Atlas of Health in Europe, 2nd Edition 2008

This statistical atlas presents key health
figures for the WHO European Region.

They cover basic data on populations, births,
deaths, life expectancy and diseases, lifestyle
and environmental indicators such as
drinking, smoking and traffic accidents,
and types and levels of health care.
Each indicator is presented as a map to show
overall regional variations, a bar chart to
indicate country rankings and a time chart to
show trends over time in three main country
groupings. Using the WHO Regional Office
for Europes unique Health for All database,
combined with the best alternative sources
of data around the Region, this atlas offers
the most comprehensive overview of health in
Europe. In a handy size, this atlas is designed
to be an easily accessible resource at all times,
in the office or on the road.
ISBN 978-92-890-1410-6
World Health Organization
Regional Office for Europe
Scherfigsvej 8
DK-2100 Copenhagen
Denmark
Tel.: +45 39 17 17 17
Fax: +45 39 17 18 18
E-mail: postmaster@euro.who.int
Web site: www.euro.who.int
9 789289 014106
2nd edition 2008
Member States
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Monaco
Montenegro
Moldova
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russian Federation
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Tajikistan
The former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Uzbekistan
ATLAS OF HEALTH IN EUROPE
Atlas of health in Europe
The World Health

Organization (WHO) is a
specialized agency of the United
Nations created in 1948 with
the primary responsibility for
international health matters
and public health. The WHO
Regional Office for Europe is
one of six regional offices
throughout the world, each with
its own programme geared to the
particular health conditions of
the countries it serves.
Atlas
of health
in Europe
2nd edition 2008
The World Health Organization was established in 1948 as the specialized

agency of the United Nations serving as the directing and coordinating
authority for international health matters and public health. One of
WHOs constitutional functions is to provide objective and reliable
information and advice in the field of human health. It fulfils this
responsibility in part through its publications programmes, seeking to
help countries make policies that benefit public health and address their
most pressing public health concerns.
The WHO Regional Office for Europe is one of six regional offices
throughout the world, each with its own programme geared to the
particular health problems of the countries it serves. The European
Region embraces some 880 million people living in an area stretching
from the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Mediterranean Sea in the south
and from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.
The European programme of WHO supports all countries in the Region
in developing and sustaining their own health policies, systems and
programmes; preventing and overcoming threats to health; preparing
for future health challenges; and advocating and implementing public
health activities.
To ensure the widest possible availability of authoritative information
and guidance on health matters, WHO secures broad international
distribution of its publications and encourages their translation and
adaptation. By helping to promote and protect health and prevent and
control disease, WHOs books contribute to achieving the Organizations
principal objective the attainment by all people of the highest possible
level of health.
Atlas of health
in Europe
2nd edition 2008
Atlas of health
in Europe
2nd edition 2008
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Atlas of health in Europe/2nd edition 2008
1. Health surveys statistics atlases 2. Health status
3. Morbidity statistics 4. Mortality statistics 5. Europe
ISBN 978 92 890 1410 6 (print)
ISBN 978 92 890 1411 3 (ebook)
(NLM Classification : WA 17)
ISBN 978 92 890 1410 6 (print)
Address requests about publications of the WHO Regional Office for

Europe to:

Publications

WHO Regional Office for Europe,

Scherfigsvej 8, DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
Alternatively, complete an online request form for documentation, health
information, or for permission to quote or translate, on the Regional
Office web site (http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest).
World Health Organization 2008

All rights reserved. The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization welcomes
requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full.
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not
imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization
concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning
the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate
border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.
The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers products does not imply that
they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others
of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of
proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.
All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the
information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed
without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation
and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization
be liable for damages arising from its use. The views expressed by authors, editors, or expert
groups do not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the World Health
Organization.
Printed in Denmark
Contents
Foreword...............................................................................................viii
Technical notes......................................................................................... 1
1. Demography...................................................................... 5
Notes.........................................................................................................5
Population
Mid-year population, 2006................................................................ 7
Natural population growth........................................................... 89
Young population (014 years) and old population
(65+ years)............................................................................. 911
Age pyramid, 2005.......................................................................... 12
Births
Birth rate.................................................................................... 1314
Low-weight births, under 2500 g.............................................. 1415
Births to young mothers (under 20 years)...................................... 16
Births to older mothers (35+ years)................................................ 16
Abortions
Abortions...........................................................................................17
2. Life and death..................................................................19
Notes....................................................................................................... 19
Life expectancy
Conventional and estimated life expectancy...................................23
Life expectancy at birth (years).......................................................24
Life expectancy at age 65 (years)..................................................... 25
Percentage of life lived in good health
or free of disability, 2002..........................................................26
Life expectancy at birth ................................................................... 27
Deaths
Deaths from all causes ..............................................................2729
Infant deaths .............................................................................3031
Infant, neonatal and postneonatal deaths....................................... 31
Perinatal deaths................................................................................32
Maternal deaths . ...................................................................... 3334
Causes of death
Main causes of death by age group.................................................. 35
Deaths from:
diseases of the circulatory system.......................................3637
vi
ischaemic heart disease...................................................... 3839

pulmonary and other heart diseases.................................. 3940
cerebrovascular diseases.....................................................4142
selected cancers.................................................................. 4243
cancer.................................................................................. 4446
lung cancer.......................................................................... 4748
female breast cancer and cervical cancer .......................... 4950
cancer of the colon and anus............................................... 5152
prostate cancer....................................................................5253
external causes of injury and poisoning..............................5455
motor vehicle traffic accidents............................................5657
suicide..................................................................................5758
diseases of the respiratory system..................................... 5960
diseases of the digestive system..........................................6162
chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis................................... 6364
3. Diseases.......................................................................... 65
Notes.......................................................................................................65
Some infectious diseases
New cases of:
tuberculosis......................................................................... 6768
hepatitis B........................................................................... 6970
syphilis ................................................................................ 7172
clinically diagnosed AIDS....................................................7374
HIV infection.......................................................................7475
Some noncommunicable diseases
Prevalence of diabetes mellitus....................................................... 76
New cases of and deaths from lung cancer..................................... 77
New cases of and deaths from female breast cancer....................... 78
New cases of and deaths from cervical cancer................................ 79
Hospitalization
Hospital discharges for:
cancer................................................................................. 8081
diseases of the circulatory system......................................8182
diseases of the respiratory system..................................... 8384
diseases of the digestive system........................................ 8485
diseases of the musculoskeletal system............................. 8687
injury and poisoning.......................................................... 8788
Teeth
Decayed, missing or filled teeth in 12-year-olds............................89
vii
4. Lifestyles and environment..............................................91

Notes....................................................................................................... 91
Smoking
Smokers among adults......................................................................93
Regular daily smokers, 15+ years.....................................................94
Overweight and obesity
Prevalence of overweight among adults...........................................95
Prevalence of obesity among adults.................................................96
Traffic accidents
Injuries and deaths from motor vehicle traffic accidents................ 97
Road traffic accidents involving alcohol...........................................98
Alcohol
Total alcohol consumption...................................................... 99100
Consumption of spirits and wine.....................................................101
Consumption of spirits, wine and beer........................................... 102
Work accidents
Deaths from work-related accidents......................................102104
5. Health care.....................................................................105
Notes..................................................................................................... 105
Health personnel

Number of:
physicians........................................................................107108
dentists............................................................................108109
nurses .............................................................................. 110111
Hospitals
Hospital beds............................................................................111112
Psychiatric hospital beds.................................................................113
Hospital beds and length of stay.....................................................114
Length of stay in hospital........................................................ 115116
Inpatient hospital admissions................................................. 116117
Some procedures
Children vaccinated against measles and diphtheria.....................118
Caesarean sections................................................................. 119120
Health expenditure
Total health expenditure as a percentage of GDP.................. 120121
Total health expenditure per person...................................... 122123
References ......................................................................... 125
viii
Foreword
Decisions on public health are based on evidence and profound
understanding of a wide range of factors, including health data and
statistics. Policy-makers take into consideration all available data
about health and its determinants in their countries and, on this basis,
shape their policies and design their actions. To facilitate the decisionmaking process, however, they also need to have synthetic yet simple
ways to review and compare information, such as the graphics and
maps used in this atlas. Contrasting national with international health
data allows a broader picture of public health: statistical figures backed
by subsequent in-depth analyses can be a powerful resource for health
authorities in identifying failures and successes, constraints and good
practices.
The WHO Regional Office for Europe presents the second edition of this
publication to a wide range of public health and medical professionals,
as well as broader audiences. New data on relevant health issues in
the WHO European Region have been incorporated in this edition to
better reflect the new challenges confronting public health. Rich and
elaborate data from various sources have been gathered, systematized,
grouped and reformatted to help readers to go through them and
gain an overall picture of health in the Region, to the extent it can be
expressed in figures.
We at the Regional Office hope that this statistical publication will
be useful to those committed to work for the improvement of public
health throughout the Region, and stimulate review and discussion of
its contents.
Marc Danzon
WHO Regional Director
for Europe
Technical notes
This publication contains basic health-related statistics for the
53 Member States in the WHO European Region. The data cover the
main aspects of health and its determinants: that is, basic demographic
data, health status in terms of mortality and morbidity, and some
indicators on lifestyles, environment and health care resources and their
utilization. The period covered runs from 1980 at the earliest to 2006 at
the latest, depending on the data available in countries.
Most of the data used in this publication come from countries
themselves, usually from statistical units of health ministries or public
health institutions, and national statistical institutions. These data are
systematically collected by WHO technical staff (at the Regional Office for
Europe or in headquarters) or by WHO collaborating centres. All these
data, and more, are available in databases accessible on the Regional
Office and headquarters web sites (1,2). For the sake of completeness,
some publicly available data collected and published by other international
organizations the Statistical Office of the European Community
(EUROSTAT), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the United
Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), the Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) have also been
included when appropriate, with the information source acknowledged.
Data were compiled, validated and processed in a uniform way to improve
the international comparability of statistics. Nevertheless, many factors
such as variations in national definitions, incomplete registration
in some countries or other national specificities in data recording and
processing may influence the accuracy and comparability of the
national statistics. Statistics, particularly in international comparisons,
should therefore always be interpreted with caution. The same applies to
statistics for countries with very small populations, where figures tend to
jump up and down purely because of the small numbers registered. On
the other hand, the statistical noise from possible data inaccuracies or
random fluctuations due to small figures is usually not high enough to
mask completely what the statistics show.
Most of the data in this publication are presented in three standard
graphic forms.
The ranked bar chart shows the relative position of each country in
relation to other countries according to the latest data available. As the
timing of data reporting to WHO varies a lot, data from different years
often have to be used. When more recent data are provided, rankings
may change.
The map aims to reveal specific geographical patterns in the data, such
as the eastwest mortality gradient. Again, data from different years
may have to be used, although 2005 and 2006 are the most common
years.
The line chart shows health trends for the last 25 years in two parts
of the Region. Technically, it is difficult to present trends separately for
each of the 53 countries on one line chart. On the other hand, had only
the average trends for the whole Region been given, some important
subregional differences in health trends would not have been visible.
Subregional population-weighted averages for each indicator are
therefore calculated for two groups of countries:

Eur-A, comprising 27 countries in the WHO European Region with

very low child and adult mortality: Andorra, Austria, Belgium,
Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg,
Malta, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, San Marino,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom;
and
Eur-B+C, comprising 26 countries in the Region: Eur-B (17

countries with low child and adult mortality: Albania, Armenia,
Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan,
Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Tajikistan, the
former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Turkmenistan
and Uzbekistan) and Eur-C (9 countries with low child but high
adult mortality: Belarus, Estonia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Latvia,
Lithuania, Moldova, the Russian Federation and Ukraine).
The names used for countries are those that were correct at the time of
going to print.
Unless otherwise stated, death rates are age-standardized death rates
(SDR): the number of deaths per 100 000 people in a standard
population. This facilitates international comparability by removing
differences in rates caused by different population age structures
Technical notes
between countries. The European standard population (see the table

below) was used to calculate the SDR.
The mortality rates used cover all age groups: those aged under 65 years
(so-called premature mortality) or aged 2564 (representing the working
age) in most cases. Readers interested in other, or more detailed age
groups may consult the European Health for All or mortality databases
(1,3).
The European standard population structure
Age (years)
Percentage of
population
Age (years)
Percentage of
population
1.6
4549
14
6.4
5054
59
5559
1014
6064
1519
6569
2024
7074
2529
7579
3034
8084
3539
85
4044
All ages
100
1. Demography
Notes
Population (p. 7)
In mid-2006, the population of the 53 countries in the WHO European
Region totalled 881.5 million. The six largest countries (the Russian
Federation, Germany, Turkey, France, the United Kingdom and Italy)
make up more than half of the Regions population.
Natural population growth (pp. 89)

In the 1990s, the decline in the number of births and the increase in the
number of deaths reached a cross-over point for several countries, mostly
in the central and eastern part of the European Region. Nevertheless,
there are now again more births than deaths in the Region as a whole.
Age structure (pp. 912)

In general, European countries have ageing populations. Every seventh
person is aged 65 years or more, and this proportion is growing while the
proportion of children is declining. The ageing process is more advanced
in Eur-A countries: the western part of the Region. The graphs are based
on population data by age, as most recently reported by countries to
WHO and EUROSTAT.
Births (pp. 1316)

Live birth rates were declining in the Region until the beginning of the 21st
century, and this decline was particularly sharp in Eur-B+C countries.
This was most likely due to the profound socioeconomic changes in this
group and the economic crises in some of the countries.
The proportion of infants with low birth weight (below 2500 g) is on
average higher in Eur-A countries than in Eur-B+C countries, and is
growing in the former. Low-weight births, however, may be high but
underreported in some countries of the eastern part of the Region.
While births to young mothers are most common in the eastern part of
the Region, births to mothers aged over 35 years are most frequent in
western countries.
Abortions (p. 17)

The legal requirements for abortion vary between countries. In general,
the average rates of abortion are higher in countries in the eastern and
central parts of the Region than in the western part.
Demography
Population
Mid-year population, 2006

Russian Federation
Germany
Turkey
France
United Kingdom
Italy
Ukraine
Spain
Poland
Uzbekistan
Romania
Netherlands
Kazakhstan
Greece
Portugal
Belgium
Czech Republic
Hungary
Belarus
Sweden
Azerbaijan
Austria
Bulgaria
Serbia
Switzerland
Israel
Tajikistan
Denmark
Slovakia
Finland
Kyrgyzstan
Turkmenistan
Norway
Croatia
Georgia
Ireland
Moldova
Lithuania
Armenia
Albania
Latvia
MKDa
Slovenia
Estonia
Cyprus
Montenegro
Luxembourg
Malta
Iceland
Andorra
Monaco
San Marino
82 716
72 974
60 723
59 847
58 942
46 607
43 379
38 132
26 980
21 584
16 346
15 308
11 149
10 545
10 437
10 109
10 071
9 733
9 070
8 485
8 282
7 671
7 412
7 264
7 054
6 591
5 446
5 401
5 262
5 164
4 899
4 643
4 440
4 398
4 240
3 912
3 585
3 394
3 221
3 147
2 288
2 040
2 009
1 344
771
624
473
403
304
80
32
27
0
50 000
100 000
Population (thousands)
a
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) abbreviation for the former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia is used throughout this book.
142 537
150 000
Population
Natural population growth

