cn xem xt bao gm: (i) Ngun nguyn liu di truyn c bit c nguy c gy d ng; (ii) Tm hiu trnh t amino acid ca cc khng nguyn gy d ng; (iii) nh gi cc phn ng min dch; (iv) nh hng ca pH v / hoc ca qu trnh tiu ha ; (v) nh hng ca nhit hoc ca quy trnh ch bin. Nu cc sn phm bin i gen cha gen phn lp t nhng ngun nguyn liu c bit khng gy d ng th chng cn c tin h nh cc nghin cu v s tng ng gia trnh t amino acid ca protein mi do gen m ha vi cc khng nguyn gy d ng bit cng nh v qu trnh tiu ha v ch bin sn phm. Nh vy, bc u tin ca qu trnh nh gi kh nng gy d ng l xc nh c tnh ca bt k protein n o l sn phm ca gen a v o. Ngun protein, lch s s dng an to n, chc nng ca gen/ protein, s hp th, tnh bn nhit v cc qu trnh khc u c em so snh vi cc protein bit khc. Cho ti nay, khoa hc ho n to n c th xc nh chc chn mt protein c kh nng gy d ng hay khng. Nh vy, vic chn lc v kim tra phn ng gy d ng ca GMO gm mt s bc chnh nh: khng s dng gen gy d ng bin np; nhn bit gen t cc ngun gy d ng; nh gi kh nng gy d ng ca cc protein mi. Qu trnh kim tra n y cho hiu qu tng i cao. V d, protein d tr 2S ht d Brazil c a v o u tng l m tng h m lng amino acid cha lu hunh nhm tng gi tr dinh dng. Mt s ngi b d ng vi ht d Brazil c kim tra xem mu mu ca h c b tc ng ca protein mi n y hay khng. Mu th ca 8/ 9 ngi cho thy c s nh hng v dng u tng mang protein d tr 2S khng c tip tc gieo trng.

Cc sn phm ca ng bin i gen c mt trn th trng (Ngun: USDA)

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Ngo i ra, cc nh khoa hc thng s dng gen khng khng sinh l m tc nhn chn lc nhn bit nhng t b o ti t hp. Vic s dng gen khng khng sinh chn lc to ra mi lo ngi v kh nng xy ra s khng khng sinh trong cc qun th vi khun. n nay, rt nhiu nghin cu v th nghim khoa hc v vn n y cho rng: (i) Kh nng cc gen khng khng sinh c th c chuyn t GMO sang cc sinh vt khc l v cng nh; (ii) Thm ch khi mt gen khng khng sinh c chuyn sang mt sinh vt khc th nh hng ca vic n y cng khng ng k do cc loi khng sinh c s dng trong GMO t c ng dng trong th y v y hc. Hn na, mc an to n ca cc gen khng khng sinh chn lc c nhiu t chc quc t xem xt sau mt qu trnh nh gi to n din trong nhiu nm. Tuy nhin, l m du nhng lo lng ca x hi, cc nh khoa hc ti nhiu quc gia ang nghin cu thit k nhng gen ch th mi nhm loi cc gen khng khng sinh chn lc khi nhng sn phm hin nay gim thiu nguy c. H thng Cre/ lox cho php loi b cc ch th chn lc sau bin np v o t b o thc vt c nghin cu ng dng. Gn y, H ng Syngenta (Thu S) cng b mt h thng chn lc mi ho n to n khng s dng cc gen khng khng sinh hoc thuc dit c, cho php pht hin v chn lc d d ng v hiu qu cc t b o ti t hp m khng gy nh hng hoc tiu dit cc t b o bnh thng. R r ng, GMF phi tri qua rt nhiu th nghim nghim ngt. Trc khi c a ra th trng, chng phi c nh gi sao cho ph hp vi cc quy nh do nhng t chc khoa hc quc t a ra nh OECD, T chc Y t Th gii, y ban An to n V sinh Thc phm Quc t Codex Alimentarius ca T chc Nng Lng Lin hip. Nhng quy nh n y u mang cc ni dung chnh: (i) Cc sn phm bin i gen cn c nh gi ging nh cc loi thc phm khc do cc nguy c gy ra bi GMF cng c bn cht ging nh cc loi thc phm thng thng; (ii) Cc sn phm n y s c xem xt da trn an to n, kh nng gy d ng, c tnh v dinh dng ca chng hn l da v o phng php v k thut sn xut; (iii) Tng t nh vic cp php trc khi thng mi cho cc loi cht ph gia mi nh cht bo qun hay m u thc phm, bt k mt cht mi n o to ra nh CNSH c b sung v o thc phm u phi c ph chun trc khi a ra th trng. Nh vy, GMF d kin a ra th trng cn c nh gi to n din di s gim st c lp ca cc nh khoa hc v cc nh nh gi v mt dinh dng, c tnh, kh nng gy d ng v cc kha cnh khoa hc thc phm khc. Nhng nh gi v an to n thc phm n y da trn nhng quy nh ca cc t chc c thm quyn ca mi quc gia nh: quy nh hng dn sn phm, thng tin chi tit v mc ch s dng sn phm, cc thng tin v phn t, ha sinh, c tnh, dinh dng v kh nng gy d ng. Cc vn chnh cn c xem xt bao gm: (i) GMF c an to n hay khng? (ii) Nng cc c t hay cht gy d ng trong thc phm c thay i? (iii) H m lng cc cht dinh dng chnh c thay i hay khng? (iv) Cc cht mi trong GMF c m bo tnh an to n? (v) Kh nng tiu ha thc n c b thay i? (vi) Cc quy trnh to ra thc phm c c chp nhn?

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3. qun l ri ro
Qun l ri ro l cc bin php nhm gim thiu cc ri ro xung mc thp nht hay mc c th chp nhn c. Vn qun l ri ro trong CNSH l vic p dng cc quy trnh v phng php l m gim cc tc ng c hi ca mt ri ro xung mc c th chp nhn c. Qun l ri ro cn c p dng mt cch h thng trong qu trnh nghin cu - pht trin v nh gi GMO. Qun l ri ro cn c quan tm ngay giai on tin h nh thc nghim trc khi to ra sn phm cui cng. Trong thc t, kh nng kim sot c cc ri ro tim t ng hoc xc nh c th p dng ngay t qu trnh to v th nghim GMO. Qun l ri ro quy m phng th nghim v nh knh A To GMO: Ngay giai on chun b mt d n to GMO, cc nh khoa hc cn xc nh chi tit cc c tnh di truyn phn t ca GMO h d nh to ra. Cc vn chnh bao gm: xc nh trnh t DNA ca gen quan tm m ha cho cc tnh trng mong mun, la chn gen l m ch th chn lc/ s ng lc, quyt nh s dng cc tn hiu iu khin thch hp nh on khi ng v on kt thc biu hin cc gen quan tm th nh protein. Cc la chn u da trn tiu ch l hn ch ti thiu cc phn t DNA ngoi lai, iu khin chnh xc v tr ch ca qu trnh chuyn gen cng nh phng php chuyn gen ph hp. B Phng nga s nhim tp: Trong qu trnh a GMO t phng th nghim sang phng nui cy v nh knh, s pht tn GMO v vt liu c ngun gc GMO c hn ch nh cc r o cn vt l hoc sinh hc Phng nga quy m phng th nghim: Bng cch tun th nghim ngt cc quy trnh th nghim v tiu chun ATSH, cc cy trng v t b o ti t hp c th c kim sot trong phng th nghim, cc thit b nui cy m v phng nui trng. Cy trng c th c qun l tng i d d ng trong iu kin phng th nghim vi lu l c bit v vic thu nht k lng ht loi b hoc s dng cho cc nghin cu tip theo. Vic dn nh n cn thn v chi tit cng hn ch nhm ln. i vi cc vt liu cn loi b th phi tun theo quy trnh loi thi bo m GMO khng th tn ti v pht trin bn ngo i phng th nghim. Cc phng php thng c s dng l kh trng bng p sut v s dng cc dung dch ty ra c th nh phn thch hp. Phng nga quy m nh knh: Cc nh knh c thit k gi cy trng bn trong cch ly vi cn trng, ng vt v thc vt bn ngo i. Tu thuc mc ch th nghim v c im GMO lin quan n cc mc ATSH khc nhau m ngi ta tin h nh thit k nh knh vi cc chi tit v quy trnh xy dng ph hp. Trong a s trng hp, c th s dng nh knh thng thng nui trng GMO sau khi tn trang v nng cp h thng knh. p ng cc mc an to n cao hn, h thng nh knh c th c tng cng vi cc thit b iu khin v lc lung khng kh i v o v i ra; h thng iu khin v l m sch ngun nc ra, h thng kh trng ti ch cc vt liu thc vt cn loi b hoc cc thit b khc, h thng l m sch nh knh sau th nghim, gii hn s ngi c php v o nh knh, o to v nng cao k thut ATSH cho nhng nhn vin v nh nghin cu. ng thi, cc bin php phng nga s pht tn GMO cng cn c quan tm trong qu trnh vn chuyn GMO v o hoc ra nh knh, gim st s pht tn GMO trong v sau khi tin h nh th nghim. Qun l ri ro quy m ng rung A - Cch ly vt l: Cch ly vt l c trin khai nh s dng cc trang thit b chuyn dng. i vi mi nh knh, cc la chn v kiu knh, thit b h n, lc, chiu sng, h thng thng kh v cc c tnh khc u nh hng n mc cch ly GMO. Cc h thng n y cng c thit k nhm khng ch hiu qu su bnh khng mong mun xm nhp v o. B - Cch ly sinh hc: Cc qu trnh sinh hc c th l cc phng tin ngn chn hu hiu qu trnh chuyn t do cc nguyn liu di truyn. i vi thc vt, cch ly v mt sinh sn, mt phng php cch ly sinh hc thng thng, c th thc hin theo mt s cch: (1)

