EXPERIMENT ON FRICTION IN PIPES

OBJECT: To determine Darcy Friction Co-efficient of flow in a pipe and to investigate the velocity for different diameters of pipe. APPARATUS:
1. Pipe line of three different diameters of G.I. 2. U-Tube manometer with a stabilizing valve to measure the pressure

difference across the tapping, one at either end of the pipe line fitted with a Ball Valve.
3. A constant steady supply of water with a means of varying the flow rate

using Centrifugal Pump. 4. Measuring tank to measure the flow rate.

5. Each pipe line is provided with separate control valve to conduct

experiment separately. THEORY: A closed circuit of any cross-section used for flow of liquid is known as a pipe. In hydraulics, generally, pipes are assumed to be running full and of circular cross section. Liquids flowing through pipes are encountered with frictional resistance resulting in loss of head or energy of liquids. resistance is of two types depending upon the velocity of flow. 1. Viscous Resistance and 2. Frictional Resistance, due to different diameters. The viscous resistance is due to the molecular attraction between the molecules of the fluid. At low velocities, the fluid appeared to move in layer or lamina, and hence the nature of this flow is termed laminar flow or Stream line. This

If the velocity of the liquid is steadily increased, at certain velocity termed as the lower critical velocity the parallel bands of liquid will become wavy. On further increase in the velocity these instabilities will increase in intensity until a velocity corresponding to the upper critical velocity is attained. The region of flow bounded by the lower and upper critical velocities is termed the transition zone. For all further increase in velocity of flow the streamline remains in a diffused state and the nature of this type of flow is termed turbulent. In this case the flow is restricted by the friction between the liquid and the pipe surface which is known as frictional resistance. DEFINITIONS: Laminar Flow: A flow is said to be laminar, when the various fluid particles appear to move in layers (or laminae) with one layer of fluid sliding smoothly over an adjacent layer. Thus in the development of laminar flow, the viscosity of the fluids plays a significant role. Laminar flow occurs when the viscous forces predominate over the inertia forces; it has been generally accepted now that if Reynolds number is less than 2,000, Laminar flow is sustained in pipes. Laminar flow is characterized by low velocity, narrow boundary and high viscosity. The loss of head due to friction (h f) is directly proportional to

velocity (V) in laminar flow through pipes i.e., hf is proportional to V.

Turbulent Flow: Turbulent flow is an irregular motion in which fluid particles move in an entirely haphazard or disorderly manner that results in rapid and continuous mixing of the fluid particle. It is characterized by high velocity and low viscosity. Turbulent flow occurs when inertial forces predominate over viscous forces; and generally turbulent flows are considered to occur in pipes at

Reynolds number more than 4,000. The loss of head due to friction (hf) in turbulent pipe flows varies as Vn, where, V is the velocity of flow and n varies from 1.72 to 2.0. Transitional Flow: The state of flow in between the laminar and turbulent flow is called as Transitional Flow. That is, for pipe flows at Reynolds number between 2,000 and 4,000, transitional state of flow prevails, which is a region of uncertain behavior. As change of state of flow cannot be abrupt, the transition from one state of flow to another alternates back and forth between laminar and turbulent, within the range of Re from 2,000 to 4,000.

Reynolds Number: Reynolds number signifies the relative predominance of the inertia to the viscous forces occurring in a flow system. Thus it is the key to decide whether a flow is laminar or turbulent. It is defined as the ratio of inertia force to viscous force and is given by, Reynolds number, Inertia force ---------------Viscous force Where V D = = = = VD or Re = ----- (for circular pipe) average velocity of flow diameter of pipe Kinematic viscosity coefficient of the fluid 1x10-6 m2/sec

Re =

It may hower be pointed out that Reynolds number is a function of boundary geometry and for non-circular conduits, it is given by Re= VL/, where L is a characteristic length defining the boundary geometry.