Tajikistan (2005)
Israel (2003)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Turkmenistan (1998)
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
Turkey (2006)
Azerbaijan (2005)
Kazakhstan (2006)
Iceland (2005)
Ireland (2005)
Albania (2004)
France (2004)
Luxembourg (2005)
Cyprus (2004)
Armenia (2003)
Norway (2005)
Netherlands (2004)
San Marino (2005)
Montenegro (2005)
United Kingdom (2005)
MKD (2003)
Finland (2005)
Belgium (2006)
Spain (2005)
Malta (2005)
Denmark (2006)
Switzerland (2004)
Georgia (2006)
Sweden (2004)
Portugal (2004)
Greece (2006)
Austria (2006)
Slovenia (2006)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (2006)
Slovakia (2005)
Italy (2006)
Poland (2005)
Czech Republic (2005)
Germany (2004)
Moldova (2006)
Romania (2006)
Croatia (2006)
Estonia (2005)
Hungary (2005)
Lithuania (2005)
Serbia (2006)
Latvia (2006)
Bulgaria (2004)
Belarus (2005)
Russian Federation (2005)
Ukraine (2006)
10
22.0
15.0
15.0
14.8
14.2
12.4
10.9
9.4
8.3
8.1
8.1
4.3
3.9
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.1
2.8
2.4
2.3
2.2
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.3
1.1
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.6
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
3.8
3.9
4.3
4.7
5.2
5.3
5.9
6.4
10
15
20
Rate per 1000 population

Note. Data for Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Turkey and Georgia are from EUROSTAT.
25
Demography
Population
Natural population growth
12
Eur-A
Eur-B+C
9
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
Young population (014 years) and

old population (65+ years)
30
Natural population growth, 19802005
Percentage of population
25
20
15
10
Young, Eur-A
Old, Eur-A
Young, Eur-B+C
Old, Eur-B+C
1980
1985
1990
1995
Year
Young population (014 years)

and
2000
2005
10
Population
Young population (014 years)
40
30
20
18
15
No data
% of population
Old population (65+ years)
19
17
14
11
7
No data
% of population
Demography
Population
Old population (65+ years)

19.8
18.5
18.3
17.2
17.2
17.1
17.1
17.0
17.0
16.9
16.8
16.7
16.6
16.4
16.3
16.0
15.9
15.8
15.8
15.8
15.7
15.2
15.2
14.8
14.7
14.5
14.3
14.2
14.1
13.9
13.8
13.4
13.2
12.6
11.9
11.7
11.7
11.2
11.2
10.6
10.1
9.9
Italy (2006)
Greece (2006)
Germany (2004)
Serbia (2006)
Sweden (2004)
Bulgaria (2004)
Belgium (2006)
Croatia (2006)
Latvia (2006)
Portugal (2004)
Spain (2005)
Austria (2006)
Estonia (2005)
France (2004)
Ukraine (2006)
Finland (2005)
San Marino (2005)
Switzerland (2004)
Slovenia (2006)
Hungary (2005)
Lithuania (2005)
Denmark (2006)
Romania (2006)
Norway (2005)
Belarus (2005)
Luxembourg (2005)
Georgia (2001)
Netherlands (2004)
Malta (2005)
Poland (2005)
Montenegro (2005)
Cyprus (2004)
Slovakia (2005)
Iceland (2005)
MKD (2006)
Ireland (2005)
Armenia (2005)
Moldova (2006)
Israel (2003)
Albania (2004)
Kazakhstan (2006)
Azerbaijan (2005)
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Tajikistan (2005)
Turkey (1986)
Turkmenistan (1998)
8.2
7.9
7.0
6.3
5.6
4.5
4.4
4.2
3.8
0
10
15
20
Note. Data for Belgium, Denmark, Italy, and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia are from EUROSTAT.
11
12
Population
Age pyramid, 2005

Males
Females
Eur-A
85+
Eur-B+C
8084
7579
7074
6569
6064
Age group (years)
5559
5054
4549
4044
3539
3034
2529
2024
1519
1014
59
04
21 000
15 000
9000
3000 0
3000
9000
15 000
21 000
Births
Demography
Birth rate
26.2
Tajikistan (2005)
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
Turkmenistan (1998)
Israel (2005)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Kazakhstan (2006)
Turkey (2005)
Azerbaijan (2005)
Ireland (2005)
Iceland (2005)
Albania (2004)
France (2004)
Norway (2005)
Denmark (2004)
Montenegro (2005)
Luxembourg (2005)
Armenia (2005)
Netherlands (2005)
Belgium (2005)
Sweden (2005)
MKD (2005)
Finland (2005)
Cyprus (2005)
Spain (2005)
Georgia (2005)
Estonia (2005)
Andorra (2005)
Moldova (2005)
Portugal (2005)
Romania (2006)
Slovakia (2005)
San Marino (2005)
Greece (2006)
Ukraine (2006)
Switzerland (2005)
Latvia (2006)
Hungary (2005)
Serbia (2006)
Malta (2005)
Poland (2005)
Italy (2005)
Slovenia (2006)
Austria (2006)
Croatia (2006)
Belarus (2005)
Bulgaria (2005)
Lithuania (2005)
Germany (2005)
21.5
21.1
20.8
20.4
19.7
18.9
16.9
14.8
14.5
13.8
12.7
12.3
12.0
11.9
11.8
11.8
11.7
11.5
11.3
11.2
11.0
11.0
10.9
10.8
10.7
10.7
10.5
10.5
10.4
10.2
10.2
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.0
9.9
9.8
9.8
9.7
9.6
9.6
9.6
9.5
9.4
9.4
9.3
9.2
9.2
9.0
8.8
8.3
5
10
15
20
Live births per 1000 population

Note. Data for Bulgaria and Germany are from EUROSTAT.
25
13
Births
Birth rate
22
Eur-A
Eur-B+C
Per 1000 population
19
16
13
10
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
Low-weight births, under 2500 g

8
Birth rate
Percentage of live births
14
Eur-A
Eur-B+C
4
1980
1985
1990
1995
Year
2000
2005
Births
Demography

MKD (2003)
Andorra (2005)
Bulgaria (2006)
Greece (2003)
Hungary (2006)
Israel (2006)
Romania (2006)
France (2003)
Armenia (2006)
Portugal (2005)
Spain (2004)
Azerbaijan (2006)
Slovakia (2006)
Austria (2006)
Italy (2004)
Germany (2006)
Malta (2006)
Kyrgyzstan (2006)
Switzerland (1999)
Belgium (1997)
Poland (2005)
Slovenia (2006)
Tajikistan (2006)
Ireland (2004)
Kazakhstan (2006)
Serbia (2006)
Norway (2006)
Georgia (2006)
Belarus (2006)
Ukraine (2006)
Montenegro (2006)
Croatia (2006)
Denmark (2005)
Luxembourg (2003)
Albania (2006)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Moldova (2006)
Lithuania (2006)
Latvia (2006)
Turkmenistan (2006)
Iceland (2006)
Estonia (2006)
Finland (2006)
Sweden (2004)
Turkey (2006)
26.2
13.0
9.3
8.6
8.3
8.2
8.1
8.0
7.9
7.5
7.5
7.4
7.3
7.3
7.1
7.1
6.9
6.8
6.7
6.5
6.3
6.1
6.1
5.9
5.9
5.7
5.7
5.6
5.5
5.4
5.3
5.2
5.1
5.0
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.7
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.5
4.4
4.4
4.3
4.2
1.9
0
10
15
Percentage of live births
20
25
15
16
Births
Births to young mothers (under 20 years)
15
12
9
5
2
No data
% of all births
Births to older mothers (35+ years)
26
21
16
11
6
No data
% of all births
Demography
Abortions
Abortions
1100
900
600
400
200
No data
Per 1000 live births
Abortions per 1000 live births
17
19
2. Life and death

Notes
Life expectancy (pp. 2327)
Life expectancy, or the average number of years that a newborn baby
can expect to live if mortality patterns remain unchanged, is one of the
most common measurements of a populations health. As it is calculated
using mortality statistics, its accuracy depends on the accuracy and
completeness of official national mortality data. The table on p. 23
shows two different estimates of life expectancy. One is the conventional
life expectancy based on reported official mortality statistics. The other
estimate is calculated using special demographic techniques to counteract
possible underreporting of deaths (see The world health report 2006
(4) for details on methodology). Countries with the largest differences
between these two estimates most probably have life expectancy well
below the level calculated from official statistics. This problem occurs
mainly in countries in central Asia, the Caucasus and the Balkans. These
were affected by armed conflict and severe socioeconomic difficulties
during the 1990s and many countries national vital statistics systems
(registration of marriages, births and deaths) were damaged. This should
be kept in mind when making comparisons between life expectancy in
these areas and in other countries.
The trends in life expectancy show a still growing gap between western
and eastern parts of the Region. The average trend for Eur-B+C countries
is particularly complex, as it reflects the effects of both the anti-alcohol
campaigns introduced in the USSR in 1985 and the deep socioeconomic
crises of the 1990s in some countries. The trends in cause-specific
mortality show the same pattern. Nevertheless, life expectancy showed a
remarkable increase in several Eur-B+C countries since the mid-1990s.
Disability-adjusted life expectancy (often called healthy life expectancy)
shows the estimated number of years of life expected to be lived in full
health, while taking account of years lived in less than full health due to
disease and/or injury. WHO calculated these estimates by using special
techniques developed to maximize comparability across populations
20
(see The world health report 2004 (5) for details on methodology). The
bar chart shows what percentage of expected length of life that a child
born in 2002 could expect to live in good health.
Deaths from all causes (pp. 2729)

Mortality gradually increases from the western to the eastern part of the
Region. The level of premature mortality (deaths in people aged below
65 years) varies particularly dramatically in relative terms. Eastwest
differences in mortality of the elderly population (those aged 65 years
and over) are relatively less pronounced.
Excess male mortality is presented as a percentage of the excess of male
over female death rates on the left side of the bar charts. Particularly high
premature male mortality in some eastern countries makes the largest
contribution proportionally to the eastwest gap in total mortality.
Infant deaths (pp. 3031)

Infant mortality shows the number of deaths of children below 1 year
of age per 1000 live births. Unfortunately, some countries are not able
to ensure complete registration of infant deaths and live births or to
report them according to the WHO definition. Infant mortality rates
reported by those countries are therefore lower than the actual rates,
and intercountry comparisons should be treated with caution. For that
reason, the bar chart with reported infant mortality rates also presents
the most recent (2006) estimated infant mortality rates, which are based
on the work of the Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation,
which includes the United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF), WHO,
the World Bank and the United Nations Population Division (6).
Levels of underregistration are particularly high in countries in central
Asia and the Caucasus and in some other countries, such as Albania and
Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Infant mortality is higher in the eastern part of the Region, with the
highest levels in some south-eastern countries. Taking into account the
above-mentioned underregistration, the real infant mortality in these
countries is likely to be even higher.
Perinatal deaths (pp. 3132)
The rate shows the number of deaths of fetuses weighing 1000 g or more
and of newborn babies aged 06 full days per 1000 births (live and
Life and death
stillborn). Where weight-specific data were not available, calculations

were based on the data provided by countries, whatever the national
criteria. For that reason and owing to possible incomplete registration of
perinatal deaths in the countries where infant mortality is incomplete,
intercountry comparisons should be treated with caution.
Maternal deaths (pp. 3334)

A maternal death is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42
days of the end of a pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated
by the pregnancy or its management. The maternal mortality ratio
(deaths per 100 000 live births) was calculated using mortality data
from routine vital statistics reported to WHO and hospital data reported
by health ministries, taking the larger figure where they differed.
Even in countries with good vital statistics systems, however, maternal
mortality is believed to be higher than reported. For that reason, the bar
chart with the reported maternal mortality ratios also presents the most
recent (2005) estimated maternal mortality ratios, which are based
on the work of WHO, UNICEF, the United Nations Population Fund
(UNFPA) and the World Bank (7).
Deaths by cause and age (p. 35)

The importance of specific causes of death differs significantly in the
different phases of the lifespan. Respiratory and some other diseases are
leading causes of death in childhood, replaced by accidents and other
external causes of death among adolescents and young adults. Cancer
and diseases of the circulatory system become leading causes of death
in older age groups.
Deaths from diseases of the circulatory system (pp. 3642)

The average trends in mortality from cardiovascular diseases are declining in Eur-A countries. The average rates for Eur-B+C countries do
not show improvement; they are stable in females and still rising in males.
Nevertheless, this group of countries is not homogeneous; mortality
trends have been declining in a number of them, while increasing in
others, for several years. A clear eastwest gradient contributes a large
part of the eastwest difference in total mortality and life expectancy.
The pattern of trends and differences in death rates from ischaemic heart
disease and cerebrovascular diseases are similar to those for all diseases
21
22
of the circulatory system, while average death rates for pulmonary heart
disease and other heart diseases in Eur-B+C countries show a striking
increase.
Deaths from cancer (pp. 4253)
Trends in cancer death rates show some general improvement in the
European Region. The average cancer mortality in western countries
is relatively low in younger age groups and relatively high among the
older population. The opposite is true in the eastern part of the Region,
although mortality is relatively low in both the younger and older age
groups in some central Asian countries and Georgia. In the central part
of the Region, cancer mortality is high in both younger and older age
groups.
Female mortality from lung cancer is steadily increasing in Eur-A
countries; in Eur-B+C as a whole, there is no progress in reducing deaths
from colorectal cancer among older people, breast cancer in older women
and cancer of the cervix uteri in younger women.
Deaths from external causes of injury and poisoning (pp. 5458)
External causes of death from injury and poisoning include accidents,
homicide, suicide and other causes that are not diseases. The remarkable
increase in mortality from these causes in Eur-B+C in the first half of the
1990s is attributable to the combined effect of the end of the anti-alcohol
campaigns that started in the USSR in 1985 and the socioeconomic crises
of the 1990s. The excess mortality in Eur-B+C in relation to mortality in
the Eur-A group is striking, especially in males.
Deaths from diseases of the respiratory system (pp. 5960)
In general, deaths from respiratory conditions are declining in both
groups of countries. While mortality in males is higher in Eur B+C than
in Eur-A, rates for females show little difference.
Deaths from diseases of the digestive system (pp. 6164)
Deaths from chronic liver disease and cirrhosis are responsible for about
a half of all deaths from diseases of the digestive system. Mortality is
steadily declining in Eur-A countries, but increasing in the Eur-B+C
group.
Life and death
Life expectancy
Conventional and estimated life expectancy