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Trng cy bin i gen khu vc khng c cc lo i hoang di hoc cc lo i sinh sn hu tnh tng thch; (2) Loi b to n b cc lo i hoang di hoc cc lo i sinh sn hu tnh tng thch t nhin bit c th th phn vi cy bin i gen; (3) Bao hoc bc gi hoa ngn tip xc vi cn trng th phn hoc ngn cn qu trnh th phn nh gi... Trong khi, i vi vi sinh vt: rt kh c mt phng php cch ly vt l hiu qu cho vi khun, virus v cc vi sinh vt khc bi v chng khng th nhn thy v khi lan rng th khng d kim sot. Tuy nhin, hu ht vi sinh vt kh tn ti v nu pht tn th s tn ti lu d i. Do vy, cc phng php cch ly sinh hc a ra nhng gii php khng ch hiu qu hn: (1) To khong cch cch ly hp l gia thc vt nhim virus v cc vt ch mn cm khc, c bit trong trng hp nu vi sinh vt c th pht tn qua khng kh hoc tip xc vi l cy; (2) Trng cy th nghim v vi sinh vt v o thi gian thch hp trong nm khi cc cy trng mn cm khng c trng hoc mc khu vc xung quanh; (3) Loi tr cc vector l vt mang ca vi sinh vt; (4) Ci bin di truyn cc vi sinh vt theo hng gim kh nng sng st v sinh sn ca chng. i vi cn trng: Cch ly kin v cn trng trong khu vc nh knh l mt vn rt phc tp. Cc nh cn trng hc nui cn trng trong nh knh trng thc vt cn l m vic thng xuyn nhm m bo cn trng khng thot ra cng nh khng ch c bnh v cc sinh vt k sinh. Cc phng php sau thng c s dng trnh s pht tn ca ng vt chn t v cc ng vt c kch thc nh khc: (1) Chn cc chng khng bay, to ra cc chng c chc nng bay b hn ch, hoc cc chng khng sinh sn c; (2) Chn thi gian th nghim ph hp trong nm. V o thi im nu cc sinh vt c thot ra cng khng th tn ti c; (3) X l m nhm loi kh nng trng v pht trin ca u trng; (4) Trnh s dng cc cn trng c kch thc nh cc th nghim trong lng knh; (5) Hy cc cn trng trong lng knh sau cc th nghim th phn nhm loi b kh nng pht tn ht phn nh cn trng ra mi trng. C - Cc loi cch ly khc: i vi cc th nghim trn ng rung, iu kin mi trng c th c tn dng hn ch s sinh sn, sng st, hoc pht tn cc GMO ra ngo i mi trng thc nghim. V d: nhit , ngun cung cp nc, m v chu k sng c th c iu chnh t nhin nh chn v tr th nghim ph hp hoc nhn to vi cc h thng ti nc, nh sng. Cc cht ha hc nh thuc dit c, nm, cn trng, cht ty hoc cc ha cht c khc cng c th c s dng hn ch s sng st v sinh sn ca GMO ngo i mi trng th nghim. Tuy nhin, cn phi xem xt nhng nh hng c hi ca cc cht ha hc ln cc sinh vt n y. Sau mi th nghim, nu cn thit c th x l ha cht hoc kh trng to n b khu vc th nghim. Ngo i ra, s lng sinh vt th nghim v din tch khu vc th nghim cng nh hng n kh nng cch ly. Trong kh nhiu trng hp, ngi ta kt hp cch ly vt l v sinh hc nhm gim cc loi thit b vt l cn s dng. Cc quy trnh qun l ri ro khc A - Cc quy trnh qun l ri ro giai on kt thc th nghim Cc bin php lun c tin h nh giai on cui ca cc th nghim trong phng th nghim, nh knh, ng rung nhm m bo GMO c loi b ho n to n khi khu vc th nghim. Cc bin php yu cu thc hin tu thuc v o chng loi sinh vt, kiu pht tn t nhin ca chng v mi trng tin h nh th nghim. Nh vy, nhng yu cu l m sch trn cn c xc nh trn c s tng trng hp c th. i vi vi sinh vt, cng vic kh trng rt quan trng. Trong khi i tng thc vt, cn thu hoch ht, c y xi t hoc tiu hy cc phn cn li ca thc vt nhm khng ch s pht trin. Ht v cc vt liu thc vt sau thu hoch phi c lu gi, bo qun hay loi b theo ng nhng yu cu cc nh qun l a ra. B - Lu gi thng tin v bo co

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Thng tin lin quan n GMO nh cc s liu v qu trnh bin i gen, cc bng chng chng minh cng nh cc kiu hnh quan st phi c ghi chp v lu gi cn thn. Cc thng tin n y cn cho qu trnh chun b v nh gi mi h s ng k v cc th nghim ng rung. To n b ghi chp v cc bin php qun l ri ro tin h nh ph hp vi cc iu kin hoc cc bin php qun l ri ro a ra bi Hi ng nh gi ATSH cng l t i liu rt gi tr. Hi ng nh gi ATSH s xc nh nhng thng tin ngi ng k cn ghi chp v thi im trnh bo co. Nh vy, qun l tt c th gim mt s ri ro i vi mi trng xung mc c th chp nhn c. Cn nhn mnh rng, nhiu quc gia, ngi ng k l i tng chu chi ph qun l ri ro. V vy, vic m bo cc yu cu qun l ri ro l thc s cn thit. Chi ph thc hin qun l ri ro v nhng kh khn gp phi trong vic p ng mt s iu kin c th l nhng nguyn nhn chnh dn n s tr ho n hay hy b cc th nghim ca nhiu ngi ng k. iu n y thng xy ra i vi cc nghin cu c chnh ph t i tr cc quc gia ang pht trin. Hn na, vic qun l ri ro ph thuc v o con ngi nn c th c nhiu nguy c xut pht t nhng l do nh khng c nng lc v thi gian thc hin nh k. V vy, khi tin h nh nghin cu v GMO, cc nh khoa hc nn suy ngh v vn qun l ri ro ngay t giai on ban u thay v n giai on cui khi to ra sn phm cui cng. iu n y rt quan trng cho cc quc gia hn ch v ngun lc qun l ri ro. Rt nhiu sn phm bin i gen do cc quc gia ang pht trin to ra nhng khng c ph bin trn din rng v chng cha c qun l ri ro gy ra nhng tn tht khng nh v kinh t v thi gian. i vi vn gim st, y l mt phn trong qu trnh qun l ri ro v thng thng gim st c tin h nh sau khi GMO c gii phng. Cng vic n y thng hay b b qua khi nh gi ATSH, c th i hi nhiu thi gian v i khi rt tn km. Khi tin h nh nghin cu v pht trin mt sn phm GMO th cn m bo cc nh nghin cu gi li ngun kinh ph cho vic gim st. Qu trnh gim st c th ch l nhng quan st n gin hay l mt qu trnh nghin cu phc tp, lu d i v cn c nh nghin cu hay c quan c thm quyn tin h nh. Khi tin h nh gim st, cn tp trung v o nhng tc ng mi trng (tiu cc, tch cc), theo di tc ng i vi sc kho con ngi (nng dn l m vic nng tri...), cc tc ng c th gy ra i vi cc lo i ng, thc vt ang b nguy cp. Chng ta cn phi quan tm n: cc sinh vt ang mt dn mi trng sinh sng hay gim s lng c th, qun th... Cc sinh vt n y bao gm c sinh vt ch v sinh vt khng phi l ch. V d, i vi ng Bt, ngo i su c thn ng l sinh vt ch cn dit, bm Monarch mc d khng phi l sinh vt ch nhng cng c quan tm khi c nghin cu cho thy s lng ca lo i bm n y b gim.

