Slide 1: Slide 2: Revolution and war The destruction of rival ideologies o Fascism o Communism Sometimes done peacefully Sometimes

imes not Sometimes it seems inevitable Why Democracy

Slide 3: Democracy comes from the Greek words Demos (the common people), Kratia (power, or rule) Democracy at its core is where political power resides with the people Power can be exercised directly or indirectly

Slide 4: Political power takes on three different forms o Participation- voting/elections o Competition- between political parties o Liberty- freedom of speech/assembly

Slide 5: Therefore Democracy can easily be defined as Political power exercised either directly or indirectly through participation, competition, and liberty.

Slide 6: More specifically, political scientists use the term liberal democracy to more accurately describe democracy Rooted in the ideology of liberalism o Individual rights and freedoms

Slide 7: Liberal democracy is not only found where a liberal ideology is predominant Social democratico Much higher emphasis on collective welfare over individual rights

Mercantilismo A strong role for the state and lower personal freedoms o Hasnt prevented countries such as India, Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea from developing liberal democracies Basic rights of participation, competition, and liberty present o Just too different degrees o In turn affects state autonomy and capacity

Slide 8: We now know the basic elements of Democracy o Now where did it come from/ originate Roots in ancient Greece/Rome o Each contributed in different ways

Slide 9: Important because they provide the foundation for public participation o Public allowed to participate directly in Governmental affairs Choosing policies and making governing decisions People are the state

Slide 10: Roman Empire lays the foundation for Republicanism o Indirect Democracy that emphasizes the separation of powers within a state and the representation of the public through elected officials It also emphasized separation of powers o The clear division of power between different branches of government and the provision that specific branches may check the power of other branches

Slide 11: Direct Democracy- Public participates directly in governance and policy making Indirect Democracy- Public participates indirectly through its elected representatives o Which one was presented by Greece/ Rome?

Slide 12: Greeceo Gave us the idea of popular sovereignty Romeo Gave us the notion of legislative bodies like a senate

Slide 13: Neither can be considered liberal democracies in todays standards However, these two ideologies have become intertwined to produce the modern liberal democratic regime of today.

Slide 14: In time both the Greek and the Roman examples collapsed o Democratic practices slowly reemerged

Slide 15: Democracy reemerged in the 13th century o Most notably in England o King John forced to sign the Magna Carta by English Nobles Curbed the rights of the king and laid the foundation for an early form of legislature Freemen..due process before the law- Laid the foundation for the idea of liberty o Limited but it presented the idea that no individual, not even the king was above the law o As time went on an even greater proportion of the public was given political rights o English civil warattempt for the king to gain more power o Democracy took centuries to develop in England not over night

Slide 16: It achieved relatively early unification o Defensive benefit of being an island o Large army- lower need due to England isolation o Ocean trade allowed revenue to be made without squeezing it out of the public Relative decentralization of power- individual freedom Lead to liberalism, due to Englands history of being a relatively weak state Public had the power to check the government from gaining too much power o Thus the development of modern liberal democracy

Slide 17: Now we understand the emergence of modern democracy o But it doesnt explain why some countries become democratic and others do not. So is democratization correlated with modernization as many theories have indicated?

Slide 18: Modernization is associated with o Greater education o Weakening of older traditional institutions that stressed authority and hierarchy o Greater gender equality o Rise of the middle class Basically o As societies become more economically and societally sophisticated, they would need and desire greater control over the state in order to achieve and defend their own interests Thus democracy is almost inevitable

Slide 19: However, this theory fell out of favor as o 1970s democracy fails in Latin America while Development in Asia leapt forward in non democratic regimes o Therefore political scientists no longer make sweeping claims about modernization inevitably leading to democracy

Slide 20: One major argument against the theory was that it doesnt explain how democratization occurred it was almost automatic o For example, doesnt explain why in countries like in the middle east where standard of living rose, but democracy didnt occur Must look at the role of those in power, role of the middle class, and role of wealth o Where wealth is concentrated in the hands of those in power, political change is much less likely Example, countries rich in natural resources held in the hands of state, if they step down, they lose their wealth so why step down Where resources are more equally distributed political change may be more likely to occur

Slide 21: Political power of the society itself o Elite based theories dont tell us why the public wanted power in the first place The Importance of civil society o Organized life outside the state o Created by people to define interests Such as clubs, environmental groups, churches, sports teams, etc.

o Groups-apolitical Vehicle for democratization by allowing people to articulate, promote, and defend what is important to them Small scale democratic practice soon happens Slide 22: Can international factors play a role? o Extremes- Japan and Germany post WWII Democracy installed by the allies Similar with Iraq Modernization in terms of foreign investment, globalization, and trade may push democratization

Slide 23: Influence can be limited in ways such as with o North Korea Isolation- little contact with outside world o China Vast economic resources Less room for international community to have a role

Slide 24: Another argument o Some scholars argue there is a culture of democracy Western Democratic and individualist culture gave rise to modernity o Democratization less likely the further you travel from the west Russia, China, Iran may modernize but more resistant to change

Slide 25: Difficult to test Smack of stereotyping and racism o Questionable track record Not long ago Culture dominated by Roman Catholicism o Countries like Spain, Portugal, and Latin America unlikely to democratize Then they did Slide 26: Many reasons for modernization to occur changes in the domestic and international conditions of the world today may mean what sparked democracy in the past, may not be the case in the future.