Males
Country (year)
Albania (2004)
Andorra
Armenia (2003)
Austria (2006)
Azerbaijan (2004)
Belarus (2005)
Belgium (1997)
Bulgaria (2004)
Croatia (2006)
Cyprus (2004)
Denmark (2001)
Estonia (2005)
Finland (2005)
France (2004)
Georgia (2004)
Germany (2005)
Greece (2006)
Hungary (2005)
Iceland (2005)
Ireland (2005)
Israel (2003)
Italy (2002)
Kazakhstan (2006)
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
Latvia (2006)
Lithuania (2005)
Luxembourg (2005)
Malta (2005)
Moldova (2006)
Monaco
Montenegro (2005)
Netherlands (2004)
Norway (2005)
Poland (2005)
Portugal (2004)
Romania (2006)
San Marino (2005)
Serbia (2006)
Slovakia (2005)
Slovenia (2006)
Spain (2005)
Sweden (2004)
Switzerland (2004)
Tajikistan (2005)
MKD (2003)
Turkey (2002)
Turkmenistan (1998)
Ukraine (2006)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Conventional
life expectancy
(years)
73.7
70.0
77.3
69.3
62.9
74.2
69.5
69.1
72.6
77.0
73.0
75.1
67.3
75.8
76.9
69.3
76.6
77.5
68.8
79.5
77.3
77.6
77.3
60.7
63.8
65.4
65.4
77.0
77.2
64.6
71.4
77.0
78.0
70.8
74.9
69.2
59.0
78.9
70.8
70.3
74.6
77.1
78.3
78.8
71.2
71.1
67.9
62.5
62.3
77.1
68.2
Females
Estimated life
expectancy,
2004 (years)
69.0
77.0
65.0
76.0
63.0
63.0
75.0
70.0
69.0
72.0
77.0
73.0
75.0
66.0
75.0
76.0
70.0
76.0
77.0
69.0
79.0
75.0
78.0
78.0
56.0
59.0
66.0
66.0
76.0
76.0
64.0
78.0
77.0
77.0
71.0
74.0
68.0
59.0
79.0
70.0
73.0
77.0
78.0
78.0
62.0
69.0
69.0
56.0
62.0
76.0
63.0
Conventional
life expectancy
(years)
Estimated life
expectancy,
2004 (years)
78.9
74.0
83.0
72.0
82.0
68.0
74.0
81.0
77.0
76.0
79.0
82.0
79.0
80.0
78.0
82.0
83.0
77.0
82.0
82.0
77.0
83.0
81.0
82.0
84.0
67.0
67.0
76.0
78.0
81.0
81.0
71.0
85.0
75.9
82.9
74.0
75.1
80.8
76.0
76.3
79.4
82.2
79.3
79.5
78.2
82.8
84.0
76.7
82.0
82.1
77.2
83.6
81.8
81.7
83.3
72.0
71.9
76.4
77.4
82.2
81.4
72.4
76.9
81.7
82.9
79.4
81.6
76.2
72.4
83.2
76.2
78.2
82.0
83.8
82.7
83.9
76.3
76.1
72.2
69.8
73.8
81.4
73.0
81.0
82.0
79.0
81.0
76.0
72.0
84.0
78.0
81.0
83.0
83.0
83.0
64.0
76.0
73.0
65.0
73.0
81.0
69.0
23
24
Life expectancy
Life expectancy at birth (years)

Iceland (2005)
San Marino (2005)
Switzerland (2004)
Sweden (2004)
Norway (2005)
Israel (2003)
Greece (2006)
Ireland (2005)
Austria (2006)
Italy (2002)
Malta (2005)
Spain (2005)
Netherlands (2004)
Luxembourg (2005)
Cyprus (2004)
France (2004)
Germany (2005)
Finland (2005)
Denmark (2001)
Portugal (2004)
Slovenia (2006)
Belgium (1997)
Albania (2004)
Croatia (2006)
Montenegro (2005)
Tajikistan (2005)
MKD (2003)
Serbia (2006)
Poland (2005)
Slovakia (2005)
Armenia (2003)
Azerbaijan (2004)
Georgia (2004)
Romania (2006)
Bulgaria (2004)
Hungary (2005)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Turkey (2002)
Estonia (2005)
Latvia (2006)
Lithuania (2005)
Moldova (2006)
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
Belarus (2005)
Turkmenistan (1998)
Ukraine (2006)
Kazakhstan (2006)
83.6
83.2
83.9
82.7
82.9
81.7
82.1
81.8
82.9
83.3
81.4
81.4
83.8
81.7
82.2
82.2
84.0
82.0
82.8
79.5
81.6
82.0
80.8
78.9
79.3
79.4
76.9
76.3
76.1
76.2
79.4
78.2
75.9
76.0
74.0
76.7
76.2
76.3
77.2
73.0
72.2
78.2
76.4
77.4
72.4
71.9
75.1
69.8
73.8
72.0
72.4
90
80
70
Females
79.5
78.9
78.8
78.3
78.0
77.6
77.5
77.3
77.3
77.3
77.2
77.1
77.1
77.0
77.0
77.0
76.9
76.6
75.8
75.1
74.9
74.6
74.2
73.7
73.0
72.6
71.4
71.2
71.1
70.8
70.8
70.3
70.0
69.5
69.3
69.3
69.2
69.1
68.8
68.2
67.9
67.3
65.4
65.4
64.6
63.8
62.9
62.5
62.3
60.7
59.0
60
50
60
70
Males
80
90
Life and death
Life expectancy
Life expectancy at age 65 (years)

Iceland (2005)
Switzerland (2004)
France (2004)
Greece (2006)
Sweden (2004)
Austria (2006)
Israel (2003)
San Marino (2005)
Spain (2005)
Norway (2005)
Italy (2002)
Luxembourg (2005)
Finland (2005)
Ireland (2005)
Germany (2005)
Cyprus (2004)
Netherlands (2004)
Portugal (2004)
Malta (2005)
Slovenia (2006)
Denmark (2001)
Belgium (1997)
Albania (2004)
Azerbaijan (2004)
Tajikistan (2005)
Poland (2005)
Croatia (2006)
Montenegro (2005)
Romania (2006)
Serbia (2006)
Slovakia (2005)
Hungary (2005)
MKD (2003)
Bulgaria (2004)
Estonia (2005)
Lithuania (2005)
Georgia (2004)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Latvia (2006)
Armenia (2003)
Turkmenistan (1998)
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
Ukraine (2006)
Moldova (2006)
Belarus (2005)
Kazakhstan (2006)
21.1
21.7
22.3
19.6
20.8
20.8
19.8
21.3
21.4
21.0
19.8
21.2
20.4
21.1
20.1
20.2
19.5
20.0
19.8
19.5
20.1
18.5
19.6
17.8
16.6
17.8
17.8
18.6
17.8
16.5
15.7
16.5
15.7
17.3
17.2
15.5
16.3
18.1
17.7
15.7
15.0
17.4
15.4
14.9
15.2
15.6
14.4
16.1
15.1
15.4
25
20
15
18.4
18.3
17.8
17.6
17.6
17.5
17.4
17.4
17.3
17.3
17.1
17.1
17.1
17.0
16.9
16.8
16.6
16.4
16.3
16.3
16.0
15.4
15.2
14.9
14.7
14.5
14.5
14.4
14.3
14.1
13.9
13.7
13.5
13.4
13.4
13.4
13.3
13.1
13.1
13.0
13.0
12.7
12.7
12.4
12.2
11.7
11.4
11.3
11.3
11.0
10
Females
10
Males
15
20
25
26
Life expectancy
Percentage of life lived

in good health or free of disability, 2002
Sweden
Norway
Germany
Italy
Iceland
Spain
San Marino
Finland
Malta
Netherlands
Denmark
Belgium
Luxembourg
Ireland
Switzerland
Slovenia
France
Israel
Greece
United Kingdom
Czech Republic
Bulgaria
Estonia
Georgia
Andorra
Monaco
Austria
Portugal
Belarus
Russian Federation
Slovakia
Turkey
Hungary
Croatia
Latvia
Romania
MKD
Kazakhstan
Moldova
Poland
Ukraine
Lithuania
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Albania
Cyprus
Uzbekistan
Turkmenistan
Tajikistan
Kyrgyzstan
90.6
90.1
90.7
90.6
90.0
90.7
90.4
90.2
90.0
89.5
89.4
89.9
90.2
89.6
90.4
89.8
89.5
88.8
89.9
89.6
89.8
88.7
89.5
88.8
89.1
89.0
89.4
89.1
87.4
89.2
88.6
87.0
88.8
86.9
88.2
89.1
86.9
86.6
86.1
87.2
87.0
87.2
87.2
85.8
85.6
85.4
86.6
86.0
85.5
Females
84.8
Males
84.8
92
90
88
86
92.2
92.2
92.1
92.1
92.0
91.9
91.8
91.8
91.8
91.7
91.7
91.6
91.6
91.5
91.5
91.5
91.3
91.2
91.2
91.2
91.0
91.0
90.9
90.9
90.9
90.9
90.7
90.6
90.4
90.4
90.3
90.1
89.9
89.9
89.9
89.8
89.7
89.7
89.6
89.4
89.4
89.0
89.0
88.7
88.6
88.4
88.3
88.3
87.8
87.1
86.4
84
82
80
82
84
86
88
90
Percentage of years of life expectancy at birth
92
94
Life and death
Life expectancy/Deaths
Life expectancy at birth

80
Years
75
Males, Eur-A
Females, Eur-A
Males, Eur-B+C
Females, Eur-B+C
70
65
60
1980
1985
1990
1995
2005
2000
Year
Deaths from all causes
1600
1300
1000
800
600
No data
Per 100 000
Life expectancy at birth, Eur-A and Eur-B+C
27
28
Deaths
Deaths from all causes, 064 years

Kazakhstan (2006)
Turkmenistan (1998)
Ukraine (2006)
Belarus (2005)
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
Moldova (2006)
Latvia (2006)
Lithuania (2005)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Estonia (2005)
Azerbaijan (2004)
Hungary (2005)
Tajikistan (2005)
Romania (2006)
Bulgaria (2004)
Serbia (2006)
Poland (2005)
Slovakia (2005)
Armenia (2003)
Montenegro (2005)
MKD (2003)
Georgia (2001)
Croatia (2006)
Slovenia (2006)
Belgium (1997)
Denmark (2001)
Finland (2005)
Albania (2004)
Portugal (2004)
France (2004)
Germany (2004)
Luxembourg (2005)
Austria (2006)
Netherlands (2004)
Ireland (2005)
Spain (2005)
Israel (2003)
Greece (2006)
Italy (2002)
Norway (2005)
Sweden (2004)
Malta (2005)
Cyprus (2004)
Switzerland (2004)
Iceland (2005)
San Marino (2005)
206
162
782.2
701.0
629.7
629.3
603.7
591.0
581.7
525.8
503.3
455.7
431.4
427.3
420.6
395.4
387.2
383.3
342.5
335.6
332.4
328.0
323.4
314.2
294.3
266.9
265.9
237.0
233.7
233.2
222.3
221.3
219.9
204.8
198.0
191.9
191.5
182.5
181.3
177.6
176.7
172.8
170.9
170.1
165.7
162.4
160.4
158.7
156.2
140.7
135.8
83
192
217
105
109
183
226
64
206
64
153
47
126
138
103
164
161
110
104
89
132
127
148
154
90
52
125
90
134
120
97
61
95
107
48
58
144
75
133
96
58
54
50
117
84
67
18
200
Excess mortality,
males compared
to females (%)
200
400
Per 100 000
population
600
800
Life and death
Deaths
Deaths from all causes, 65+ years

Moldova (2006)
Kazakhstan (2006)
Armenia (2003)
Ukraine (2006)
Turkmenistan (1998)
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
Belarus (2005)
MKD (2003)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Bulgaria (2004)
Serbia (2006)
Romania (2006)
Montenegro (2005)
Slovakia (2005)
Latvia (2006)
Hungary (2005)
Lithuania (2005)
Azerbaijan (2004)
Albania (2004)
Estonia (2005)
Croatia (2006)
Tajikistan (2005)
Poland (2005)
Denmark (2001)
Georgia (2001)
Belgium (1997)
Cyprus (2004)
Malta (2005)
Portugal (2004)
Slovenia (2006)
Netherlands (2004)
Greece (2006)
Ireland (2005)
Israel (2003)
Germany (2004)
Luxembourg (2005)
San Marino (2005)
Sweden (2004)
Finland (2005)
Norway (2005)
Italy (2002)
Austria (2006)
Spain (2005)
Iceland (2005)
Switzerland (2004)
France (2004)
7738
7524
7398
7194
7064
7005
6992
6940
6856
6760
6502
6481
6195
6073
5901
5857
5829
5761
5729
5575
5543
5505
5455
5351
5125
4924
4704
4655
4502
4432
4349
4268
4266
4225
4158
4152
4115
4113
4008
3878
3849
3845
3844
3819
3809
3738
3607
3463
3443
41
54
67
35
52
35
36
70
32
22
39
25
36
30
54
66
53
65
21
42
77
50
46
39
60
42
14
67
44
43
50
62
54
21
44
36
32
46
49
72
46
61
53
60
49
61
37
50
67
2000 1000
Excess mortality,
males compared
to females (%)
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
8000
Per 100 000

population
Excess mortality, males compared to females (%)
Per 100 000 population
29
30
Deaths
Infant deaths
Azerbaijan (2004)
Tajikistan (2005)
Turkmenistan (1998)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
Georgia (2005)
Kazakhstan (2006)
Turkey (2004)
Armenia (2006)
Ukraine (2006)
Romania (2006)
Moldova (2006)
MKD (2006)
Albania (2006)
Bulgaria (2006)
Belarus (2005)
Montenegro (2005)
Latvia (2006)
Serbia (2006)
Slovakia (2005)
Lithuania (2005)
Poland (2005)
Hungary (2005)
Malta (2005)
Estonia (2005)
Croatia (2006)
Belgium (1997)
Israel (2003)
Switzerland (2006)
Netherlands (2004)
Ireland (2005)
Italy (2004)
Germany (2006)
Denmark (2006)
Spain (2005)
Greece (2006)
Austria (2006)
France (2006)
Luxembourg (2005)
Liechtenstein
Andorra (1999)
Monaco (1999)
Portugal (2004)
Slovenia (2006)
Finland (2005)
Cyprus (2006)
Norway (2005)
Sweden (2006)
San Marino (2005)
Iceland (2005)
28.0
26.0
24.0
21.0
20.0
16.0
16.0
15.0
15.0
14.0
13.0
12.0
12.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
6.0
6.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.0
0
10
20
30
38.0
36.0
45.0
73.0
56.0
Estimated 2006
Latest year reported
40
50
60
70
Life and death
Deaths
Infant deaths
33
20
15
10
5
No data
40
Infant, neonatal and postneonatal deaths