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4. Qun l an ton sinh hc v vn nh gi, qun l

ri ro mt s quc gia tiu biu
Mc d hu ht cc quc gia nhn thc c tm quan trng trong vic xy dng khung php l qun l GMO v cc sn phm ca chng nhm m bo s an to n cho con ngi v mi trng sinh thi, vn thc hin v trin khai qun l ATSH cng nh xy dng nng lc qun l ATSH mi quc gia dng nh khng n gin, ngoi tr nhng quc gia c nn CNSH pht trin mnh m v chuyn su nh Hp chng quc Hoa K, Canada, Argentina... xy dng khung qun l ATSH, nhiu quc gia ho n to n khng thay i cc lut hin h nh, trong khi mt s quc gia v ang ban h nh cc vn bn php lut mi. Hp chng quc Hoa K: Quy ch l m nn tng cho Khung qun l cc sn phm CNSH ca Hoa K l cc sn phm to ra t CNSH c khng nh r v c bn khng khc so vi cc sn phm truyn thng v khung php l hin h nh qun l cc sn phm to ra t CNSH. Nm 1986, Hoa K a ra quyt nh cho php p dng cc lut hin h nh lin quan kim sot GMO. Khi xc nh s an to n, cc c quan qun l phi tin h nh nh gi nhiu kha cnh khc nhau ca sn phm. Mt s sn phm ca CNSH hin i c th d d ng c nh gi theo cc quy nh hin h nh, trong khi cc sn phm khc i hi phi c nhng quy nh mi. Nguyn tc tng ng c bn (substantial equivalence principle) l nguyn tc ch o ca h thng qun l GMO Hoa K. Canada: Canada, CNSH c nh ngha rt rng bao h m tt c sinh vt, tng phn v sn phm ca chng c to ra theo phng php c in v theo k thut hin i nh k thut di truyn. Nm 1993, Chnh ph Canada cng b khung qun l cc sn phm CNSH da trn s h i ho gia li ch cc sn phm n y em li v yu cu bo v mi trng v sc kho con ngi. Canada s dng h thng nh gi da trn sn phm gim st, ch yu tp trung v o nhng tnh trng mi. Tt c cy trng hoc sn phm GMO mang nhng c tnh mi trc cha s dng trong nng nghip v sn xut lng thc Canada u phi gim st bt k chng c to ra t phng php truyn thng hay bng CNSH. T nm 1994, Canada ph chun 43 sn phm thc phm, trong c rt nhiu sn phm GMO. Cc sn phm mi n y trc khi c tip th hoc bn ra th trng cn phi thng bo cho cc c quan chc nng v nh gi an to n da trn nguyn tc tng ng c bn. Argentina: B Nng nghip, Chn nui, Thy sn v Thc phm, cc ban ng nh v vin nghin cu lin quan ca B n y chu trch nhim gim st cc hot ng v nhng sn phm ca CNSH. Ban Qun l Nng nghip thuc B a ra cc quy nh v vic s dng GMO trong th nghim ng rung, gii phng ra mi trng v ng dng thng mi. Ban Qun l n y bao gm: (i) Hi ng C vn Quc gia v CNSH Nng nghip vi chc nng l c quan c vn v ATSH; (ii) Vin Ht ging Quc gia c trch nhim gim st th trng ht ging thng mi; (iii) Ban An to n v Cht lng Nng sn Quc gia vi chc nng qun l thc phm v mt cht lng v an to n, cc sn phm lin quan n sc kho ng vt (nh vaccine...) v thuc tr su; (iv) Ban Th trng Nng sn Quc gia a ra cc yu cu phn tch th trng trc khi thng mi GMO. H thng ATSH ca Argentina bao gm 1 b 4 hng dn p dng cho vic pht trin v s dng GMO v cc sn phm ca chng: nghin cu trong nh knh cc thc vt bin i gen, gii phng v o mi trng thc vt v vi sinh vt trong cc th nghim ng rung v nui trng quy m ln, an to n thc phm, x l v gii phng c kim sot ng vt bin i gen. Lin minh chu u EU: EU c xem l khu vc rt chm chp trong vic quyt nh s dng trn din rng cng ngh GM vi nguyn tc phng nga c coi l c s h nh ng. Chnh ph mt s quc gia chu u rt chm chp trong vic ng v cho php nhp khu cc sn phm GMO, thm ch khi nhng sn phm ny c chng minh l an ton cho sc khe con ngi, vt nui v mi trng. Trn c s nguyn tc phng nga, y

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ban chu u s khng ph chun cc sn phm CNSH mi nu cc d liu khoa hc khng y , khng c tnh thuyt phc hoc khng chc chn v nhng ri ro tim t ng. EU cho rng GMO c to ra t quy trnh c bit nn cn phi c qun l bi nhng quy nh ring. Trong qu trnh qun l GMO, nu nh Hoa K quan tm n sn phm GMO th EU quan tm n quy trnh to ra GMO. Nguyn tc tng ng c bn ch c xem l c s ban u ca qu trnh nh gi. Trung Quc: L mt trong nhng quc gia ln thuc nhm cc quc gia ang pht trin, Chnh ph Trung Quc rt quan tm n s pht trin bn vng v a dng sinh hc cng nh an to n ca GMO, nht l khi hin nay cc nh khoa hc Trung Quc to ra GMO vi nhiu tnh trng mi nh khng cn trng, thuc dit c v tng h m lng dinh dng. B Nng nghip cho bit nm 1997 c 55 ng k th nghim, gii phng v o mi trng v thng mi cy bin i gen. S h s ng k tng ln 68 v o nm 1998 v 72 v o nm 1999. n nm 2000, 6 ging cy bin i gen c trng i tr . Song song vi cc nghin cu trin khai, Trung Quc thc thi mt s quy ch qun l GMO. y ban Khoa hc v Cng ngh Quc gia, cng vi s hp tc ca B Y t, B Nng nghip, Vin H n lm Khoa hc son tho Quy ch qun l ATSH k thut di truyn nhm xy dng khung php l cho vic gii phng GMO v o mi trng. Sau , Quy ch hng dn qun l an to n k thut di truyn sinh hc nng nghip ca B Nng nghip (nm 1996), Quy ch hng dn qun l an to n thuc l chuyn gen (nm 1998) v Quy ch ph chun sn phm sinh hc mi (nm 1999) ra l nhng vn bn chnh qun l cc vn lin quan n GMO. Tuy nhin, thc t cho thy hu ht GMO v sn phm ca chng l cc ging cy trng, vt nui nng nghip v dc phm nn nm 2001, Hi ng Quc gia ban h nh Quy ch Qun l an to n GMO nng nghip. Quy ch n y cng bao gm cc iu khon v nghin cu, thc nghim, sn xut v ch bin, hot ng xut nhp khu, t vn v gim st GMO nng nghip. V vn nh gi v qun l ri ro, Trung Quc xy dng bn hng dn k thut gii phng GMO v o mi trng. Ngo i ra, B Nng nghip cng ban h nh ba quy tc qun l: Quy tc qun l cc nh gi an to n GMO nng nghip, Quy tc qun l an to n vic nhp khu GMO nng nghip v Quy ch qun l vic dn nh n GMO nng nghip. Cc quy ch n y ch dn r quy trnh v phng php nh gi, qun l ri ro cc sn phm GMO nng nghip, th nghim cc sn phm GMO nng nghip nhp khu v phng php dn nh n cc sn phm n y. Nht Bn: Rt nhiu vin nghin cu Nht Bn xy dng hng dn qun l cc th nghim trong phng th nghim v th nghim trn ng rung i vi GMO. Nm 1979, Hng dn thc nghim DNA ti t hp c B Gio dc, Khoa hc v Vn ha ban h nh. Nm 1987, Nht Bn xy dng v thng qua cc hng dn ng dng GMO v o nng nghip, lm nghip, thy sn, cng nghip thc phm v cc ng nh cng nghip lin quan. Nhng hng dn n y da trn hng dn ca OECD v c sa i v o cc nm 1992, 1995. Nm 1995, T chc i mi Cng ngh trong Nng nghip, Lm nghip v Thy sn th nh lp Trung tm Thng tin v ng dng GMO. Nht Bn, h thng qun l da trn sn phm v nguyn tc tng t nh gi. Hai hng dn thc nghim (mt p dng cho nghin cu trng i hc, mt cho cc nghin cu cn li) v 6 hng dn cho cc ng dng cng nghip c xy dng. Ba trong s 6 hng dn p dng cho khi cng nghip cp n vn nh gi an to n ca vic ng dng GMC. Vic qun l n y thuc quyn hn ca B Nng nghip, Lm nghip v Thy sn (MAFF) hoc B Y t, Lao ng v Phc li. Trng trt v nhp khu cc lo i cy bin i gen c th nhn ln trong mi trng t nhin th c qun l da trn hng dn GMO bi MAFF. s dng, GMC cn c chng minh khng c nh hng mi n nng nghip v sinh thi ca Nht Bn. Hai giai on ng dng ring c phn bit: ng dng trong mi trng chun v ng dng trong mi trng m. Trc khi ng dng v o bt c h thng n o, ngi ng k cn phi c MAFF chng nhn qu trnh nh gi an to n m bo cc yu cu ra.