Critical Reynolds Number & Critical Velocity: The concept of critical Reynolds number and critical velocity is used to distinguish between the regions of laminar, turbulent and transitional state of flow. Critical state is occurs when flow changes from one state in to another. Lower critical Reynolds number for flow of fluid in pipes is of greater importance as it indicates a condition below which all turbulence entering the flow from any source will damped out by viscosity and thus sets a limit below which laminar flow will always occur. Experimentally, the value of lower critical Reynolds number has been found to be approximately 2,000 for flow through pipes. Upper Critical Reynolds number and upper critical velocity are the limiting Reynolds number and limiting velocity above which the flow will always be turbulent, that is, it marks the upper limit of laminar flow. The upper critical Reynolds number is indefinite, being dependent upon initial disturbances affecting the flow, shape of entry to pipe, roughness of the boundary etc. By carefully conducting the experiment, laminar flows have been obtained at Reynolds number has high as 14,000. However the practical value of upper critical Reynolds number may be considered to lie between 2,700 to 4,000 for pipe flows; the value of 4,000 is generally accepted as upper critical Reynolds number, above which flow in pipes is considered to be turbulent. Between Reynolds number of 2,000 and 4,000 the transitional region exists in pipes.

Darcy - weisbach Friction Factor: Darcy Weisbach equation is commonly used for computing the loss of head due to friction in pipes. It is given by, LV2 f ----------D2g where , hf L D V f = = = = = loss of head due to friction length of pipe diameter of pipe mean velocity of flow in the pipe Darcy Weisbach friction factor.

hf

The above equation indicates that the loss of energy head varies directly with velocity head (V2/2g), pipe length L and inversely with pipe diameter (D). The constant of proportionality used in Darcy Weisbach equation, in the above form, f, is called friction factor.

PROCEDURE:
All the necessary instrumentations along with its accessories are readily connected. It is just enough to follow the instructions below: 1. Fill-in the sump tank with clean water. 2. Keep the delivery valve closed. 3. Connect the power cable to 1 Ph, 220V, 10 Amps with earth connection. 4. Switch -ON the Pump & open the delivery valve. 5. Adjust the flow through the control valve of the pump.
6. Open the corresponding ball valves of the pipe line. 7. Note down the differential head reading in the Manometer (Expel if any

air is there by opening the drain cocks provided with the Manometer).
8. Operate the Butterfly Valve to note down the collecting tank reading

against the Known time and keep it open when the reading are not taken.

9.

Change the flow rate & repeat the experiment for different diameter of

pipes.

PRECATIONS AND THINGS TO REMEMBER:

1. Do not start the pump if the voltage is less than 180 V. 2. Do not forget to give electrical neutral & earth connections correctly. 3. Frequently (at least once in three months) Grease / Oil the rotating parts. 4. Initially, put clean water free from foreign material, and change once in

three months. At least every week, operate the unit for five minutes to prevent clogging of the moving parts.

TABULAR COLUMN:
SL. NO. TYPE OF PIPE FITTING MANOMETER READING mm of Hg h TIME TAKEN FOR 10cm RISE OF WATER, t s

VALVE POSITION

FULL OPEN 1 (Dia ) 27mm OPEN

1.

FULL OPEN (Dia ) 21mm OPEN

2.

FULL OPEN (Dia ) 15mm OPEN

3.

Table of Calculation:

FRICTION IN PIPES SET UP

VALVE POSITION TYPE OF PIPE FITTING (d) MANOMETER READING mm of Hg TIME TAKEN FOR 10cm RISE OF WATER t 's' Discharge (Q)

AREA (A)

hf

Re

FULL OPEN 1/4 FULL OPEN 1/4 FULL OPEN 1/4

1" (DIA = 27mm) 3/4" (DIA = 21mm) 1/2" (DIA = 15mm)

hf Re Q V f

= = = = =

Loss of Head due to Friction in m Reynolds Number Discharge in m3/sec Velocity Head in m/sec Friction Factor