Infant, Eur-A
Neonatal, Eur-A
Postneonatal, Eur-A
Infant, Eur-B+C
Neonatal, Eur-B+C
Postneonatal, Eur-B+C
30
20
10
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
Year
2000
2005
31
32
Deaths
Perinatal deaths
Kyrgyzstan (2006)
Turkey (2006)
Georgia (2006)
Armenia (2006)
16.6
MKD (2006)
15.2
Tajikistan (2006)
15.1
Kazakhstan (2006)
13.6
Albania (1992)
11.5
Bulgaria (2006)
10.7
Moldova (2006)
10.5
Azerbaijan (2006)
10.2
Romania (2006)
10.0
Ukraine (2006)
9.0
Montenegro (2006)
9.0
9.0
Uzbekistan (2005)
8.8
Turkmenistan (2006)
8.3
8.1
Ireland (2004)
7.9
Switzerland (2006)
7.6
Latvia (2006)
7.4
Belgium (1997)
7.4
Belarus (2006)
7.3
Serbia (2006)
6.9
France (2001)
6.9
Netherlands (2006)
6.0
Slovakia (2006)
5.6
Germany (2006)
5.6
Croatia (2006)
5.3
Poland (2005)
5.3
Luxembourg (2005)
5.0
Greece (2006)
4.9
Hungary (2006)
4.9
Israel (2005)
4.7
Spain (2005)
4.7
Italy (2003)
4.6
Lithuania (2006)
4.6
Portugal (2005)
4.2
Estonia (2006)
4.2
Sweden (2004)
3.9
3.6
Norway (2006)
3.6
Slovenia (2006)
3.5
Denmark (2005)
3.3
Austria (2006)
3.2
Finland (2006)
3.0
Iceland (2005)
1.9
Malta (2006)
1.8
Andorra (2005) 0.0
0
10
15
24.8
22.7
19.6
20
25
Life and death
Deaths
Maternal deaths
Tajikistan (2005)
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
Kazakhstan (2005)
Turkmenistan
Albania
Azerbaijan (2005)
Armenia (2005)
Georgia (2005)
Turkey
44.0
28.0
Estonia (2005)
25.0
Uzbekistan (2004)
24.0
Romania (2005)
24.0
Moldova (2005)
22.0
18.0
Ukraine (2005)
18.0
Belarus (2005)
12.0
Luxembourg (2004)
11.0
Lithuania (2004)
11.0
Bulgaria (2003)
11.0
Portugal (2003)
10.0
Cyprus (2000)
10.0
MKD (2005)
10.0
Latvia (2005)
8.0
Belgium (1996)
8.0
France (2003)
8.0
Poland (2004)
8.0
Malta (2005)
8.0
Croatia (2005)
7.0
Finland (2004)
7.0
Norway (2004)
7.0
Slovenia (2005)
6.0
Netherlands (2005)
6.0
Hungary (2005)
6.0
Slovakia (2005)
6.0
Switzerland (2004) 5.0
Czech Republic (2005) 4.0
Germany (2005) 4.0
Spain (2004) 4.0
Austria (2005) 4.0
Iceland (2005) 4.0
Israel 4.0
Denmark 3.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina (1990) 3.0
Sweden (2003) 3.0
Italy (2001) 3.0
Greece (2005) 3.0
Ireland (2005) 1.0
Serbia (2005)
Andorra (2004)
0
25
50
170.0
150.0
140.0
130.0
92.0
82.0
76.0
66.0
2005 estimate
Reported three-year
moving average
75
100
125
Per 100 000 live births
150
175
33
Deaths
Maternal deaths
80
Eur-A
Eur-B+C
60
Per 100 000 live births
34
40
20
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
Year
Maternal deaths
2000
2005
Life and death
Causes of death
35
Main causes of death by age group, males

Diseases of the circulatory system
All deaths in each group (%)
100
Cancer
External causes of injury and poisoning
Infectious and parasitic diseases
Diseases of the respiratory system
Other diseases
75
50
25
0
0
114
1524
2534
3544
4554
Age group (years)
5564
6574
7584
85+
Main causes of death by age group, females

Diseases of the circulatory system
Cancer
External causes of injury and poisoning
Infectious and parasitic diseases

Main
causes of death by age group,
males
Diseases of the respiratory system
Other diseases
75
50
10
25
0
0
114
1524
2534
3544
4554
Age group (years)
5564
6574
7584
85+
all death in each group
All deaths in each group (%)
100
Causes of death
Deaths from diseases of the circulatory system

1000
800
36
600
400
200
0
1980
Males, Eur-A
Males, Eur-B+C
Females, Eur-A
Females, Eur-B+C
1985
1990
1995
2005
2000
Year
Deaths from diseases of the circulatory system
900
750
600
400
250
No data
Per 100 000
Life and death
Causes of death
Deaths from diseases

of the circulatory system, 2564 years
Kazakhstan (2006)
Belarus (2005)
Ukraine (2006)
Latvia (2006)
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Lithuania (2005)
Bulgaria (2004)
Moldova (2006)
Estonia (2005)
Hungary (2005)
Romania (2006)
Tajikistan (2005)
Azerbaijan (2004)
Armenia (2003)
Slovakia (2005)
MKD (2003)
Poland (2005)
Croatia (2006)
Albania (2004)
Finland (2005)
Greece (2006)
Slovenia (2006)
Cyprus (2004)
Germany (2004)
Ireland (2005)
Malta (2005)
Portugal (2004)
Luxembourg (2005)
Austria (2005)
Netherlands (2004)
Sweden (2004)
Spain (2005)
Norway (2004)
Iceland (2005)
France (2004)
Israel (2003)
Switzerland (2004)
241.9
252.2
184.0
199.1
149.9
229.8
246.7
105.3
154.8
206.7
90.9
103.7
122.5
209.7
187.1
104.0
76.3
126.5
69.6
58.7
59.8
70.9
32.8
39.1
34.6
38.0
37.0
39.2
32.8
37.9
36.3
37.0
29.2
36.6
27.4
24.4
25.6
14.3
21.6
25.7
20.2
200
762.8
672.3
603.2
595.9
516.5
457.4
428.1
417.4
416.9
389.4
358.0
323.2
308.2
305.9
299.1
291.3
257.5
235.2
233.7
194.5
180.6
153.4
135.9
126.9
126.1
117.1
107.4
104.9
103.6
102.9
101.8
96.5
85.8
83.7
81.8
80.7
75.4
72.7
Females
68.0
Males
66.3
64.4
0
200
400
600
800
37
38
Causes of death
Deaths from ischaemic heart disease, 2564 years

Russian Federation (2005) 99.8
Ukraine (2006) 114.1
84.9
Belarus (2004)
89.4
Kazakhstan (2006)
Azerbaijan (2004) 108.3
62.7
Latvia (2006)
45.8
Lithuania (2005)
Moldova (2006) 97.7
78.4
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
Uzbekistan (2005) 98.4
43.7
Armenia (2003)
47.8
Hungary (2005)
32.8
Estonia (2005)
78.1
Tajikistan (2005)
43.9
Romania (2006)
35.0
Bulgaria (2004)
31.2
Slovakia (2005)
41.0
MKD (2003)
20.2
Poland (2005)
20.2
Croatia (2006)
22.1
17.4
Greece (2006)
11.9
Finland (2005)
24.2
Albania (2004)
18.6
Malta (2005)
16.9
15.1
Ireland (2005)
11.2
Cyprus (2004)
13.0
Germany (2004)
4.5
Iceland (2005)
8.1
Slovenia (2006)
Austria (2006)
11.5
11.2
Sweden (2004)
Luxembourg (2005)
5.9
Portugal (2004)
9.7
Norway (2005)
10.6
Spain (2005)
7.4
Netherlands (2004)
12.5
Israel (2003)
8.7
Switzerland (2004)
6.6
France (2004)
4.9
100
406.3
366.8
326.5
305.5
280.4
269.8
245.2
225.4
212.2
203.0
200.3
175.3
174.7
147.4
143.5
134.7
123.4
104.0
95.4
93.5
91.9
81.9
80.4
78.0
76.3
68.6
65.5
64.6
56.0
50.0
49.8
49.6
49.4
47.5
45.1
44.4
40.4
37.6
Females
35.9
Males
33.7
28.6
0
100
200
300
400
Life and death
350
Causes of death
Deaths from ischaemic heart disease, 2564 years
300
250
200
Males, Eur-A
Females, Eur-A
Males, Eur-B+C
150
Females, Eur-B+C
100
50
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
Deaths from pulmonary and

other heart diseases, 2564 years
Males, Eur-A
100
Females, Eur-A
Males, Eur-B+C
80
60
Females, Eur-B+C
Deaths from ischaemic heart diseases, 2564 years, Eur-A
40
20
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
Year
2000
2005
39
40
Causes of death
Deaths from pulmonary and

other heart diseases, 2564 years
Kazakhstan (2006)
Bulgaria (2004)
Latvia (2006)
Ukraine (2006)
Lithuania (2005)
Estonia (2005)
Poland (2005)
MKD (2003)
Hungary (2005)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Croatia (2006)
Romania (2006)
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
Slovenia (2006)
Albania (2004)
Slovakia (2005)
Belarus (2005)
Azerbaijan (2004)
Germany (2004)
Netherlands (2004)
Finland (2005)
Luxembourg (2005)
Cyprus (2004)
Tajikistan (2005)
Spain (2005)
Moldova (2006)
France (2004)
Portugal (2003)
Ireland (2005)
Greece (2006)
Switzerland (2004)
Armenia (2003)
Israel (2003)
Sweden (2004)
Norway (2005)
Austria (2006)
Iceland (2005)
Malta (2005)
49.4
47.6
56.6
33.8
22.2
17.4
13.7
18.4
28.6
14.1
21.5
14.1
12.7
11.9
8.7
16.8
12.6
10.0
8.2
13.6
10.7
11.9
7.2
17.5
15.5
10.4
6.8
6.3
6.8
8.1
6.2
8.7
6.6
5.7
6.7
4.7
4.4
4.9
0.0
5.9
6.5
50
156.7
153.5
145.9
124.1
91.0
75.7
70.1
65.1
45.2
45.0
44.6
40.1
38.5
37.7
34.8
32.9
30.1
28.3
28.3
27.3
26.6
26.1
24.8
24.5
24.0
22.0
18.7
18.5
18.4
17.4
16.3
15.2
15.0
13.6
13.1
12.5
12.2
11.8
11.4
11.3
6.2
0
50
Females
Males
100
150
Life and death
Causes of death
Deaths from
cerebrovascular diseases, 2564 years
Kyrgyzstan (2005) 120.2
Kazakhstan (2006)
Belarus (2005)
Moldova (2006)
Ukraine (2006)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Bulgaria (2004)
Latvia (2006)
Romania (2006)
MKD (2003)
Azerbaijan (2004)
Estonia (2005)
Lithuania (2005)
Armenia (2003)
Hungary (2005)
Tajikistan (2005)
Croatia (2006)
Poland (2005)
Slovakia (2005)
Portugal (2004)
Albania (2004)
Slovenia (2006)
Greece (2006)
Finland (2005)
Cyprus (2004)
Spain (2005)
Malta (2005)
Ireland (2005)
Germany (2004)
Sweden (2004)
Netherlands (2004)
Luxembourg (2005)
France (2004)
Israel (2003)
Norway (2005)
Austria (2006)
Switzerland (2004)
Iceland (2005)
180.0
165.1
140.6
118.6
118.3
110.8
93.3
90.7
88.2
88.0
74.1
74.1
68.4
59.1
58.5
56.6
51.4
48.5
46.0
32.0
31.3
30.8
27.8
27.4
23.0
19.0
16.6
14.3
14.3
13.4
13.3
13.2
12.8
12.0
11.7
11.2
11.2
9.3
Females
9.2
Males
8.2
5.7
76.3
74.7
57.5
86.4
51.5
58.2
43.2
40.3
47.1
49.6
47.8
27.0
27.4
39.8
24.2
45.1
19.9
22.2
11.3
14.4
24.1
13.9
12.3
11.1
10.7
8.6
10.0
7.3
8.7
7.3
8.3
8.3
9.4
11.0
6.4
6.3
6.5
8.3
4.6
8.3
150 125 100
75
50
25
25
50
75 100 125 150 175 200
Deaths from cerebrovascular diseases, 2564
41
Causes of death
Deaths from cerebrovascular diseases, 2564 years

140
120
42
Males, Eur-A
100
Females, Eur-A
Males, Eur-B+C
Females, Eur-B+C
80
60
40
20
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2005
2000
Year
Deaths from selected cancers, WHO European Region

Breast 17.2
5.5
Ovary
3.6
Other parts of uterus
2.9
Cervix
Trachea, bronchus and lung
26.9
10.3
10.9
Deaths from cerebrovascular diseases, 2564 years, Eur
Colon, rectum and anus
13.2
8.8
Prostate
Stomach
Lymph node and
haematopoietic tissue
Pancreas
8.1
7.0
6.5
7.3
4.7
5.7
4.0
3.0
Liver, bile ducts

Bladder
3.9
1.6
Lip, oral cavity and pharynx
1.1
Oesophagus
1.3
Melanoma of skin
1.2
20
15
10
Females
Males
3.5
3.2
1.0
0
10
Proportion (%)
15
20
25
30
Life and death
Causes of death
43
Deaths from selected cancers, Eur-A

Breast 17.4
5.4
Ovary
3.0
1.4
Cervix
25.9
11.8
11.3
12.8
10.7
Prostate
Lymph node and
Stomach
7.5
8.6
5.4
4.8
4.8
6.2
Pancreas
4.4
2.9
Liver, bile ducts
4.1
1.9
Bladder
Oesophagus
1.4
1.1
Melanoma of skin
1.1
20
15
10
Females
Males
3.3
2.8
1.1
0
10
15
20
25
30
Proportion (%)
Deaths from selected cancers, Eur-B+C

Breast
16.9
Ovary
5.6
Proportion of deaths
by selected cancers in all countries
5.2
Cervix
4.4
7.9
Stomach
28.5
10.4
12.2
13.7
10.3
Prostate
Lymph node and
5.4
Pancreas
5.0
6.0
4.8
1.2
4.6
4.6
1.1
Bladder
3.7
3.0
Liver, bile ducts

Oesophagus
1.2
Melanoma of skin
1.2
20
15
10
Females
Males
3.2
3.1
0.9
0
10
Proportion (%)
Breast 17.4
15
20
25
30
44
Causes of death
Deaths from cancer, 2564 years

Hungary (2005)
Belarus (2005)
Slovakia (2005)
Ukraine (2006)
Moldova (2005)
Romania (2006)
Lithuania (2005)
Latvia (2006)
Poland (2005)
Croatia (2006)
Estonia (2005)
Kazakhstan (2006)
Bulgaria (2004)
MKD (2003)
France (2004)
Slovenia (2006)
Armenia (2003)
Spain (2005)
Azerbaijan (2004)
Portugal (2004)
Germany (2004)
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
Netherlands (2004)
Austria (2006)
Luxembourg (2005)
Greece (2006)
Albania (2004)
Switzerland (2004)
Ireland (2005)
Finland (2005)
Norway (2004)
Iceland (2005)
Israel (2003)
Sweden (2004)
Malta (2005)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Tajikistan (2005)
Cyprus (2004)
157.1
123.3
109.1
117.7
127.8
126.0
126.0
118.2
130.1
131.8
112.0
110.4
120.7
118.3
110.5
106.8
98.4
103.0
123.7
80.3
97.6
86.0
100.6
94.1
125.2
92.6
90.7
76.5
110.0
74.0
83.7
112.5
86.4
106.4
87.6
97.7
102.5
102.3
76.1
65.6
64.8
200
150
100
301.2
224.5
222.2
219.7
219.4
218.0
213.0
212.5
211.1
208.7
205.5
203.5
192.1
188.4
186.1
179.1
178.9
176.6
165.1
155.5
152.2
148.5
136.1
133.8
133.7
131.2
130.6
127.0
116.0
110.4
109.7
108.6
103.7
101.0
99.6
98.8
86.8
85.7
Females
80.2
Males
73.9
71.5
50
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Life and death
Causes of death
Deaths from cancer, 064 years
135
105
95
80
70
No data
Per 100 000
Deaths from cancer, 65+ years
1400
1100
900
800
600
No data
Per 100 000
45
Causes of death
Deaths from cancer