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Australia: Lut Cng ngh gen 2000 v Quy ch Cng ngh gen 2001 ra i nhm bo v sc kho v s an to n ca con ngi, bo v mi trng, nhn bit cc ri ro t cng ngh gen v qun l cc ri ro n y thng qua cc quy ch l m vic vi GMO. nh gi ri ro trong quy ch c dng b sung v ho n to n khng dng thay th cc qu trnh nh gi ri ro ca T chc Tiu chun thc phm New Zealand Australia, C quan qun l Quc gia cc sn phm nng nghip v th y v C quan qun l sn phm dc phm ang thc hin trn cc i tng ha cht th y, nng nghip v thc phm cng nh cc h ng dc phm khc. Khung nh gi ri ro cho cc h s ng k cp php thng mi c cng b nhm h tr cc t chc, c nhn mun ng k h s theo Lut Cng ngh gen 2000 cng nh gip nhng ai quan tm n vn nh gi ri ro ca GMO. Khung nh gi n y cung cp cc hng dn chung v nh gi ri ro v xy dng cc k hoch qun l ri ro pht hin c rt nhiu khu vc sinh thi khc nhau. Hi ng T vn v K thut Di truyn (Genetic Manipulation Advisory Committee GMAC) do Chnh ph th nh lp c nhim v theo di s dng GMO, nh gi v qun l cc ri ro, khuyn co cc b v cc vn c lin quan n GMO. l m nhim v n y, GMAC son tho ra 3 vn bn c tnh cht hng dn: Quy nh v phng th nghim l m vic vi GMO; Quy nh v s dng GMO trong cc iu kin cch ly nh knh; Quy nh v th nghim GMO trn ng rung v sn xut thng mi GMO. Tt c n v, c nhn Australia mun tin h nh nghin cu, trin khai, th nghim trn ng rung, xut nhp khu v thng mi GMO u cn c GMAC ph duyt. H s gi GMAC trc ht phi c Hi ng ATSH cp vin thng qua v cha ng cc thng tin gii p cho h ng lot cu hi v sinh vt cho v nhn gen, cc th nh phn ca gen, phng php chuyn gen, cc ri ro v phng thc qun l ri ro. Ni dung ca h s phi da trn cc quy nh do GMAC ban h nh. Khu vc ASEAN: Hin nay, trong mi quc gia thuc Hip hi cc quc gia ng Nam (ASEAN) th bn quc gia: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philipin v Thi Lan th nghim ng rung th nh cng GMO. Indonesia l quc gia duy nht cho php thng mi ha bng chuyn gen Bt. Indonesia cng th nghim ng rung u tng v ng, hai sn phm c tim nng thng mi tip theo. Thailand, nghin cu tc ng ca bng chuyn gen Bt i vi mi trng c tin h nh 3 nm lin tc v hin nay ang th nghim ng rung u khng virus. Trc , Thi Lan cng nghin cu nh hng mi trng ca cy bin i gen s dng l m thc phm nh: c chua, la v ng. Malaysia, u tng l cy bin i gen c trng th nghim u tin. Trong trng hp Philipin, ng chuyn gen Bt c nghin cu th nghim nhng cha c cp php thng mi. V qun l ATSH GMO, da trn hin trng cc quy ch, c th chia cc quc gia ASEAN th nh hai nhm: (1) nhm cc quc gia cha xy dng quy ch: bao gm Camphuchia, L o, Brunei v Vit Nam. Trong cc quc gia n y, L o ang trong qu trnh xy dng Khung ATSH Quc gia v Chnh ph ch nh B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng l c quan ch o nh nc. Brunei th nh lp c quan quc gia gim st qun l GMO. Cambodia li cho rng khng cn xy dng cc quy ch qun l cht ch GMO, min l GMF c chng minh an to n v giao cho B Thng mi chu trch nhim gim st cc vn xut nhp sn phm. Myanma dng nh cha quan tm n vn n y do c s h tng thp v cc quy nh cn yu. (2) Nhm cc quc gia c h thng qun l v gim st GMO. Cc quc gia n y, bao gm Indonesia, Malaysia, Philipin v Thi Lan. Trong Philipin l mt quc gia nhy bn v vn ATSH. Philipin a ra Hng dn ATSH t nm 1991. Cc vn bn n y u cp n cc quy nh ATSH nghim ngt trong phng th nghim cng nh a cc kt qu nghin cu GMO v o thc t sn xut. Thailand p dng hng dn ATSH trong phng th nghim, th nghim ng rung v nh gi an to n GMF. Vic gim st v nh gi ri ro thng tp trung nhiu v o c im ca GMO hn so vi cc k thut phn t v t b o s dng to ra chng. GMO v sn phm vi nhng tc ng

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ti con ngi, ng vt v mi trng thng l im ch ca quy ch. Malaysia v Indonesia xy dng xong vn bn hng dn ca quc gia v gii phng GMO v o mi trng. Indonesia cp php trng i tr bng Bt mt s khu vc nht nh v c kh nng nh gi ri ro trong cc lnh vc sinh hc phn t, sinh thi hc v chn to ging. Tuy nhin, Indonesia cha c nng lc nh gi an to n thc phm.

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5. N lc to s thng nht gia cc quc gia trong

qun l an ton sinh hc, nh gi v qun l ri ro cng nh trao i thng tin v an ton sinh hc
Cc Hi ngh v CNSH u i n thng nht rng mi ngi dn thuc cc quc gia pht trin cng nh ang pht trin u c quyn c hng s an to n thc phm v an to n mi trng. Tuy vy, cc quc gia ang pht trin cn c s tr gip v t i chnh xy dng nng lc nghin cu v m bo c cc phng php ph hp xem xt sn phm CNSH c thc s an to n v thch hp vi mi quc gia hay khng. Hin nay, cc quc gia ang pht trin, vic xy dng quy ch hng dn ATSH rt a dng. Trong hu ht trng hp, cc quc gia c xu hng xy dng hng dn k thut v th nh lp hi ng ATSH quc gia. Tuy nhin, rt nhiu quc gia li tr ho n xy dng cc quy nh php l lin quan. Hin nay, kh nhiu t chc phi chnh ph v t chc hp tc song phng, a phng tham gia t vn xy dng cc quy ch ATSH thch hp cng nh h tr k thut thc thi chng nh EU, OECD, WHO, FAO, UNEP Cc t chc n y cng c bit quan tm n vn to s thng nht gia cc quy ch. Thng nht c ngha l cc yu cu t ra trong cc quy ch tng t nhau v cc nh gi, gim st ri ro c tin h nh nht qun. iu n y khng c ngha l tt c cc quc gia cn xy dng cc chnh sch, mc tiu v chin lc ging nhau. Mc ch l tm s h i ho trong cc yu cu thu thp s liu, qu trnh th nghim v trao i thng tin. Quy ch ca mi quc gia cui cng tu thuc v o nng lc nhn thc v s chp nhn ca cng chng cng nh l nn vn ha ca quc gia . S h i ho cc quy ch ATSH c rt nhiu ngha: (1) Cc nh chc trch qun l c th nhn c kinh nghim t cc quc gia khc v vic t chc v phn tch, nh gi ri ro; (2) Thc y chuyn giao cng ngh v chng to s tin tng v l m n gin ha vic chun b ng k th nghim ng rung; (3) C th bo v cc quc gia ang pht trin khi cc cuc th nghim ng rung thuc phm vi cm cc quc gia khc. Chng trnh tiu chun sc khe mi trng ca WHO: Trong nhng thp k qua, WHO ng vai tr then cht trong vic nh gi ri ro ti sc khe con ngi v mi trng do vic s dng ha cht thng qua Chng trnh tiu chun sc kho mi trng (the WHO Environmental Health Criteria Programme EHC). Mc tiu chnh ca EHC l thu thp thng tin v mi quan h gia nhim mi trng v sc kho con ngi, trn c s cung cp cc hng dn gim thiu phi nhim; nhn bit cc nhim mi xy ra v nhim nguy c; tm hiu nhng kin thc v nh hng ca nhim n sc kho con ngi; thc y s thng nht quc t trong cc phng php phn tch c t v dch t. Sau , chng trnh n y tr th nh mt phn ca Chng trnh quc t v an to n ha cht. Mt trong nhng sn phm ca chng trnh EHC l vic xut bn mt s t i liu lin quan n nh gi an to n ca ph gia thc phm v cc cht gy nhim trong thc phm (1987); nh gi ri ro ca ha cht i vi sc kho con ngi (1994); nhng nguyn tc nh gi ri ro c bn ca phi nhim ha cht i vi sc kho con ngi (1999). Cc t i liu n y v ang c s dng rng r i trn th gii. Hip nh v sinh dch t v kim dch ng thc vt (Sanitary and PhytoSanitary Agreement Hip nh SPS) Hip nh chung v thu quan v thng mi v Hip nh v sinh dch t v kim dch ng thc vt xy dng nguyn l c bn cho cc quc gia th nh vin: cc nc cn m bo h thng v sinh dch t v kim dch ng thc vt da trn nguyn tc nh gi, trong nhng trng hp thch hp th cn lu n cc k thut nh gi ri ro i vi sc khe con ngi, ng vt, thc vt do cc t chc quc t son tho (iu 5.1). Vic p dng cc bin php v sinh dch t bo v i sng hoc sc kho ng vt, cy trng khi nguy c xm nhp, pht sinh hay lan truyn su, bnh, vt th mang bnh, gy