FORMULAE :
DATA: * Area of Measuring Tank, A * Length of pipe, L * Kinematic viscosity, * Acceleration due to gravity, g * Diameter of pipe, d
1)

= = = = =

0.075m2 1.3 m. 1.00 x 10-6 m2/sec 9.81 m/sec2 27, 21, 15 mm, (G.I)

Loss of Head due to Friction (hf):

12.6 H hf = ----------- m. 1000 Where, H = Difference in Mercury Column in mm of Hg in double column Manometer. 12.6 & 1000 are conversion factors. 2) Discharge (Q): AxR Q = -----------in m3/sec 100 x t Where, A = Area of Collecting tank = 0.075 m2 R = Rise of water in collecting tank in m t = time taken for R rise of water in collecting tank in sec. 3) Velocity Head(V): Discharge V = --------------------Area of inlet section = Q -----a in m/sec.

Where, Q = from formulae 2. a = area of pipe ( d2/4) in m2.

4) Friction Factor (f): f = Loss of Head -----------------Velocity Head 2 g d hf ---------4 L V2 hf g d L f V = = = = = = The loss of head due to friction = Formulae (1) Specific gravity = 9.81 m/sec2 diameter of pipe in m. The length of the pipe (Manometer tapping distance) in m.= 1.3 m Friction factor or co-efficient. Velocity Head = Formulae (3).

f Where,

5) HYDRAULIC MEAN DEPTH (m) m = d ----4 d = diameter of pipe in m.

6) CHEZYS CONSTENT = V -------------------hf m ----L V m hf L = = = = Velocity Head = Formulae (3). Hydraulic mean depth The loss of head due to friction = Formulae (1) The length of the pipe (Manometer tapping distance) in m.= 1.3 m

7) MANNINGS CONSTENT (h) h = m2 hf /L ----- ----------3 V m = hf = L = V = 8) Reynolds Number (Re): Re = Where, Inertia force ---------------Viscous force V D = = = VD or Re = ----- (for circular pipe) average velocity of flow diameter of pipe Kinematic viscosity coefficient of the fluid(water) 1x10-6 m2/sec Hydraulic mean depth The loss of head due to friction = Formulae (1) The length of the pipe (Manometer tapping distance) in m.= 1.3 m Velocity Head = Formulae (3).

AREA OF INLET

TYPE OF PIPE FITTING

VALVE POSITI ON FULL OPEN 3/4th 1/2th 1/4th FULL OPEN 3/4th 1/2th 1/4th FULL OPEN 3/4th 1/2th 1/4th

MAN OMET ER READ ING mm of Hg 5 4 3 1 4 3 2 1 7 4 3 1

TIME TAKEN FOR 10 cm RISE OF WATER 't' sec 12.28 13.01 14.91 15.06 12.75 14.19 18.32 23.41 13.13 15.02 19.14 23.22

ARE A (A)

LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO FRICTION hf 0.063 0.0504 0.0378 0.0126 0.0504 0.0378 0.0252 0.0126 0.0882 0.0504 0.0378 0.0126

DISCHAR GE (Q)

VELOCI TY HEAD, V 1.067249 1.007365 0.878995 0.87024 1.699193 1.526759 1.182572 0.925447 3.234032 2.827087 2.218539 1.828719

DARCYS CONSTAN T (f)

HYDRA ULIC MEAN DEPTH (m) 0.00675 0.00675 0.00675 0.00675 0.00525 0.00525 0.00525 0.00525 0.00375 0.00375 0.00375 0.00375

CHEZYS CONSTEN T

MANNINGS CONSTENT (h)

FRICTIO N FACTOR, f 0.005635 0.00506 0.004984 0.001695 0.001383 0.001285 0.001428 0.001166 0.000668 0.0005 0.000609 0.000299

REYNOLD' S NUMBER, Re 28815.72 27198.85 23732.87 23496.48 35683.06 32061.95 24834.01 19434.39 48510.49 42406.3 33278.09 27430.78