300
46
250
Males, Eur-A
200
Females, Eur-A
Males, Eur-B+C
Females, Eur-B+C
150
100
1980
1985
1990
1995
Year
Deaths from cancer
2000
2005
Life and death
Causes of death
Deaths from lung cancer, 2564 years

Hungary (2005)
Poland (2005)
Croatia (2006)
Romania (2006)
Belarus (2005)
Latvia (2006)
Bulgaria (2004)
MKD (2003)
Ukraine (2006)
Moldova (2006)
Slovenia (2006)
France (2004)
Lithuania (2005)
Estonia (2005)
Kazakhstan (2006)
Slovakia (2005)
Armenia (2003)
Greece (2006)
Spain (2005)
Netherlands (2004)
Germany (2004)
Portugal (2003)
Luxembourg (2005)
Austria (2006)
Azerbaijan (2004)
Iceland (2005)
Switzerland (2004)
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
Ireland (2005)
Albania (2004)
Finland (2005)
Israel (2003)
Norway (2005)
Cyprus (2004)
Malta (2005)
Sweden (2004)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Tajikistan (2005)
35.3
99.7
20.9
15.9
12.6
72.0
70.3
69.5
67.4
67.1
64.4
60.9
59.1
58.7
58.2
57.9
57.6
56.3
56.2
56.1
55.0
54.8
53.3
53.0
50.2
4.7
6.7
7.9
9.5
7.3
16.0
6.5
7.1
17.5
13.8
6.9
10.3
7.2
10.5
9.1
9.2
8.3
27.6
39.3
39.0
38.0
37.7
37.5
37.2
30.3
30.2
28.9
28.2
26.8
25.6
25.0
24.7
24.5
21.3
19.1
16.9
14.6
16.1
6.7
18.0
16.4
6.2
29.0
15.5
18.9
5.3
17.7
7.9
9.6
9.6
19.7
2.6
7.2
19.7
4.4
4.4
50
25
Females
Males
7.6
0
25
50
75
100
47
Causes of death
Deaths from lung cancer, 2564 years

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
Males, Eur-A
Females, Eur-A
Males, Eur-B+C
Females, Eur-B+C
10
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2000
2005
Year
Deaths from lung cancer, 65+ years

400
48
300
200
Males, Eur-A
Females, Eur-A
Males, Eur-B+C
100
Females, Eur-B+C
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
Year
Deaths from lung cancer
Life and death
Causes of death
Deaths from female breast cancer and

cervical cancer, 2564 years
Belgium (1997)
Armenia (2003)
Denmark (2001)
Netherlands (2004)
Ukraine (2006)
Serbia (2006)
Malta (2005)
Moldova (2006)
Latvia (2006)
Ireland (2005)
San Marino (2005)
Israel (2003)
MKD (2003)
France (2004)
Hungary (2005)
Estonia (2005)
Germany (2004)
Lithuania (2005)
Italy (2002)
Kazakhstan (2006)
Belarus (2005)
Croatia (2006)
Georgia (2001)
Romania (2006)
Azerbaijan (2004)
Slovakia (2005)
Bulgaria (2004)
Poland (2005)
Finland (2005)
Austria (2006)
Slovenia (2006)
Switzerland (2004)
Sweden (2004)
Luxembourg (2005)
Norway (2005)
Cyprus (2004)
Spain (2005)
Greece (2006)
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
Iceland (2005)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Albania (2004)
Turkmenistan (1998)
Tajikistan (2005)
Portugal (2004)
37.2
37.1
35.4
31.1
31.0
30.8
30.8
30.7
29.4
29.3
28.5
27.7
27.6
27.4
27.1
26.6
26.5
25.9
25.8
25.7
25.2
25.0
24.9
24.6
24.4
24.3
23.6
23.1
23.1
22.7
22.7
22.6
22.6
22.6
22.5
21.8
21.8
20.0
19.5
19.3
19.0
18.5
15.7
15.7
15.2
13.7
Cervical cancer
11.3
Breast cancer
9.8
4.2
8.8
4.1
3.2
10.7
13.5
1.8
2.3
10.0
4.9
8.5
3.1
0.0
2.3
5.8
2.5
9.4
8.3
3.5
12.9
1.1
10.6
8.0
3.7
7.1
20.8
2.4
9.6
10.6
3.8
1.3
3.3
4.9
7.0
1.7
2.8
0.9
10.2
1.5
2.6
3.9
1.8
10.5
0.0
7.7
2.2
4.2
4.6
3.8
30
20
10
8.3
0
10
20
Per 100 000 females
30
40
50
49
Causes of death
Deaths from female breast cancer,

2564 and 65+ years
140
Per 100 000 females
120
100
80
2564, Eur-A
65+, Eur-A
2564, Eur-B+C
65+, Eur-B+C
60
40
20
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
Deaths from cervical cancer,

2564 and
years
Deaths
from 65+
female
breast cancer, 2564 years and 65 years and ove
2564, Eur-A
65+, Eur-A
30
2564, Eur-B+C
65+, Eur-B+C
Per 100 000 females
50
20
10
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
Year
2000
2005
Life and death
Causes of death
Deaths from cancer of the colon and anus, 65+ years

Slovakia (2005)
127.2
Czech Republic (2005) 146.1
Hungary (2005) 148.1
Croatia (2006)
132.1
Slovenia (2006)
119.8
Estonia (2005)
103.3
Lithuania (2005)
97.8
Latvia (2006)
105.0
Ireland (2005)
106.8
Portugal (2004)
96.3
Poland (2005)
103.9
108.1
Spain (2005)
90.2
Israel (2003)
121.4
Germany (2004)
114.2
Austria (2006)
94.1
Norway (2005)
118.5
Moldova (2006)
78.6
Netherlands (2004)
110.1
France (2004)
87.7
Belarus (2005)
82.3
Bulgaria (2004)
80.6
93.2
Ukraine (2006)
79.2
Malta (2005)
90.8
Romania (2006)
84.7
Sweden (2004)
96.9
MKD (2003)
76.3
Luxembourg (2005)
115.4
Switzerland (2004)
74.9
Kazakhstan (2006)
70.9
Cyprus (2004)
63.0
Greece (2006)
66.5
Finland (2005)
70.7
Iceland (2005)
92.9
Armenia (2003)
72.8
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
31.7
Albania (2004)
15.7
Azerbaijan (2004)
23.8
Uzbekistan (2005)
16.6
Tajikistan (2005)
10.7
200
150
100
50
299.1
297.6
278.9
272.5
248.0
208.0
203.3
200.3
192.6
190.9
187.6
185.3
181.2
179.5
177.3
176.3
172.9
172.3
170.0
162.8
160.0
159.9
155.3
151.9
143.4
139.3
138.6
138.2
137.2
124.1
110.8
105.7
101.8
100.3
85.3
80.6
55.8
28.5
26.1
19.0
16.3
0
50
100
150
Females
Males
200
250
300
350
51
Causes of death
Deaths from cancer of the colon and anus, 65+ years
200
150
100
50
1980
1985
1990
Males, Eur-A
Males, Eur-B+C
Females, Eur-A
Females, Eur-B+C
1995
2000
2005
Year
Deaths from prostate cancer, 6074 and 75+ years

500
400
Per 100 000 males
52
6074, Eur-A
75+, Eur-A
300
6074, Eur-B+C
75+, Eur-B+C
200
100
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
Year
2000
2005
Life and death
Causes of death
Deaths from prostate cancer, 65+ years

Sweden (2004)
Norway (2005)
Estonia (2005)
Belgium (1997)
Denmark (2001)
Iceland (2005)
Latvia (2006)
Slovenia (2006)
Lithuania (2005)
Ireland (2005)
Switzerland (2004)
Croatia (2006)
Netherlands (2004)
Portugal (2004)
Finland (2005)
Cyprus (2004)
France (2004)
Slovakia (2005)
Austria (2006)
Malta (2005)
Luxembourg (2005)
Germany (2004)
Poland (2005)
Hungary (2005)
Spain (2005)
Serbia (2006)
Greece (2006)
Italy (2002)
Belarus (2005)
Israel (2003)
Romania (2006)
Bulgaria (2004)
Albania (2004)
MKD (2003)
Ukraine (2006)
Armenia (2003)
Moldova (2006)
Azerbaijan (2004)
Kazakhstan (2006)
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
Georgia (2005)
Turkmenistan (1998)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Tajikistan (2005)
32.8
27.0
15.1
13.1
13.0
0
50
314.8
296.7
296.6
294.3
287.5
287.3
287.1
281.8
255.2
240.6
234.4
228.4
228.2
228.0
215.0
211.8
210.3
208.2
201.4
195.8
185.9
185.5
183.2
180.8
178.0
168.7
157.8
155.8
155.0
148.7
132.5
131.1
121.6
113.8
113.7
104.3
103.1
101.4
89.1
77.0
73.6
71.7
64.2
100
150
200
Per 100 000 males
250
300
350
53
Causes of death
Deaths from external causes of injury and poisoning

300
250
54
200
Males, Eur-A
Females, Eur-A
150
Males, Eur-B+C
Females, Eur-B+C
100
50
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2005
2000
Year
Deaths from external causes of injury and poisoning,
215
150
100
60
40
No data
Per 100 000
Life and death
Causes of death
Deaths from external causes

of injury and poisoning, 064 years
Russian Federation (2005) 76.3
Belarus (2005)
58.5
Kazakhstan (2006)
62.1
Lithuania (2005)
52.0
Ukraine (2006)
45.6
Latvia (2006)
46.0
Estonia (2005)
40.9
Moldova (2006)
40.7
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
38.1
Turkmenistan (1998)
29.4
Poland (2005)
17.2
Finland (2005)
25.8
Hungary (2005)
20.8
Slovakia (2005)
17.2
Romania (2006)
20.5
Slovenia (2006)
15.4
0.0
Uzbekistan (2005)
19.6
17.2
Bulgaria (2004)
16.4
Belgium (1997)
24.4
Croatia (2006)
15.6
Albania (2004)
17.9
Portugal (2004)
14.4
Serbia (2006)
15.7
France (2004)
17.4
Armenia (2003)
8.7
San Marino (2005)
0.0
Tajikistan (2005)
15.6
Luxembourg (2005)
19.2
Sweden (2004)
20.1
Denmark (2001)
15.9
Austria (2006)
15.9
Greece (2006)
13.6
Norway (2005)
17.3
Georgia (2001)
7.9
Cyprus (2004)
8.9
Israel (2003)
10.6
MKD (2003)
8.5
Spain (2005)
9.5
Azerbaijan (2004)
10.6
Switzerland (2004)
13.6
Ireland (2005)
10.2
Italy (2002)
9.5
Germany (2004)
11.1
Iceland (2005)
18.4
11.1
Malta (2005)
6.5
Netherlands (2004)
11.2
100
346.1
277.0
260.2
257.2
224.3
211.8
189.2
166.7
142.5
92.3
91.3
87.4
85.9
84.0
82.5
76.8
73.2
72.2
67.3
65.0
64.5
61.7
58.3
57.8
55.8
51.0
50.6
50.4
47.9
47.5
47.1
46.7
46.4
45.8
45.1
43.9
43.6
42.5
39.8
39.8
39.6
39.0
38.4
36.9
36.0
34.8
33.6
29.6
26.6
0
100
Females
Males
200
300
400
55
56
Causes of death
Deaths from motor vehicle traffic accidents

Lithuania (2005)
10.1
36.3
Cyprus (2004)
Portugal (2003)
Latvia (2006)
Ukraine (2004)
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
5.2
28.7
6.9
27.5
7.5
27.4
7.3
25.8
7.9
25.5
Greece (2006)
5.0
Croatia (2006)
5.3
Slovenia (2006)
24.0
21.4
4.3
Poland (2005)
5.5
Estonia (2005)
5.9
Kazakhstan (2003)
21.3
21.1
20.6
5.3
20.2
Romania (2006)
6.0
19.6
Hungary (2005)
5.6
19.4
Moldova (2006)
5.8
Uzbekistan (2005)
19.0
4.2
Slovakia (2005)
17.5
5.0
Spain (2005)
17.4
4.0
16.0
Bulgaria (2004)
4.5
15.3
4.9
15.2
Albania (2004)
3.6
France (2004)
3.9
Luxembourg (2005)
14.2
12.8
8.9
11.7
Austria (2006)
3.5
11.7
Israel (2003)
3.9
11.3
Finland (2005)
3.1
Armenia (2003)
MKD (2003)
10.9
1.9
Germany (2004)
3.2
Tajikistan (2005)
2.7
Switzerland (2004)
10.7
9.7
9.6
2.1
Ireland (2005)
9.4
3.7
8.5
2.2
8.2
2.1
Sweden (2004)
7.4
3.3
Iceland (2005)
Netherlands (2004)
2.6
Norway (2005)
3.1
7.1
10
Females
Males
7.0
6.9
2.2
Malta (2005)
20
11.0
2.4
6.8
0
10
20
30
40
Death
Life and death
Causes of death
Deaths from motor vehicle traffic accidents

Males, Eur-A
40
Females, Eur-A
Males, Eur-B+C
Females, Eur-B+C
30
20
10
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
Deaths from suicide
50
Deaths from motor vehicle traffic accidents,

40
Males, Eur-A
Females, Eur-A
30
Males, Eur-B+C
Females, Eur-B+C
20
10
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
Year
2000
2005
57
58
Causes of death
Deaths from suicide

Lithuania (2005)
Belarus (2005)
Kazakhstan (2006)
Hungary (2005)
Slovenia (2006)
Latvia (2006)
Ukraine (2006)
Estonia (2005)
Moldova (2006)
Poland (2005)
Finland (2005)
France (2004)
Croatia (2006)
Austria (2006)
Slovakia (2005)
Switzerland (2004)
Romania (2006)
11.4
67.4
8.5
56.1
7.8
8.6
53.9
49.3
9.2
40.0
9.2
38.2
36.6
5.1
5.6
36.5
5.8
5.1
34.2
34.1
4.3
26.7
26.3
25.0
9.6
8.6
7.7
4.8
5.5
24.7
23.8
22.3
3.1
21.8
21.4
20.6
9.3
3.8
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
Bulgaria (2004)
Germany (2004)
3.6
5.2
5.1
17.9
17.7
17.4
Sweden (2004)
Luxembourg (2005)
Iceland (2005)
6.4
4.0
6.6
17.3
17.1
16.3
Ireland (2005)
Portugal (2004)
Norway (2005)
3.1
4.4
7.3
Israel (2003)
Netherlands (2004)
Spain (2005)
MKD (2003)
2.4
5.5
3.1

Uzbekistan (2005)
Malta (2005)
Albania (2004)
Tajikistan (2005)
Greece (2006)
12.1
12.0
10.5
3.9
3.1
10.4
9.9
2.4
8.9
0.9
3.5
7.9
6.3
1.7
5.4
1.1
0.7
Armenia (2003)
Azerbaijan (2004)
Cyprus (2004)
20
16.0
15.7
15.3
5.1
3.8
0.5
2.4
0.3
10
Females
Males
1.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Life and death
Causes of death
Deaths from diseases of the respiratory system