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bnh, nguy c t cc cht ph gia, cht c hoc cht gy bnh trong thc phm, thc n, ung l rt cn thit i vi mi quc gia, nhng i khi vic lm dng chng li dn n cn tr thng mi. Vi n lc gim cc r o cn n y, Hip nh SPS quy nh cc quc gia th nh vin ch c s dng cc bin php v sinh dch t mc cn thit, da trn cc nguyn tc khoa hc. Bn cnh , cc quc gia cng phi h i ho cc bin php , tc l da theo nhng tiu chun v khuyn co ca quc t, cng nhn v p dng cc bin php chung. Hip nh tp trung v o cc nh gi khoa hc v ri ro i vi sc kho nh phng tin iu chnh cc bin php v sinh dch t. Cc nh gi n y c th khng tun theo cc tiu chun, iu l hoc cc hng dn v an to n sc kho con ngi, ng thc vt do cc t chc quc t son tho nh y ban An to n V Sinh Thc phm Quc t Codex Alimentarius nu cc tiu chun n y l r o cn thng mi. y ban An to n V sinh Thc phm Quc t Codex Alimentarius: L mt c quan xy dng tiu chun quc t v an to n thc phm do hai c quan ca Lin hp quc l FAO v WHO cng iu h nh vi nhim v xy dng cc tiu chun, hng dn v nhng vn bn c lin quan v thc phm nh Tiu chun quc t v thng mi GMF. Mc ch ca cc chng trnh n y l bo v sc kho ngi tiu dng, m bo cc h nh vi trung thc trong mua bn thc phm v thc y s hp tc trong vic xy dng cc tiu chun thc phm do cc t chc chnh ph v phi chnh ph cp quc t thc hin. y ban n y hin ang d tho cc nguyn tc phn tch ri ro i vi sc kho con ngi gy ra bi GMF nh Hng dn quc t u tin tin v nh gi an ton GMF. Cc nguyn tc n y da trn nhng nh gi tc ng trc tip ca GMO v nhng nh hng khng mong mun khc trc khi c a ra th trng v c thc hin trong tng trng hp c th. Mc d nhng nguyn tc n y khng c hiu lc bt buc i vi php lut mi quc gia, song chng c th c s dng tham chiu khi c tranh chp thng mi. Cng c a dng Sinh hc v Ngh nh th Cartagena v An to n sinh hc Cng c v a dng Sinh hc c thng qua ti Hi ngh Thng nh v Tri t nm 1992 ti Rio de Janeiro. Cng c n y a ra nhng cam kt to n din v bo tn v s dng bn vng a dng sinh hc ca th gii v cng nhau chia s nhng li ch trong vic s dng cc ngun gen v mc ch thng mi v cc mc ch khc theo cch thc hp l v cng bng. Trong Chng trnh Ngh s 21, cc quc gia nhn nhn CNSH hin i nh lnh vc tri thc cao bao gm cc k thut s dng DNA hoc nguyn liu di truyn ca thc vt, ng vt v vi sinh vt to nn nhng cng ngh hoc sn phm c gi tr (Agenda 21, 1992). Cc k thut mi v hin i n y em li rt nhiu li ch v nhn loi cn thc y hp tc, tho thun v thc thi cc nguyn tc quc t nhm m bo qun l mi trng, to nim tin cho cng chng v tng cng ng dng CNSH pht trin bn vng. Cng c n y i hi cc th nh vin tham gia xy dng khung quc gia m bo s an to n khi s dng cc sn phm CNSH. iu 8(g) v iu 19 ca Cng c hng ti m bo xy dng cc quy trnh thch hp v tng cng tnh an to n ca CNSH, t trong bi cnh mc tiu tng quan ca cng c l gim e do tim t ng ti a dng sinh hc, quan tm n cc nguy c nh hng ti sc kho con ngi. Trong , iu 8(g) cp n cc bin php m cc bn tham gia cn thc hin cp quc gia; iu 19, khon 3 t ra cc giai on xy dng mt cng c lin kt v mt php l c tnh quc t gii quyt cc vn ATSH. Nm nm sau khi thng mi LMO, cng ng 130 quc gia cng nhn LMO c th mang cc nguy c ri ro i vi a dng sinh hc v sc kho con ngi v cn phi quy nh, kim sot phng nguy c tim t ng. Ti cuc hp ln th hai c t chc thng 11/1995, Hi ngh cc bn tham gia Cng c th nh lp nhm Cng tc Ad-hoc m rng v ATSH xy dng d tho Ngh nh th ATSH, tp trung ch yu v o s vn chuyn xuyn bin gii LMO to ra nh CNSH hin i, c th c tc dng tiu cc n bo tn v s dng bn vng a dng sinh hc. Sau v i nm thng lng, Ngh nh th n y, vi tn gi l Ngh nh th Cartagena v ATSH ca Cng c a dng sinh hc, c ho n thin v

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thng qua ti Montreal ng y 29/1/2000 trong cuc hp c bit ca cc bn tham gia Cng c. Ng y 11 thng 9 nm 2003, Ngh nh th chnh thc c hiu lc v tr th nh mt hip c v mi trng c tnh r ng buc v php l nhm gp phn m bo mc bo v tho ng trong lnh vc chuyn giao, x l v s dng an to n LMO to ra t CNSH c th c cc tc ng bt li n bo tn v s dng bn vng a dng sinh hc, ng thi quan tm n cc ri ro i vi sc kho con ngi v ch trng c bit n vn chuyn xuyn bin gii. Ngh nh th qun l vn nhp khu v xut khu LMO, khng phi l GMO v nn tng ca Ngh nh th l yu cu bt buc i vi Bn tham gia xut khu phi c s ng ca c quan c thm quyn Bn tham gia nhp khu trc khi vn chuyn LMO. Bn tham gia nhp khu phi c cung cp cc thng tin cn thit (thng tin chi tit v LMO, cc nh gi ri ro trc ca LMO v tnh trng qun l quc gia xut khu) c th a ra quyt nh. Cc Bn tham gia c th p dng cc quy nh quc gia i vi LMO vi iu kin cc mc tiu khng tri vi mc tiu ca Ngh nh th. Ngh nh th bao gm cc quy trnh qun l cc loi LMO khc nhau. LMO ch nh gii phng v o mi trng phi tun theo th tc Tho thun Thng bo trc (AIA); LMO s dng trc tip l m thc phm, thc n chn nui hay cho ch bin; v LMO c s dng c kim sot trong phng th nghim v nh knh, cc Bn tham gia Ngh nh th cn m bo LMO c x l, vn chuyn, ng gi trong iu kin an to n. Kh nhiu bc cn nh gi nhm m bo gim thiu nhng nh hng bt li n mi trng v sc kho con ngi. nh gi v qun l ri ro c cp trong iu 15, 16 v ph lc ca Ngh nh th. iu 15 gii thch nh gi ri ro cn c tin h nh trn cc c s khoa hc.Thng tin ph lc (c bit l ph lc III) s dng nhn bit v nh gi nhng nh hng ca LMO ti bo tn v pht trin bn vng a dng sinh hc cng nh sc kho con ngi. Ngh nh th Cartagena yu cu cc quyt nh qun l theo Ngh nh th n y phi da trn cc nh gi v ri ro c thc hin mt cch cht ch v mt khoa hc v c cn nhc n cc k thut nh gi ri ro c cng nhn. Quyt nh a ra cn mang tnh khoa hc v da trn kt qu nh gi ri ro khoa hc. Ngh nh th cng khng nh Bn tham gia nhp khu c th s dng nguyn tc phng nga a ra quyt nh t chi vic a v o nc mnh LMO khng mong mun - thm ch ngay c trong trng hp thiu cc d liu phn tch hoc thng tin khoa hc h tr cho vic quyt nh t chi. Cc cn nhc v kinh t x hi cng cn c quan tm xem xt trong qu trnh ra quyt nh. Cc Bn tham gia cng cn tin h nh cc bin php cn thit qun l ri ro c pht hin trong qu trnh nh gi ri ro. Cc Bn cng cn phi tin h nh cc bin php cn thit khi LMO ngu nhin b gii phng v o mi trng. Cng c Quc t v Bo v Thc vt (International Plant Protection Convention IPPC): L mt vn bn tho thun a quc gia di s ch tr ca Tng gim c FAO, c qun l bi C quan bo v Thc vt ca FAO v hp tc vi cc t chc bo v thc vt ca cc quc gia v cc khu vc. Cng c c thc thi t nm 1952, sa i v o cc nm 1973 v 1997 v hin nay c 106 quc gia ph chun. Mc ch ca Cng c l nhm duy tr v ci thin cc hp tc quc t v kim sot vt hi cy trng v bnh hi trn cc i tng cy trng cng nh s pht tn bnh dch trn th gii, c bit nhng vng nguy him. Cc iu khon ca Cng c IPPC p dng trc tip cho nhng vn trao i thng mi sn phm nng nghip. Tuy nhin, phm vi ca Cng c bao trm c cc cy nng nghip v nhng lo i thc vt t nhin chu tc ng trc tip v gin tip ca vt hi thc vt. IPPC tp trung xy dng cc tiu chun quc t v xc nh bnh thc vt trn c s cc tiu chun tng ng ca cc quc gia v khu vc. T chc Hp tc v Pht trin Kinh t (OECD): OECD c th nh lp t nm 1961, hot ng rt tch cc trong vn nh gi ri ro/ nguy c. OCED c 29 quc gia th nh vin. Mc tiu hot ng ca OECD l khuyn khch xy dng cc chnh sch thc y s pht trin kinh t, nng cao mc sng v t do thng mi. Ngo i ra, vi vai tr son tho cc hng dn k thut chung cho cc quc gia th nh vin xy dng quy ch quc gia, t gn 20 28