0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002

0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075

0.000611 0.000576 0.000503 0.000498 0.000588 0.000529 0.000409 0.00032 0.000571 0.000499 0.000392 0.000323

0.0225387 0.0202384 0.019936 0.0067797 0.0071132 0.006608 0.0073429 0.005995 0.0034364 0.0025696 0.0007824 0.0003838

59.00859 62.27178 62.74228 107.5904 119.1021 123.5711 117.2247 129.7354 202.7525 234.466 212.4601 303.3316

3.44816E-07 2.92251E-07 2.51199E-07 8.45755E-08 1.04812E-07 8.74873E-08 7.53004E-08 4.81108E-08 4.91691E-08 3.2141E-08 3.0718E-08 1.2422E-08

1" (DIA = 27 mm)

3/4" (DIA = 21 mm)

1/2" (DIA = 15 mm)

GUIDANCE FOR CALCULATION:

DATA: * Area of Measuring Tank, A * Length of pipe, L * Kinematic viscosity, * Acceleration due to gravity, g * Diameter of pipe, d = = = = = 0.075m2 1.3 m. 1.00 x 10-6 m2/sec 9.81 m/sec2 27, 21, 15 mm, (G.I)

1) Loss of Head due to Friction (hf):- For 1 pipe 12.6 H hf = ----------- m. 1000 12.6 x 5 = ---------= 0.063 m. 1000 Where, H = Difference in Mercury Column in mm of Hg in double column Manometer. 12.6 & 1000 are conversion factors. 2) Discharge (Q): Q = AxR -----------100 x t 0.075 x 10 -------------100 x 12.28 in m3/sec

0.000611 m3/sec

Where,

A = Area of Collecting tank = 0.075m2 R = Rise of water in collecting tank t = time taken for R rise of water in collecting tank in sec.

3) Velocity Head(V): Discharge V = --------------------Area of inlet section 0.000611 ----------0.0006 Q -----a

in m/sec.

1.067249 m/sec

Where, Q = From formulae 2. = 0.0051 m3/sec a = area of pipe ( d2/4) in m2 = 0.0006 m2 4) Friction Factor (f): f = Loss of Head -----------------Velocity Head 2 g d hf ---------4 L V2 f Where, hf g d L f V = = = = = = The loss of head due to friction = Formulae (1) Specific gravity = 9.81 m/sec2 diameter of pipe in m. The length of the pipe (Manometer tapping distance) in m.= 1.3 m Friction factor or co-efficient. Velocity Head = Formulae (3). = = 2 x 9.81 x 0.027 x 0.063 -------------------------------4 x 1.3 x 1.067249^2 0.0225387

5) HYDRAULIC MEAN DEPTH (m) m = d 0.027 ----- = ----------- = 0.00675 m 4 4 d = diameter of pipe in m.

6) CHEZYS CONSTENT = V -------------------hf m ----L 1.067249 ---------------------------- = 59.00859 0.063 0.00675 -------1.3 V m hf L = = = = Velocity Head = Formulae (3). Hydraulic mean depth The loss of head due to friction = Formulae (1) The length of the pipe (Manometer tapping distance) in m.= 1.3 m

7) MANNINGS CONSTENT (h) h = m2 hf /L ----- ----------3 V 0.006752 ------------ 3 0.063 /1.3 ------------------ = 3.44816E-07 1.067249

m = hf = L = V = 8) Reynolds Number (Re): Re = Inertia force ---------------Viscous force = Where,

Hydraulic mean depth The loss of head due to friction = Formulae (1) The length of the pipe (Manometer tapping distance) in m.= 1.3 m Velocity Head = Formulae (3).

VD or Re = ----- (for circular pipe) 28815.72

1.067249x 0.027 ---------------------- = 1.00 x 10-6 V d = = =

average velocity of flow diameter of pipe Kinematic viscosity coefficient of the fluid(water) 1x10-6 m2/sec