Kyrgyzstan (2005)
Moldova (2006)
Kazakhstan (2006)
Armenia (2003)
Ireland (2005)
Belarus (2005)
Spain (2005)
Malta (2005)
Tajikistan (2005)
Ukraine (2006)
Slovakia (2005)
Lithuania (2005)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Netherlands (2004)
Romania (2006)
Portugal (2004)
Azerbaijan (2004)
Hungary (2005)
Slovenia (2006)
Poland (2005)
Norway (2005)
Luxembourg (2005)
Croatia (2006)
Latvia (2006)
Greece (2006)
Germany (2004)
Estonia (2005)
Cyprus (2004)
Iceland (2005)
Albania (2004)
MKD (2003)
Finland (2005)
Israel (2003)
Bulgaria (2004)
Austria (2006)
Switzerland (2004)
France (2004)
Sweden (2004)
150
93.6
188.4
50.1
41.0
27.0
38.3
132.6
127.3
120.9
104.1
99.9
99.1
95.1
95.0
93.3
87.4
85.4
83.9
82.6
79.8
79.5
76.3
76.2
75.0
72.7
70.7
68.9
67.8
66.8
65.9
64.5
61.3
57.9
55.9
55.5
55.5
55.0
54.3
53.5
49.6
48.4
47.9
46.8
Females
44.3
Males
43.7
41.4
72.7
18.1
68.6
39.6
39.2
73.8
18.9
37.2
18.7
55.1
41.4
35.4
37.3
49.5
32.0
29.7
26.5
41.1
32.3
33.5
25.1
15.1
42.5
27.2
11.7
30.6
41.4
32.4
32.2
19.0
32.8
21.4
23.1
21.3
20.7
27.1
100
50
50
100
150
200
59
Causes of death
Deaths from diseases of the respiratory system

175
Males, Eur-A
Females, Eur-A
Males, Eur-B+C
150
Females, Eur-B+C
60
125
100
75
50
25
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2005
2000
Year
Deaths from diseases of the respiratory syste
135
105
75
55
35
No data
Per 100 000
Life and death
Causes of death
Deaths from diseases of the digestive system

Moldova (2006)
Hungary (2005)
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
Kazakhstan (2006)
Ukraine (2006)
Romania (2006)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Lithuania (2005)
Slovakia (2005)
Azerbaijan (2004)
Estonia (2005)
Croatia (2006)
Belarus (2005)
Slovenia (2006)
Tajikistan (2005)
Armenia (2003)
Latvia (2006)
Poland (2005)
Finland (2005)
Portugal (2004)
Bulgaria (2004)
Germany (2004)
Spain (2005)
France (2004)
Austria (2006)
Luxembourg (2005)
Netherlands (2004)
Malta (2005)
Cyprus (2004)
MKD (2003)
Ireland (2005)
Switzerland (2004)
Israel (2003)
Sweden (2004)
Iceland (2005)
Greece (2006)
Norway (2005)
Albania (2004)
150
115.4
156.9
42.4
53.1
43.4
35.3
43.4
38.9
55.2
33.1
33.4
49.0
28.0
23.6
28.6
25.8
36.0
25.3
28.8
25.9
26.8
23.6
20.8
14.8
25.9
20.6
29.0
18.9
18.6
23.2
22.1
21.6
17.2
12.1
19.7
15.4
16.4
15.6
13.2
11.3
15.0
9.4
100
50
105.4
103.7
92.6
89.4
87.8
80.3
79.4
70.2
70.1
64.8
63.0
59.5
58.7
58.1
57.0
55.9
55.7
54.8
52.4
48.8
47.7
45.3
44.0
40.4
38.2
36.1
35.9
29.3
29.0
27.1
27.1
26.7
25.0
24.6
23.1
22.3
20.1
Females
19.7
Males
19.3
17.3
0
50
100
150
61
Causes of death
Deaths from diseases of the digestive system

Males, Eur-A
75
Females, Eur-A
Males, Eur-B+C
Females, Eur-B+C
62
50
25
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2005
2000
Year
135
80
60
40
25
No data
Per 100 000
Deaths from diseases of the digestiv
Life and death
Causes of death
Deaths from chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis

Moldova (2006)
99.4
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
116.0
43.0
84.7
Hungary (2005)
22.9
Kazakhstan (2003)
26.6
Romania (2006)
25.7
Ukraine (2004)
71.0
57.2
55.9
21.2
Uzbekistan (2005)
54.7
38.5
Tajikistan (2005)
51.0
27.1
43.0
Lithuania (2005)
15.3
39.4
Slovakia (2005)
13.8
38.4
Croatia (2006)
9.0
Slovenia (2006)
12.6
Estonia (2005)
13.9
Armenia (2003)
13.0
Finland (2005)
9.6
Bulgaria (2004)
37.0
36.9
32.4
30.4
26.0
5.9
25.5
8.9
Poland (2005)
7.3
23.9
Austria (2006)
7.2
23.4
Latvia (2006)
25.3
13.8
Germany (2004)
8.9
Portugal (2004)
6.3
France (2004)
6.2
Luxembourg (2005)
7.5
Spain (2005)
23.2
22.7
21.5
17.2
15.1
4.5
14.9
7.5
14.6
MKD (2003)
2.8
Switzerland (2004)
4.0
10.3
Malta (2005)
3.8
9.2
8.7
11.4
Cyprus (2004)
3.7
Greece (2006)
2.4
8.7
Sweden (2004)
3.5
7.3
Ireland (2005)
3.9
6.8
Netherlands (2004)
2.9
6.0
Israel (2003)
3.0
5.6
Iceland (2005)
2.7
5.3
Norway (2005)
2.3
0.0
4.4
0.1
Albania (2004)
150
100
50
Females
Males
50
100
150
63
Causes of death
Deaths from chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis

50
Males, Eur-A
Females, Eur-A
Males, Eur-B+C
64
40
Females, Eur-B+C
30
20
10
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
Deaths from chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis, Eur-A
65
3. Diseases
Notes
Tuberculosis (pp. 6768)
The figures present rates of newly diagnosed tuberculosis cases,
including relapses, of all forms and in all organs. The average rate for
Eur-B+C countries has been stable in recent years, but the situation
varies between countries. While the rates have declined for many years
in some (for example, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia), they are rising in
others.
Syphilis (pp. 7172)

Syphilis is considered a good indicator of the trends in all sexually
transmitted diseases. The eastern part of the Region suffered an
epidemic-like increase in the incidence of syphilis in the 1990s, but now
the rates are declining in all Eur-B+C countries.
HIV/AIDS (pp. 7375)

The data for HIV/AIDS are collected by the European Centre for the
Epidemiological Monitoring of AIDS (EuroHIV), a Joint United Nations
Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)/WHO collaborating centre on
AIDS (8). While the AIDS data for the most recent years are adjusted for
reporting delays, the data for HIV infections are as reported by countries.
The average for reported new HIV infections increased dramatically in
Eur-B+C until 2001, particularly owing to increases in Estonia, Latvia
and the Russian Federation.
Diabetes (p. 76)

The prevalence data represent the number of people with diabetes
per 100 population. The data are reported by countries from national
diabetes registries, whenever available, routine reporting systems or
surveys. For some countries, however, no reported data were available;
for them, the bar chart shows WHO estimates for 2000 (9).
66
Cancer (pp. 7779)

The right side of each bar chart shows the number of people
newly diagnosed with cancer per 100000 population during a
given year. Data sources are usually national cancer registers.
The incidence of lung cancer is clearly correlated with the death
rate. This correlation is less clear in the case of female breast and
cervical cancer.
Hospital discharges (pp. 8088)
The rates represent the total number of patients per 100000
population discharged from all hospitals (including through
death) during the year, categorized by the principal diagnosis.
Hospital discharge data have limited intercountry comparability,
owing to the differences in the organization of hospital datacollection systems in countries and in health care systems in
general. Particular caution should be used when discharge data
are used to estimate morbidity.
Teeth (p. 89)
The average number of decayed, missing or filled teeth among
12-year-old children is the index commonly used to assess oral
health. The data are collected by WHO and a collaborating centre
in Sweden (10).
Diseases
New cases of tuberculosis

Kazakhstan
Moldova
Kyrgyzstan
Romania
Georgia
Russian Federation
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Tajikistan
Azerbaijan
Armenia
Turkmenistan
Lithuania
Latvia
Belarus
Serbia
Bulgaria
Estonia
Portugal
MKD
Turkey
Montenegro
Croatia
Poland
Hungary
Spain
Albania
United Kingdom
Slovenia
Slovakia
Andorra
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Ireland
Luxembourg
France
Denmark
Switzerland
Netherlands
Germany
Italy
Finland
Israel
Sweden
Norway
Greece
Malta
Cyprus
Iceland
San Marino (2004)
143.0
123.7
120.7
103.2
89.4
84.4
82.2
79.0
71.9
68.6
66.0
61.9
61.3
54.3
54.0
43.1
41.7
35.6
31.5
29.4
27.4
23.7
23.6
21.5
17.9
16.8
16.2
13.6
13.4
13.2
12.9
11.3
10.3
9.5
9.4
8.1
8.1
7.3
7.0
6.9
6.7
6.5
6.5
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.6
5.2
4.5
3.4
0.0
0
50
2005 or latest
available year
2000
100
150
169.9
67
New cases of tuberculosis

70
60
68
50
Eur-A
Eur-B+C
40
30
20
10
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
170
120
70
40
10
No data
Per 100 000
Diseases
New cases of hepatitis B

Iceland
13.2
Kyrgyzstan
12.5
Bulgaria
12.2
Turkey
12.0
Moldova
11.4
10.2
MKD
Ukraine
9.6
Kazakhstan
9.3
Uzbekistan
8.9
France (1998)
8.7
Russian Federation
8.6
Romania
7.5
Latvia
7.4
Georgia
7.1
Austria
7.0
Estonia
5.8
5.3
Belgium (2004)
Turkmenistan
4.4
Serbia
4.3
Lithuania
4.1
Belarus
3.9
Croatia
3.7
Czech Republic
3.5
3.4
Azerbaijan
3.4
Tajikistan
3.2
Malta
3.2
Norway
3.1
Armenia
2.7
Sweden
2.4
Slovakia
2.3
Netherlands
1.8
Poland
1.7
Greece (2004)
1.6
Ireland
1.6
Israel
1.6
Germany
1.5
Spain
1.5
Hungary
1.2
Luxembourg
1.1
Switzerland
1.0
Slovenia
1.0
Portugal
0.9
Cyprus
0.8
Italy 0.8
Finland
0.7
0.7
Denmark 0.5
Andorra 0.0
Albania 0.0
San Marino 0.0
0
10
2005 or latest
available year
2000
20
30
40
69
New cases of hepatitis B

40
Eur-A
Eur-B+C
30
70
20
10
0
1980
1985
1990
1994
2000
2005
Year
New cases of viral hepatitis B
15
12
9
6
3
No data
Per 100 000
Diseases
New cases of syphilis

Moldova (2005)
Kazakhstan (2005)
Kyrgyzstan
Belarus
Romania
Latvia
Uzbekistan
Georgia
Ukraine
Lithuania
Switzerland
Estonia
Tajikistan
Bulgaria
Hungary
Ireland (2005)
Austria
Czech Republic
Armenia
Netherlands
United Kingdom
Slovakia
Germany
Israel
Malta
Belgium (2005)
Azerbaijan (2005)
Poland
Finland
Luxembourg
Iceland
Sweden
Spain
Cyprus
Slovenia
Denmark
Portugal (2005)
Croatia
Italy (2005)
Turkey
Serbia
Turkmenistan
France
Norway
Albania
Montenegro (2004)
MKD
Greece (2001)
San Marino
Andorra
69.6
62.7
60.9
32.7
27.1
26.2
21.1
16.2
11.0
10.4
9.9
9.7
9.3
8.7
6.6
5.6
5.5
5.2
5.0
4.9
4.8
4.7
4.2
3.8
3.7
3.0
3.0
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.0
1.9
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0
2006 or latest
available year
2000
50
100
150
71

Eur-A
Eur-B+C
125
72
100
75
50
25
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
70
35
20
10
2
No data
Per 100 000
Diseases
New cases of clinically diagnosed AIDS

Ukraine
Portugal
San Marino
Spain
Georgia
Moldova
Belarus
Latvia
Estonia
Switzerland
Italy
Luxembourg
France
Armenia
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Malta
Iceland
Romania
Belgium
Israel
Denmark
Kazakhstan
Finland
Greece
Serbia
Lithuania
Austria
Sweden
Russian Federation
Ireland
Norway
Albania
Kyrgyzstan
Croatia
Germany
Cyprus
Montenegro
Poland
MKD
Slovenia
Hungary
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Turkey
Azerbaijan
Uzbekistan
Turkmenistan
Tajikistan
Monaco
9.7
6.6
3.7
3.5
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.4
2.1
1.9
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0
2006 or latest
available year
2000
6
10
73

Eur-A
Eur-B+C
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
New cases of HIV infection

Eur-A
Eur-B+C
25
74
20

15
10
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
Year
2000
2005
Diseases

Estonia
Ukraine
Russian Federation
20.5
Portugal
17.3
Moldova
14.9
United Kingdom
13.1
Latvia
11.9
Luxembourg
11.4
Kazakhstan
10.4
Switzerland
9.5
Belgium
9.5
France
8.2
Uzbekistan
8.0
Ireland
7.5
Belarus
7.4
San Marino
7.2
Malta
6.6
Netherlands
6.3
Georgia
5.8
Norway
5.3
Austria
5.1
Greece
4.8
Israel
4.7
Kyrgyzstan
4.5
Denmark
4.4
Cyprus
4.2
Sweden
3.7
Finland
3.6
Iceland
3.3
Germany
3.1
Tajikistan
3.0
Lithuania
2.9
Azerbaijan
2.1
Armenia
2.0
Poland
1.7
Slovenia
1.5
Croatia
1.3
Andorra
1.2
Serbia
1.2
Bulgaria
1.0
Albania
Czech Republic 0.9
Romania 0.8
MKD 0.8
Hungary 0.8
Montenegro 0.6
Slovakia 0.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.4
Turkey 0.4
Spain 0.0
Italy 0.0
Turkmenistan 0.0
0
10
20
49.7
28.4
27.5
2006 or latest
available year
2000
30
40
50
75
76
Prevalence of diabetes mellitus

Malta (2004)
Spain (2000)
Monaco (2000)
Slovakia (2006)
Italy (2006)
Netherlands (2003)
3.8
Belgium (2004)
3.5
Croatia (2000)
3.5
Estonia (2000)
3.4
Finland (2006)
3.4
Israel (2000)
3.2
Germany (2000)
3.2
3.0
France (2000)
3.0
Poland (2000)
2.9
Austria (2000)
2.9
Albania (2000)
2.8
Luxembourg (2000)
2.7
Denmark (1999)
2.4
Latvia (2006)
2.3
Ireland (2000)
2.3
Ukraine (2006)
2.3
Romania (2006)
2.0
1.9
Belarus (2006)
1.8
Lithuania (2006)
1.7
Bulgaria (2000)
1.7
1.7
MKD (2005)
1.3
Georgia (2006)
1.3
Moldova (2006)
1.3
Armenia (2006)
1.2
Kazakhstan (2006)
0.9
Azerbaijan (2006)
0.8
Kyrgyzstan (2006)
0.5
Uzbekistan (2005)
0.4
Tajikistan (2006) 0.2
Iceland (2001) 0.2
Greece (2004) 0.2
Switzerland (2005) 0.1
Turkmenistan (2006) 0.1
0
7.6
7.4
6.8
6.7
5.5
4.5
4
Percentage of population
Diseases
New cases of and deaths from lung cancer