nm nay, OECD v cc quc gia th nh vin trin khai mt cch tip cn khoa hc nh gi an to n ca cc sn phm CNSH mi, nhng i vi cc loi GMF, cc nh hoch nh chnh sch dng nh ang lng tng trc hai thch thc mi: (i) Vic thng mi ha cc loi cy trng v GMF l mt vn ng y c ng mang tnh to n cu; (ii) Vn n y khng ch lin quan n Chnh ph. nhiu quc gia, cc nhm cng ng khc nh ngi tiu dng, cc t chc phi chnh ph, khi doanh nghip v ng nh cng nghip ng y c ng quan tm hn. Hng dn an to n DNA ti t hp ca OECD ra i nm 1986 l nn tng ca cc quy ch v ATSH trn th gii. Hng dn n y cp n tt c cc nhn t khoa hc nh gi s an to n ca GMO t ng vt, thc vt v vi sinh vt. T n nay, OECD cn son tho cc t i liu hng dn b sung: (1) Xem xt an to n ca cy lng thc trong cc th nghim quy m ln; (2) nh gi an to n ca thc phm c ngun gc t CNSH hin i; (3) To ging truyn thng: lch s pht trin c s nh gi vai tr ca CNSH hin i (1993); (4) nh gi an to n thc phm (1996). Nm 1993, OECD th nh lp Nhm iu phi Ni b v CNSH h tr cho cng tc iu phi quc t trong lnh vc nng nghip, cng ngh v thng mi. L mt c quan ph trch v CNSH ca cc quc gia th nh vin, C quan BioTrack ca OECD c nhim v cung cp cc thng tin c lin quan n nhng s pht trin chnh trong php lut ca cc quc gia th nh vin OECD v mt c s d liu trc tuyn v cc sn phm CNSH v cc cuc thc nghim. Trng tm ca hot ng n y l l m h i ho cc quy nh qun l v CNSH trn phm vi quc t m bo rng s l nh mnh v an to n ca mi trng c nh gi mt cch hp l. Mc ch ca n lc n y l nhm thc y s h i ho trn phm vi quc t trong vic nh gi mc an to n v qun l cc sn phm CNSH trnh p dng cc tiu chun khng thng nht vn c th ny sinh t nhng cch tip cn khc nhau trong qun l ri ro v cc bin php cn thc hin gim bt cc ri ro n y. OECD c nhim v lu gi mt b vn bn thng nht v vn CNSH nhm xy dng mt b tiu chun v quy tc c cc quc gia th nh vin chp nhn. B vn bn thng nht n y bao gm cc thng tin k thut c s dng trong qu trnh nh gi v mt qun l i vi sn phm CNSH. Cc tiu chun thng nht v an to n thc phm v thc n gia sc cng c xy dng, trong cp n vn dinh dng, c t, cch s dng v cc thng tin khc c lin quan n sn phm GMF. Gii php UNIDO (T chc pht trin Cng nghip Lin hp quc - United Nations Industrial Development Organization) (1994): Gii php quc t v ATSH ca UNIDO nhm cc mc ch kim tra tng th kh nng xut hin cc ri ro, xc nh cc gii php bo m ATSH hoc khng ch cc ri ro pht sinh t CNSH hin i; kim tra tc ng iu phi quc t v c ch kim sot ri ro trn quan im ATSH; xc nh cc gii php chung v gii php hiu qu nht khc phc ri ro, tho lun v thng nht nhng quyt nh ca quc t v GMO; xut vai tr ca WHO, UNEP, UNIDO trong vic tho lun v quyt nh kim sot ri ro 3 mc sau: kim sot trong nghin cu ti cc phng th nghim, kim sot khi thc hin sn xut theo cng nghip ha v kim sot khi a GMO v o sn xut thng mi. Hng dn ca UNEP: T nhng nm 1996-1997, UNEP trin khai chng trnh xy dng cc hng dn ATSH trong CNSH nhm cung cp cc thng tin c bn cho cc quc gia xy dng cc quy ch m bo an to n khi s dng cc sn phm to ra t CNSH (UNEP International Technical Guidelines for Safety in Biotechnology). Hng dn ca UNEP c son tho trn c s cc nguyn tc chung tham kho t cc hng dn, quy ch quc gia, khu vc, quc t cng nh kinh nghim ca cc quc gia m t chc n y thu c trong qu trnh xy dng v thc thi. Ban iu h nh UNEP trong quyt nh 18/36 B xc nhn tm quan trng ca vic xy dng hng dn k thut quc t v ATSH v vic trnh trng lp vi cc hot ng quc t ang trin khai gn y bi cc t chc khc, c bit l CBD.

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Hng dn ca UNEP ngh xy dng Khung ATSH Quc gia (National Biosafety Framework - NBF) gip Chnh ph thit lp h thng qun l s dng CNSH v xy dng c ch thch hp cho nc mnh gii quyt cc vn lin quan n s dng cng ngh. Hng dn n y cng a ra cc quy ch nhn bit nguy c, gim thiu nhng nh hng c hi n con ngi v mi trng ca sn phm CNSH. Qu trnh nh gi ri ro rt a dng, c th ch bao gm cc qu trnh m bo an to n n gin n nhng qu trnh nh gi phc tp. Cc quc gia cn th nh lp/ b nhim cc c quan u mi chu trch nhim trao i thng tin quc t v hp tc vi cc t chc, cc mng li nhm ph bin thng tin lin quan n ATSH v cam kt gi b mt thng tin thng mi. (i) S trao i thng tin chung: Cc quc gia cn tham gia trao i thng tin chung v xy dng cc c ch ATSH quc gia, cc nghin cu chung c gi tr v nh gi v qun l ri ro; cng nh vic ph chun cho thng mi ha GMO v sn phm ca chng. Trong , thng tin cung cp v vic thng mi GMO trn th trng quc t c bit quan trng. Cc phng php chun a ra trong cc Hng dn quc t c cc quc gia p dng l c s xc tin vic trao i v cng nhn thng tin/ s liu v nh gi ri ro gia cc quc gia, cc t chc v cc c quan lin quan. Cch thc trao i thng tin c th c thc hin trc tip hay thng qua cc c s d liu quc t. (ii) Cung cp thng tin khi vic s dng GMO c th gy nh hng c hi n sc kho con ngi v mi trng quc gia khc. Khu vc ASEAN: GMO ang l mt thc th khng th b qua nhiu quc gia. Vic tho lun v tin ti thng nht cc quy nh khc nhau mang tnh quc gia tr nn h i ho v c tnh khu vc trong ASEAN ang l mt nhu cu v cng l mt thch thc i vi s chnh lch trong pht trin gia cc quc gia. Cng nh cc khu vc khc trn th gii, trong khu vc ASEAN, vn xy dng quy ch v thng nht cc ni dung c bn cng nh vn trao i thng tin ang c rt nhiu quc gia quan tm. Kt qu r r ng ca cc hot ng hp tc thng nht n y ca ASEAN l s ra i ca quy ch thng nht qun l ri ro i vi GMO trong nng nghip. Bn cnh , do kinh nghim v trnh qun l GMO trong khu vc cn hn ch trong khi cng ngh lun lun i mi, nn ngo i vic cn tng cng thc thi Hng dn ca ASEAN v nh gi ri ro GMO trong nng nghip, vn trao i thng tin cng t ra cp bch. Nhng s hp tc, chia x n y khng ch gip cc quc gia hiu bit ln nhau hp tc c hiu qu hn m cn l c s th nh cng ca qu trnh nht th ha to tin cho t do mu dch gia cc quc gia trong khu vc. Cc quc gia cn tng cng tim lc quc gia chia x v x l thng tin ATSH cng nh trao i kinh nghim vi cc quc gia thuc cc khu vc khc trn th gii. c bit, nng lc nh gi ri ro cc quc gia trong khu vc chu ni chung cn rt hn ch. Trong mt thi gian ngn, khng th xy dng nng lc n y cho tt c cc quc gia v vy cc quc gia cn tm kim cc c hi hp tc song phng, a phng trong khu vc cng nh gia cc khu vc vi nhau. Nhng s hp tc n y to c hi cho cc quc gia tham gia v o cc hot ng th nghim v s dng GMO.

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6. Mt s cch tip cn nhm thng nht qun l An

ton sinh hc v trao i thng tin An ton sinh hc
Nh vy, rt nhiu quc gia trn th gii thng qua quy ch ATSH, nh gi, qun l ri ro v cp php cho sn phm GMO lu h nh. Nhm hp nht trn quy m quc t, trong nhng nm gn y, cc quc gia n y v ang tm cch hnh th nh cc c ch thng nht. Mc d th gii cn rt lu mi t n mt s hp nht to n cu vi chc nng nh gi v theo di qun l to n b cc vn lin quan n GMO. S hp nht ang cp y ch c mc ch khim tn l trao i s liu/ thng tin v cc vn x l thng tin gip cho qu trnh qun l GMO n gin v hiu qu hn. Trong , kha cnh x l s liu ch cc hot ng ca cc c quan chuyn trch ca quc gia/ quc t nhm xc nhn tnh hp l v mt lut php ca s liu. S liu v thng tin thu c trong qu trnh nh gi ri ro cn c cc c quan chc nng xem xt, thng qua hp php. V c bn, cc yu cu cung cp thng tin khoa hc cc quc gia kh ging nhau. Trong khi qu trnh ph chun c s khc bit rt ln gia cc quc gia nh th tc h nh chnh (ai k php), cc c quan chnh ph lin quan (B Nng nghip, Mi trng, Y t hay Khoa hc), cc cp ca h thng ph chun (Lin bang/ quc gia hay a phng). Tuy nhin, cn nhn mnh li rng, qu trnh nh gi ri ro ca cc h thng quc t cng nh trong mi quc gia kh tng t nhau: ch yu so snh GMO vi cc sinh vt t nhin c cng ngun gc, trong mc thay i ca GMO l yu t c c bit quan tm xem xt. V c bn, cc yu t cn nh gi ri ro tng t nhau bao gm: (i) Cc thng tin chung: ngi ng k, qun l ri ro ca sinh vt b m, qun l ri ro GMO, cc hot ng lin quan n GMO, tng tc gia GMO v mi trng, nh gi ri ro ca GMO i vi sc kho v s an to n ca con ngi, qun l ri ro, thng tin v cc nh gi ri ro v ph chun trc ; (ii) Cc thng tin ring cho GMO: thng tin v vn s dng sinh vt b m, nh hng ca cc tnh trng khng mong mun, pht tn gen v ht phn, c di, lai xa, cc b phn ca GMO c th ti sinh, thay i mi quan h ca GMO vi h sinh thi (sinh vt hoang di, h cn trng), thng tin v c t, s khng cc cht ha hc hoc sinh hc. Nhn chung, nhng nhn t chnh xc nh s th nh cng ca qu trnh thng nht qun l ATSH c th tm lc nh sau: tip nhn cc gi tr v cc mc tiu chung, chia x cc mi quan tm; cc li ch kinh t v cc li ch khc ang tn ti; vt qua cc khc bit ang c v trnh cc cuc tranh chp; tip tc hp tc trong cc lnh vc quan tm khc v n gin ha cc qu trnh tin h nh. Hiu qu thng nht s gim ng k nu thiu mt s hoc tt c cc nhn t k trn. cp quc gia, mi nc c cch tip cn ring i vi vn nht th ha c ch qun l v nh gi ri ro cc sn phm to ra t CNSH. V d: Hoa K hp tc vi cc t chc quc t nhm xy dng v pht trin cc nguyn tc khoa hc thng nht l m nn tng nh gi v son tho cc t i liu nh gi chung trn th gii. Cc t chc Hoa K hp tc bao gm: OECD, T chc Bo v Thc vt Bc M (The North American Plant Protection Organization NAPPO), Hip c CBD, Vin Hp tc Nng nghip chu M (Inter-American Institute for Cooperation in Agriculture IICA), FAO v gn y l APEC v Hip nh IPPC. S hp tc thng nht n y c vai tr rt quan trng nhm tng cng s hiu bit v cc nguyn tc v cch tip cn nhiu quc gia trn th gii. Hp tc song phng Hoa K - Canada Canada v Hoa K, hai quc gia thuc h ng u th gii v sn xut GMC, c mt thi gian d i hp tc song phng hoc a phng trong lnh vc CNSH nng nghip. Trong cc nghin cu v cy bin i gen trc khi a ra th trng ca hai nc v nm 1998, trong cc tho lun song phng, B Nng nghip Hoa K v C quan Kim dch Thc phm Canada (Canadian Food Inspection Agency - CFIA) cng B Y t Canada b n v cc loi

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thng tin/ s liu cc bn cn nh gi xem xt trc khi quyt nh a sn phm cy bin i gen ra sn xut i tr . Cc chuyn vin qun l hp, nghin cu so snh i chiu cc nh gi v qun l cy bin i gen ca mnh v c gng tho thun vi nhau v cc vn , bin php c cho l cn thit nhm thng nht qu trnh nh gi mc di truyn phn t cy bin i gen ca hai nc. Cuc hp n y l c hi cho cc bn tho lun v tm c hi hp tc cng nh trao i thng tin v cc vn lin quan n an to n cy bin i gen trong sn xut nng nghip v thng mi. Cc bn tin tng rng s hp tc n y s l c s thun li gip cho cy bin i gen c m bo an to n khi a v o th trng. Cuc hp n y cng cc hot ng khc c th dn n s thng nht vic nh gi ri ro trong tng lai gia Hoa K v Canada. R r ng, vic trao i thng tin gia CFIA v APHIS gip tng cng s hiu bit v h thng cc quy nh hin h nh cng nh cc yu cu cn thit nh gi ri ro. Trn c s, qu trnh nh gi ri ro c xc tin hiu qu hn. Trc mt, cc nh gi n y vn tip tc c thc hin theo tng trng hp c th. Lng thng tin cn nh gi nhiu hay t ph thuc v o mi trng hp v cc quy nh ring ca tng c quan. Kt qu ban u ca s hp tc song phng Canada Hoa K v cy bin i gen l vic a ra nhng d liu nh tnh di truyn phn t: qu trnh chuyn gen v cc vector c s dng trong qu trnh chuyn gen; nguyn liu di truyn c th chuyn v o thc vt nhn; s nhn bit, di truyn v biu hin ca nguyn liu di truyn trong cy bin i gen v cc sn phm protein mi m ha bi nguyn liu di truyn a v o. S ging v khc nhau ca cc bc nh gi gia cc c quan ca Hoa K v Canada cng c xc nh. D liu nh tnh di truyn phn t ch l mt phn thng tin cn c xem xt trong cc nh gi cy bin i gen trc khi a ra th trng. Tr mt v i trng hp, cn li qu trnh nh gi cc c im di truyn phn t ca GMC p dng c 3 c quan ca Canada v Hoa K. Khi cn, ni dung n y s c cc bn xem xt v chnh sa. Ngo i ra, cc bn cng lit k mt danh sch thng s k thut cc nh nh gi sn phm cn xem xt v theo di trc khi ph chun. Danh sch n y c cng b gip cho nhng ngi ng k bit thng tin, th tc v chun b h s cn thit. Trn c s hp tc n y, t 1/1/2002 Canada v Hoa K trao i thng tin mt s sn phm GMO. Argentina, chnh ph bt u m phn vi cc quc gia trn th gii v trong khu vc nhm thng nht cc nguyn tc lin quan n an to n GMO bt u t hi ngh Buenos Aires nm 1992 b n v Thng nht cc vn ATSH cc quc gia Nam M v Gim st Thc vt chuyn gen. Nm 1995, trong i hi cc quc gia chu M Latin v CNSH trong nng nghip ln th hai, Argentina ng tm cch thng nht cc nguyn tc v gim st v iu tit GMO trn ng rung v vic trao i thng mi cc vt liu chuyn gen. Vi s chp thun n y, cc i din ca Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay v cc quan st vin ca Bolivia v Chile xc nh ... cng thng nht cc nguyn tc v quy trnh gim st i vi vic pht trin v thng mi ha GMO trong khu vc. Nm 1996, mt hi ngh gia Argentina v Anh c t chc ti Buenos Aires nhm tng cng kh nng thit lp cc tiu ch chung v gim st ATSH cc quc gia trong khi (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay v Uruguay). Ngo i ra, Hi ngh cng tho lun v vic xy dng mt ngn h ng d liu khu vc v GMO v cc sn phm t GMO v v vic pht trin mt h thng trao i thng tin. Nm 1999, trong cuc tip xc vi cc chuyn vin thuc y ban C vn Nng sn Argentina Hoa K, cc h thng ATSH ca c hai nc c a ra xem xt vi mc ch xc nh kh nng thng nht cc nguyn tc gia hai nc. Mc tiu trng tm l thng nht cc tiu ch v quy trnh i vi vic cp php GMO nhm t do thng mi, chp nhn nh gi d liu ca cc bn v nhng iu chnh sau thng mi ha, cng nh cc lnh vc hp tc khc. c bit, cc nh cp php ATSH Argentina ang xem xt kh nng s dng Bn kim sot cc Yu cu v D liu Sinh hc Phn t ang c s dng trong Hip nh song phng v CNSH trong Nng nghip gia Hoa K v Canada. Argentina ng xem xt