Hungary (2005)
Denmark (2001)
Croatia (2005)
Italy (2002)
Slovenia (2004)
Netherlands (2003)
Germany (2002)
Poland (2004)
Serbia (2004)
Belgium (1997)
Estonia (2004)
Norway (2005)
Austria (2004)
France (2000)
Latvia (2006)
Lithuania (2005)
Bulgaria (2004)
Ireland (2005)
Slovakia (2003)
Finland (2005)
Belarus (2005)
MKD (2003)
Ukraine (2006)
Sweden (2004)
Luxembourg (2004)
Romania (2005)
Iceland (2002)
Portugal (2000)
Malta (2005)
Armenia (2003)
Kazakhstan (2006)
Israel (2003)
Moldova (2006)
Cyprus (2004)
Georgia (2001)
Albania (2002)
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
Azerbaijan (2004)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Turkmenistan (1997)
Tajikistan (2005)
75.1
64.3
59.4
56.5
56.1
55.7
52.1
54.6
47.4
55.5
59.2
67.0
48.6
42.5
41.4
42.2
50.5
40.3
40.6
37.8
37.2
37.2
35.8
31.6
36.9
33.4
36.9
41.9
41.8
34.1
28.1
30.2
27.8
21.5
20.7
23.7
22.5
17.9
19.4
100.7
68.2
67.5
65.0
62.4
61.3
60.8
55.6
54.6
53.3
51.8
51.3
49.1
48.7
47.3
47.1
46.8
46.2
45.8
44.6
42.4
41.7
41.6
41.0
40.3
38.4
36.9
35.7
33.9
31.3
30.5
30.5
29.7
23.8
23.6
21.7
19.8
16.0
12.8
8.5
8.3
Crude death rate
4.5
New cases
3.8
1.8
7.8
11.3
4.0
5.3
2.5
75
25
25
75
125
77
78
New cases of and deaths from female breast cancer

Sweden (2004)
Luxembourg (2004)
Finland (2005)
Denmark (2001)
Netherlands (2003)
Hungary (2005)
Malta (2005)
France (2000)
Germany (2002)
Italy (2002)
Norway (2005)
Iceland (2002)
Austria (2004)
Ireland (2005)
Belgium (1997)
Israel (2003)
Slovenia (2004)
Croatia (2005)
Cyprus (2004)
Bulgaria (2004)
Estonia (2004)
Portugal (2000)
Latvia (2006)
Lithuania (2005)
Slovakia (2003)
Serbia (2004)
MKD (2003)
Belarus (2005)
Poland (2004)
Ukraine (2006)
Romania (2005)
Armenia (2003)
Moldova (2006)
Georgia (2001)
Kazakhstan (2006)
Azerbaijan (2004)
Albania (2002)
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Turkmenistan (1997)
Tajikistan (2005)
100
152.6
151.3
150.1
147.9
143.6
142.6
142.6
140.1
138.2
130.8
124.3
119.3
117.6
114.9
113.5
110.4
107.9
107.5
106.3
100.0
99.2
85.4
84.2
82.4
81.4
72.6
72.4
70.2
64.6
63.6
62.2
61.2
60.4
52.1
49.0
47.7
39.2
37.7
23.0
20.4
19.8
Crude death rate
12.5
New cases
9.4
6.7
34.6
30.9
30.9
49.2
41.5
41.0
39.4
34.9
36.2
42.2
38.4
29.8
25.7
36.4
32.7
46.5
27.5
38.2
36.7
40.0
23.5
28.6
32.2
28.8
36.1
31.9
26.0
40.3
29.4
23.8
24.0
24.8
31.3
28.6
26.8
24.8
23.1
17.4
12.2
6.8
7.7
6.1
4.5
3.2
50
50
100
150
Diseases
New cases of and deaths from cervical cancer

Romania (2005) 16.2
Lithuania (2005)
11.8
Bulgaria (2004)
9.1
Serbia (2004)
11.9
Estonia (2004)
8.0
MKD (2003)
4.4
Hungary (2005)
7.9
Slovakia (2003)
6.6
7.5
Slovenia (2004)
4.7
Ukraine (2006)
8.6
Portugal (2000)
4.3
Latvia (2006)
8.8
Moldova (2006)
11.4
Poland (2004)
9.2
Belarus (2005)
7.0
7.8
Kazakhstan (2006)
7.4
Germany (2002)
4.2
Denmark (2001)
5.5
Armenia (2003)
6.1
Croatia (2005)
4.6
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
5.8
Norway (2005)
3.1
Ireland (2005)
3.7
Iceland (2002)
2.1
Italy (2002)
1.3
Luxembourg (2004)
1.3
France (2000)
2.3
Austria (2004)
3.9
Georgia (2001)
6.0
Malta (2005)
1.0
Belgium (1997)
4.3
Sweden (2004)
3.5
3.6
Uzbekistan (2005)
3.1
Netherlands (2003)
2.6
Turkmenistan (1997)
3.4
Cyprus (2004)
2.1
Israel (2003)
1.9
Azerbaijan (2004)
1.1
Tajikistan (2005)
1.5
Finland (2005)
2.2
1.3
Albania (2002)
20
15
10
28.9
27.4
26.9
25.2
24.9
24.6
20.7
19.8
19.7
19.1
19.0
18.1
17.8
17.6
17.0
16.9
16.9
15.8
15.4
15.3
14.5
13.8
13.6
12.5
12.2
11.8
11.6
11.3
11.2
10.9
10.5
9.8
9.8
9.6
9.2
7.4
7.1
5.7
5.6
5.5
5.1
Crude death rate
4.9
New cases
4.7
4.2
0
10
15
20
25
30
79
80
Hospitalization
Hospital discharges for cancer

Austria (2005)a
Hungary
France (2005)
Germany (2005)
Latvia
Czech Republic
Denmark (2005)
Lithuania
Greece (2004)
Belarus
Finland (2005)
Slovenia (2005)
Norway
Luxembourg (2005)
Poland (2004)
Croatia
Slovakia
Sweden (2005)
Romania
Iceland (2005)
Serbia
Italy (2004)
Switzerland (2005)
Estonia
Belgium (2005)
Russian Federation
Ukraine
Bulgaria
Moldova
Spain (2005)
Netherlands
Montenegro
Portugal
Ireland
MKD (2005)
Israel (2004)
Kazakhstan
Turkey
Cyprus (2005)
Malta
Albania
Armenia
Andorra
Uzbekistan (2005)
Kyrgyzstan
Georgia
Turkmenistan (2004)
Azerbaijan
Tajikistan
2245
2128
1938
1936
1893
1854
1836
1810
1809
1788
1774
1744
1662
1606
1583
1548
1495
1398
1374
1309
1307
1295
1234
1172
1168
1032
1001
919
916
904
889
880
856
805
799
635
506
486
479
449
435
408
342
240
238
236
166
142
122
0
1000
2000
2006 or latest
available year
2000
3000

a
4328
2777
Including day cases.
2000
2006 or latest available year
4000
Diseases
Hospitalization
Hospital discharges for cancer

Eur-A
Eur-B+C
1750
1500
1250
1000
750
500
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
Hospital discharges
for diseases of the circulatory system
Eur-A
Eur-B+C
2700
2500
Hospital discharges for cancers
2300
2100
1900
1700
1980
1985
1990
1995
Year
2000
2005
81
82
Hospitalization
Hospital discharges
for diseases of the circulatory system
Belarus
Lithuania
Hungary
Austria (2005)a
Latvia
Ukraine
Russian Federation
Czech Republic
Estonia
Romania
Finland (2005)
Bulgaria
Germany (2005)
Poland (2004)
Slovakia
Greece (2004)
Denmark (2005)
Norway
Sweden (2005)
Italy (2004)
Luxembourg (2005)
France (2005)
Belgium (2005)
Moldova
Croatia
Switzerland (2005)
Kazakhstan
Slovenia (2005)
Iceland (2005)
Serbia
Israel (2004)
Montenegro
Netherlands
MKD (2005)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Spain (2005)
Kyrgyzstan
Turkmenistan
Ireland
Portugal
Turkey
Armenia
Tajikistan
Cyprus (2005)
Georgia
Malta
Andorra
Albania
Azerbaijan
5374
4471
4325
4034
3816
3586
3478
3420
3360
3159
3121
3035
3010
2931
2683
2671
2559
2505
2458
2429
2275
2260
2246
2100
1947
1899
1856
1851
1830
1823
1781
1710
1577
1556
1452
1394
1339
1257
1249
1233
1198
996
975
879
861
813
762
2006 or latest
available year
758
2000
677
668
625
0
1000
2000
3000
4000

a
2000
5000
6000
Diseases
Hospitalization
Hospital discharges
for diseases of the respiratory system
Belarus
Ukraine
Romania
Bulgaria
Uzbekistan (2005)
Russian Federation
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Moldova
Estonia
Hungary
Austria (2005)a
Turkmenistan
Denmark (2005)
Kyrgyzstan
Finland (2005)
Slovakia
Albania
Norway
Poland (2004)
Belgium (2005)
Luxembourg (2005)
Israel (2004)
MKD (2005)
Czech Republic
Greece (2004)
Ireland
Tajikistan
France (2005)
Germany (2005)
Slovenia (2005)
Spain (2005)
Turkey
Montenegro
Croatia
Italy (2004)
Georgia
Sweden (2005)
Iceland (2005)
Switzerland (2005)
Serbia
Azerbaijan
Portugal
Andorra
Armenia
Netherlands
Cyprus (2005)
Malta
3105
3005
2952
2650
2637
2431
2219
2143
2085
2014
1965
1952
1823
1766
1660
1589
1579
1529
1511
1508
1440
1436
1433
1426
1424
1422
1396
1380
1318
1291
1253
1197
1147
1124
1123
1109
1102
1076
1000
983
958
954
913
884
859
856
827
744
706
672
0
1000
2000
3000
4003
2006 or latest
available year
2000
4000
5000

a
a
83
Hospitalization
Hospital discharges
for diseases of the respiratory system
3250
Eur-A
Eur-B+C
3000
2750
2500
2250
2000
1750
1500
1250
1000
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
Hospital discharges
for diseases of the digestive system
1900
Eur-A
Eur-B+C
84
1800
Hospital discharges for diseases of the respir

1700
1600
1000
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
Hospital discharges for diseases of the digestive system
Diseases
Hospitalization
Hospital discharges
for diseases of the digestive system
France (2005)
Belarus
Austria (2005)a
Romania
Ukraine
Moldova
Germany (2005)
Czech Republic
Russian Federation
Latvia
Greece (2004)
Lithuania
Bulgaria
Hungary
Slovakia
Poland (2004)
Belgium (2005)
Luxembourg (2005)
Estonia
Denmark (2005)
Switzerland (2005)
Kazakhstan
Finland (2005)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Italy (2004)
Albania
Malta
Slovenia (2005)
Iceland (2005)
Israel (2004)
Tajikistan
Spain (2005)
Norway
Kyrgyzstan
Ireland
Croatia
Turkmenistan
Sweden (2005)
Montenegro
Serbia
Portugal
MKD (2005)
Netherlands
Turkey
Andorra
Armenia
Cyprus (2005)
Georgia
Azerbaijan
2898
2800
2335
2211
2100
2034
2010
1993
1944
1878
1875
1838
1797
1776
1712
1700
1665
1640
1621
1538
1498
1482
1478
1454
1435
1396
1375
1351
1331
1289
1270
1240
1235
1232
1224
1186
1178
1177
1176
1154
1072
1053
1040
942
840
836
2006 or latest
available year
783
709
2000
656
634
0
1000
2000
3176
3000
85
86
Hospitalization
Hospital discharges
for diseases of the musculoskeletal system
Austria (2005)a
Switzerland (2005)
Luxembourg (2005)
Hungary
Czech Republic
Germany (2005)
France (2005)
Belarus
Finland (2005)
Latvia
Belgium (2005)
Romania
Estonia
Norway
Ukraine
Denmark (2005)
Lithuania
Iceland (2005)
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Russian Federation
Slovenia (2005)
Italy (2004)
Sweden (2005)
Greece (2004)
Netherlands
Serbia
Moldova
Poland (2004)
Spain (2005)
Andorra
Montenegro
Croatia
Kyrgyzstan
Ireland
Armenia
Kazakhstan
Israel (2004)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Tajikistan
Turkey
Turkmenistan
MKD (2005)
Portugal
Malta
Cyprus (2005)
Albania
Azerbaijan
Georgia
2145
1976
1824
1733
1680
1670
1654
1618
1600
1375
1367
1229
1173
1120
1112
1105
1015
1010
991
976
892
874
834
804
791
748
733
732
712
710
709
674
586
534
528
504
497
492
485
457
446
431
416
376
327
208
170
114
111
69
0
1000
2000
3467
2006 or latest
available year
2000
3000
4000
Diseases
1200
Hospitalization
87
Hospital discharges
for diseases of the musculoskeletal system
Eur-A
Eur-B+C
1100
1000
900
800
700
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
Hospital discharges for injury and poisoning

1700
Eur-A
Eur-B+C
1600
Hospital discharges for diseases of the musculoskeleta

1500
1400
1300
1200
1980
1985
1990
1995
Year
2000
2005
88
Hospitalization
Hospital discharges for injury and poisoning

Austria (2005)a
Latvia
Switzerland (2005)
Lithuania
Belarus
Finland (2005)
Germany (2005)
Denmark (2005)
Norway
France (2005)
Czech Republic
Russian Federation
Ukraine
Belgium (2005)
Poland (2004)
Greece (2004)
Slovenia (2005)
Sweden (2005)
Kazakhstan
Moldova
Hungary
Israel (2004)
Slovakia
Romania
Ireland
Andorra
Luxembourg (2005)
Italy (2004)
Bulgaria
Estonia
Kyrgyzstan
Croatia
Iceland (2005)
Cyprus (2005)
Spain (2005)
Netherlands
Malta
Turkmenistan
Montenegro
Uzbekistan (2005)
Serbia
Portugal
MKD (2005)
Tajikistan
Georgia
Armenia
Albania
Turkey
Azerbaijan
3277
2277
2049
2048
1980
1957
1951
1920
1896
1875
1863
1775
1698
1645
1564
1550
1530
1522
1501
1462
1459
1457
1443
1432
1344
1291
1263
1254
1238
1234
1194
1093
1074
1023
985
898
864
772
745
745
723
707
654
580
523
511
478
2006 or latest
available year
475
2000
431
387
257
0
1000
2000
3000
Diseases
Teeth
Decayed, missing or filled teeth in 12-year-olds