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li Bn kim sot v trnh mt s kin sa i nh nhm to nn mt bn hip nh chung gia Argentina v Hoa K. Bn s tho song phng c trnh v o thng 11/2000, vi s tham d ca cc i din Argentina trong Hi ngh ca USDA b n v Hip nh thng nht D liu Sinh hc Phn t gia Hoa K v Canada. Hi ngh n y nhm so snh cc yu cu v nguyn tc v nhm thit lp bc thng nht cui cng ca qu trnh thng nht d liu sinh hc phn t v cc tiu ch nh gi ri ro mi trng trong 3 nc bao gm c nhng nguyn tc k thut khng tng thch ca Argentina. Cc vn bn ca Hi ngh bao gm D liu nh tnh Di truyn phn t v Qu trnh Xc nh nh gi Ri ro mi trng ca Thc vt chuyn gen ng vai tr l nguyn tc c bn tin h nh cc bc tip theo ca qu trnh thng nht.

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7. Qun l an ton sinh hc v trao i thng tin

Vit Nam
Hi nhp kinh t quc t ang tr th nh xu hng tt yu trn th gii v cng l ch trng nht qun ca ng v Nh nc ta. Bt k quc gia n o tham d v o to n cu ha u cn n lc iu chnh cc chnh sch, quy ch ca mnh theo nh ch quc t. Trong lnh vc CNSH, nc ta xc nh y l ng nh quan trng. Ngh nh s 18/CP ca Chnh ph ng y 11 thng 3 nm 1994 ch r: Cng vi cc ng nh cng ngh mi nhn khc (cng ngh thng tin v cng ngh vt liu mi), cng ngh sinh hc s gp phn khai thc ti u cc ngun lc ca t nc phc v pht trin sn xut, nng cao cht lng cuc sng ca nhn dn v chun b nhng tin cn thit v mt cng ngh cho t nc tin v o th k 21. T nm 1994 n nay, nh cc bin php v chnh sch khuyn khch, u t hiu qu, CNSH vi cc k thut hin i ng y c ng pht trin v c ng dng mnh m. Vit Nam, GMO cng ang c tip cn nghin cu v trin khai. Chng ta li l th nh vin ca Cng c a dng Sinh hc v Ngh nh th Cartagena v ATSH. Hn na, chnh sch kinh t to n cu s dn n s du nhp ca GMO cc quy m khc nhau. V vy, vic ban h nh v thc thi quy ch ATSH cng nh xy dng Khung ATSH Quc gia tr nn rt cp bch m bo an to n cho con ngi v mi trng sng. Khung ATSH Quc gia l cng c gip xy dng c ch qun l, c cu h nh chnh, tng cng nng lc trong qu trnh ra quyt nh cng nh tng cng s tham gia ca cng chng trong cc vn lin quan n ATSH. Chng ta cn to ra Khung ATSH Quc gia vng chc nhng khng km h m nghin cu v pht trin CNSH. Khung cn c kh nng thch ng vi nhng thay i trong tng lai, phi minh bch, d thc thi v cn khuyn khch s tham gia ca cng chng. Xy dng, thc thi quy ch ATSH v cc vn lin quan ho n to n khng n gin v khng ch mang tnh quc gia. Cc nhim v n y cn c tin h nh trn c s hp tc vi cc chuyn gia quc t, trao i thng tin v hc hi kinh nghim t cc quc gia, c bit l cc quc gia trong khu vc c h sinh thi tng t nhau. Tuy nhin, cn nhn mnh rng, mt d kh nhiu kt qu nghin cu nh gi v qun l ri ro n an to n mi trng, thc phm v thc n chn nui c mt s quc gia cng b, cc thng tin nghin cu nh gi v kt lun n y trong nhiu trng hp c th khng ho n to n ph hp vi cc quc gia vng nhit i vi h sinh thi khc bit. V vy, bn cnh vic trao i thng tin nhm tng cng hiu bit cc quy ch v cc yu cu cung cp thng tin c bn, chng ta cn xy dng cc quy nh ring nh gi ri ro i vi sc kho con ngi v mi trng ca GMO. Cc qu trnh nh gi, qun l cn c thc hin trong tng iu kin mi trng cng nh p ng nhng yu cu t ra ca nc mnh thng qua cc chng trnh quc gia di s thc thi v gim st ca cc chuyn gia trong nc. Cc vin nghin cu cng cn c h tr xy dng cc nghin cu ATSH trong nhng chng trnh nghin cu ang trin khai nhm gii p cc thng tin cn thit nh: s n nh v an to n ca vector chuyn gen, kh nng chuyn gen t GMC sang cy h h ng hoang di, nhng nh hng bt li n mi trng sinh thi xung quanh do vic sn sinh cc sn phm protein c tnh c, vn an to n thc phm Bn cnh , chng ta cng c th tham kho thng tin t cc mng thng tin quc t. Hin nay, c kh nhiu ngn h ng d liu cung cp thng tin tng quan v cc vn ph chun gii phng GMO v o mi trng. Mng li Thng tin v Dch v T vn v An to n sinh hc (The Biosafety Information Network and Advisory Service BINAS) ca UNIDO c mt mng thng tin v th nghim ng rung to n cu. Mng thng tin n y cng lin kt vi mng Biotrack ca OECD, mng cung cp cc thng tin cho php th nghim gii phng GMO trn 30 quc gia. Hoa K, H thng thng tin CNSH (Information Systems for Biotechnology ISB) cng cung cp cc thng tin th nghim ng rung...

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S hp tc vi khu vc v quc t trong vn trao i chuyn gia v thng tin ATSH c vai tr quan trng to nn h thng thng tin c bn cho qun l ATSH v nh gi, qun l ri ro GMO nc ta. Vic ch ng tip cn v qun l hp l cng ngh l bin php hu hiu nhm nghin cu v s dng GMO hiu qu v m bo an to n cho mi trng sinh thi cng nh sc khe con ngi. y mnh u t nghin cu chuyn gen, qun l an to n GMO nhp khu cng nh sn xut trong nc nh xy dng cc phng kim nghim tiu chun kim nghim ( mc phn t) v nh gi an to n ca GMO trc khi a ra th trng... trn c s nghin cu, xy dng v trin khai p dng nhng chin lc thch hp s to cho s pht trin cng ngh sinh hc v GMO nhm tng cng li ch kinh t ca ng nh khoa hc mi nhn n y nc ta.

Ti liu tham kho chnh

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15. Gupta SC (2002) Is biotechnology safe the US regulatory mechanisms that assure food and feed safety. Workshop on Agricultural Biotechnology: facts, challenges and future directions. USDA_US MARD_Vietnam, Hanoi, 14/6, 2002. 16. Herrera-Estrella LR (2000) Genetically modified crops and developing countries. Plant Physiology 124: 923-925.

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