Romania (1998)
Ukraine (1992)
Bulgaria (2000)
Slovakia (1999)
Poland (2000)
Hungary (1996)
San Marino (1990)
Lithuania (2001)
Croatia (1999)
Latvia (2004)
Albania (2000)
MKD (1999)
Portugal (2000)
Belarus (2000)
Turkmenistan (1990)
Turkey (1996)
Georgia (1990)
Estonia (2000)
Armenia (1990)
Greece (2000)
Kazakhstan (1990)
Cyprus (1992)
France (1998)
Slovenia (2000)
Israel (2002)
Malta (1991)
Norway (2000)
Iceland (2000)
Moldova (1995)
Tajikistan (1990)
Ireland (2002)
Finland (2000)
Spain (2000)
Kyrgyzstan (1993)
Italy (2004)
Belgium (2001)
Sweden (2005)
Austria (2002)
Uzbekistan (2001)
Switzerland (2004)
Netherlands (2002)
Denmark (2005)
Luxembourg (1999)
Germany (2005)
7.3
4.8
4.4
4.4
4.3
3.8
3.8
3.7
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.2
2.1
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
0
Average number per child
89
91
4. Lifestyles and environment

Notes
Smoking (pp. 9394)
Countries estimate the percentage of regular daily smokers aged 15 years
and over on the basis of health interview surveys or other population
surveys. The WHO Regional Office for Europe collects the data. Most of
the estimates are based on multiple sources, however, and population
samples are not always representative of a whole country. Intercountry
comparisons should therefore be made with caution.
Smoking prevalence among young people (15-year-olds) is estimated
in a more uniform way across the European Region through the WHO
Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study (11). The study does
not collect data for all countries in the Region, however.
Overweight and obesity (pp. 9596)

The WHO Regional Office for Europe collected the data presented here
in 2007.
Motor vehicle traffic accidents (pp. 9798)

The main data source for accidents with injury is Statistics of road
traffic accidents in Europe and North America (12), regularly published
by UNECE. Data on deaths from traffic accidents come from the WHO
mortality database (3). Practices in registering traffic accidents vary
significantly among countries, thus limiting international comparisons.
The available data show that eastern and some central European
countries have both the lowest numbers of registered accidents with
injury per 100000 population, and the highest numbers of people killed
per 1000 accidents. This correlation most likely results partially from the
incomplete registration of all accidents in these countries and the low
standard of traffic safety precautions in the eastern part of the Region.
Alcohol (pp. 99102)

The data show the estimated amount of pure ethanol consumed in the
form of spirits, wine, beer and other alcoholic drinks, per person per year.
92
Estimates are calculated from official statistics on local production, sales,

imports and exports, taking account of stocks and home production,
whenever possible. The WHO Regional Office for Europe collects data
and makes calculations mainly from two sources: FAO and data reported
directly by countries.
Work-related deaths (pp. 102104)

The data source is the ILO.
Lifestyles and environment
Smoking
Smokers among adults

Ukraine (2005)
17.0
15.0
Albania (2000)
18.0
Armenia (2006)
2.0
Georgia (2001)
6.3
Belarus (2006)
9.0
7.1
Moldova (2006)
16.6
Turkey (2006)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (2002) 29.7
17.8
Latvia (2005)
29.0
Greece (2000)
Bulgaria (2001)
23.0
9.8
Lithuania (2005)
Andorra (2002) 30.0
1.7
Kyrgyzstan (2005)
14.7
Slovakia (1998)
19.5
Estonia (2006)
8.8
Kazakhstan (2004)
MKD (1999) 32.0
10.5
Cyprus (2003)
Germany (2003) 30.5
23.0
Poland (2006)
24.6
Hungary (2003)
26.2
Netherlands (2006)
22.4
Spain (2003)
21.7
Croatia (2003)
10.3
Romania (2003)
20.1
11.8
Portugal (2006)
22.6
Serbia (2006)
21.2
France (2003)
17.6
Malta (2002)
17.2
Italy (2006)
23.0
Denmark (2004)
21.0
Luxembourg (2006)
17.7
Israel (2006)
16.0
Belgium (2006)
19.4
Austria (2006)
23.0
24.7
Ireland (2006)
18.9
Finland (2006)
0.9
Uzbekistan (2002)
24.0
Norway (2006)
22.0
Slovenia (2005)
20.0
Switzerland (2004)
19.5
Iceland (2005)
18.0
Sweden (2005)
40
30
20
10
62.0
61.3
60.0
57.1
53.3
53.2
51.1
50.6
49.2
47.3
46.8
43.8
42.1
42.0
41.4
41.1
40.9
40.7
40.0
38.1
37.1
37.0
36.9
35.5
34.2
33.8
33.2
31.1
30.8
30.7
30.0
29.9
29.2
29.0
29.0
29.0
29.0
27.3
26.0
24.7
24.4
24.1
24.0
24.0
Females
24.0
Males
19.5
13.9
0
10
Percentage
20
30
40
50
60
70
93
94
Smoking
Regular daily smokers, 15+ years
Males
65
50
40
30
20
No data
Percentage
Females
35
25
20
15
10
No data
Percentage
Prevalence of overweight among adults,

latest available year for the period 20002006
Malta (2064 years)
49.4
68.2
Greece (2070 years)
48.1
67.1
45.2
Spain (18+ years)

Hungary (18+ years)
49.5
58.9
41.5
Germany (18+ years)
57.8
43.3
Austria (20+ years)
57.7
40.3
Iceland (1518 years)
57.0
47.4
56.7
38.3
Ireland (18+ years)

Lithuania (2064 years)
57.9
37.4
Slovakia (1564 years)
Czech Republic (16+ years)
60.0
56.5
48.9
56.3
41.3
Finland (1564 years)
55.5
Cyprus (15+ years)
38.7
53.9
Sweden (1684 years)
39.0
53.0
36.4
Denmark (16+ years)
52.7
34.0
Norway (16+ years)
52.0
41.9
Netherlands (20+ years)
51.1
37.8
Belgium (18+ years)
50.6
42.3
Bulgaria (15+ years)
50.1
36.3
France (15+ years)
47.4
38.1
Romania (15+ years)
45.8
33.6
Italy (18+ years)
45.8
40.6
Estonia (1664 years)
45.7
29.3
Switzerland (15+ years)

Latvia (1564 years)
45.4
43.4
60
Females
Males
42.0
40
20
0
Prevalence (%)
20
40
60
80
95
96
Prevalence of obesity among adults,

latest available year for the period 20002006
Malta (2064 years) 20.4
Greece (2070 years)
Lithuania (2064 years)
Hungary (18+ years)
26.6
18.2
26.0
19.2
20.6
18.2
17.1
13.8
Slovenia (2564 years)
16.5
15.0
Spain (18+ years)
15.5
14.1
Finland (1564 years)
14.6
11.8
Ireland (18+ years)
14.5
12.8
Germany (18+ years)
14.4
Israel (21+ years)
15.8
13.8
Czech Republic (16+ years)
16.3
13.7
Estonia (1664 years)
14.9
13.7
Slovakia (1564 years)
15.0
13.5
11.8
Cyprus (15+ years)
13.4
Austria (20+ years)
12.8
12.3
Iceland (1518 years)

Latvia (1564 years)
12.9
12.4
19.5
11.9
Belgium (18+ years)
13.4
11.9
France (15+ years)
13.0
11.8
11.0
Denmark (16+ years)
11.8
Bulgaria (15+ years)
13.5
11.3
Sweden (1684 years)
13.0
11.0
Netherlands (20+ years)
12.7
9.8
Norway (16+ years)
8.0
Switzerland (15+ years)
7.5
7.9
9.5
Romania (15+ years)
20
15
10
Females
Males
7.7
8.9
Italy (18+ years)

25
9.0
7.4
5
Prevalence (%)
10
15
20
25
30
Traffic accidents
Injuries and deaths

from motor vehicle traffic accidents
Slovenia (2005)
Austria (2005)
Belgium (1997)
Italy (2002)
Germany (2004)
Portugal (2003)
Croatia (2005)
Switzerland (2004)
Iceland (2004)
Cyprus (2004)
Israel (2003)
Spain (2005)
Hungary (2004)
Sweden (2004)
Lithuania (2005)
Latvia (2005)
Norway (2005)
Estonia (2005)
Netherlands (2004)
Luxembourg (2004)
Ireland (2005)
Slovakia (2005)
France (2004)
Greece (2004)
Finland (2005)
Denmark (2001)
Poland (2005)
Bulgaria (2004)
Ukraine (2004)
MKD (2003)
Kazakhstan (2003)
Moldova (2003)
Kyrgyzstan (2004)
Belarus (2001)
Uzbekistan (1999)
Georgia (2001)
Turkmenistan (1998)
Romania (2005)
Armenia (2003)
Albania (2004)
Tajikistan (2005)
Azerbaijan (2000)
24
17
29
30
16
46
38
16
19
26
65
27
43
51
63
26
515.2
496.7
492.4
416.1
411.3
396.2
353.0
330.1
309.8
276.8
267.3
265.3
246.6
210.1
206.0
200.5
198.5
194.1
174.7
173.9
170.5
152.7
149.4
146.7
140.8
140.5
133.8
128.1
126.0
110.0
97.8
96.5
95.5
94.0
74.0
66.5
63.5
48.9
42.7
34.3
33.4
31.9
25.6
24.9
24.7
119
99
29
75
29
78
42
78
61
125
55
61
111
184
107
174
66
118
182
235
239
155
95
205
409
500
192
303
168
196
400
300
200
Deaths per
1000 accidents
100
100
200
300
400
500
Accidents with injuries

per 100 000 population
600
97
98
Traffic accidents
Road traffic accidents involving alcohol

Turkey (2003)
28.1
Estonia
25.4
Croatia (2003)
21.1
Luxembourg (2003)
19.6
Denmark
17.5
Lithuania
15.6
Finland
14.9
Russian Federation
14.9
Latvia
14.7
Slovenia
13.9
Hungary
13.8
Slovakia
13.3
Poland
11.3
Switzerland (2002)
10.6
Czech Republic
10.5
Moldova (2003)
10.5
Belarus
10.5
MKD
10.2
Kyrgyzstan
9.5
Greece (2003)
9.3
Kazakhstan
8.1
Germany (2003)
6.8
Austria
6.7
Ukraine
6.6
Netherlands (2003)
6.5
Armenia
6.4
Georgia (2003)
6.3
Sweden
5.9
Bulgaria
5.5
Andorra (2002)
5.5
United Kingdom
5.4
Romania (2003)
4.5
Albania (2003)
4.1
Azerbaijan (2003)
3.7
Iceland
2.8
Israel
1.8
Tajikistan (2001)
2004 or latest
available year
2000
1.5
Italy (2002)
1.2
Cyprus
0.9
10
20
Percentage of all road traffic accidents with injury
2000
30
Alcohol
Total alcohol consumption

Luxembourg
Czech Republic
Estonia (2004)
Hungary
Germany
Ireland (2005)
Austria
Croatia
Moldova (2002)
Spain
France
Denmark
Slovakia
Switzerland
Portugal
United Kingdom
Cyprus
Belgium
Russian Federation
Slovenia (2005)
Lithuania
Latvia
Finland (2005)
Netherlands
Greece
Italy
Romania
Poland
Sweden
Iceland
Malta
Ukraine
Bulgaria
Norway
Belarus
Azerbaijan
Kyrgyzstan
Kazakhstan
MKD
Albania
Israel
Georgia
Armenia
Uzbekistan
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Tajikistan
14.6
13.7
13.4
11.6
10.7
10.6
10.5
10.3
10.2
10.0
10.0
9.8
9.5
9.4
9.4
9.3
9.0
8.9
8.9
8.8
8.6
8.4
8.3
8.2
7.8
7.7
7.6
7.4
6.7
5.6
5.5
5.4
5.2
5.0
4.8
4.8
3.1
2.4
2.2
1.9
1.7
1.7
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.7
0.3
0
2003 or latest
available year
2000
10
Litres (pure alcohol equivalent) per person
15
99
Alcohol
Total alcohol consumption

Litres (pure alcohol equivalent) per person per year
100
12
Eur-A
Eur-B+C
10
4
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
total alcohol consumption
15
12
9
6
3
No data
Litres (pure alcohol
equivalent) per
person, per year
Alcohol
Consumption of wine and spirits

Moldova (2003)
Latvia (2003)
Estonia (2004)
Cyprus (2003)
Lithuania (2003)
Hungary (2003)
Slovakia (2003)
Belarus (2003)
Ukraine (2003)
Finland (2005)
Spain (2003)
France (2003)
Azerbaijan (2003)
Bulgaria (2003)
Kyrgyzstan (2003)
Germany (2003)
Ireland (2005)
Luxembourg (2003) 7.9
Switzerland (2003)
Greece (2003)
Romania (2003)
Portugal (2003)
Austria (2003)
Belgium (2003)
Poland (2003)
Croatia (2003)
Iceland (2003)
Denmark (2003)
Kazakhstan (2003)
Sweden (2003)
Slovenia (2005)
Armenia (2003)
Israel (2003)
Malta (2003)
MKD (2003)
Uzbekistan (2003)
Albania (2003)
Italy (2003)
Turkey (2003)
Tajikistan (2003)
Georgia (2003)
Turkmenistan (2003)
8
0.6
1.0
0.4
0.2
1.1
2.1
2.0
1.0
4.5
1.6
0.7
0.6
1.9
3.7
5.8
0.8
2.6
0.2
2.8
2.2
2.4
4.9
4.1
2.8
5.0
3.6
2.8
1.4
4.8
1.4
3.9
0.3
2.0
4.4
0.1
0.1
2.7
2.3
0.2
0.4
5.7
0.0
0.1
0.9
0.6
6
8.8
6.2
6.1
6.0
5.8
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.5
3.5
3.2
2.9
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.3
2.1
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.0
0
Wine
Spirits
Litres (pure alcohol equivalent) per person
101
Alcohol/Work accidents
Litres (pure alcohol equivalent) per person per year
Consumption of spirits, wine and beer

6
Spirits, Eur-A
Wine, Eur-A
Beer, Eur-A
Spirits, Eur-B+C
Wine, Eur-B+C
Beer, Eur-B+C
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
Deaths from work-related accidents

5
Eur-A
Eur-B+C
4
102
Consumption of spirits, wine and beer
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
Year
2000
2005
Work accidents

Portugal (2001)
Lithuania
Kazakhstan
2.3
Belarus
2.3
Cyprus
2.3
Latvia
2.2
Turkey
2.1
Estonia
2.0
Malta
1.9
Ukraine
1.9
Romania (2004)
1.8
Slovakia
1.7
Croatia
1.7
Luxembourg
1.6
Italy
1.6
Slovenia
1.6
Spain (2004)
1.5
Austria (2005)
1.5
Czech Republic
1.5
Bulgaria (2003)
1.3
Poland
1.2
Hungary
1.2
Israel
1.2
Ireland
1.1
Belgium (2005)
1.1
France (2003)
1.1
Moldova
1.0
Germany (2005)
1.0
Iceland (2005)
1.0
Finland (2005)
1.0
Azerbaijan
0.9
Greece (2002)
0.9
Denmark (2001)
0.7
Sweden (2005)
0.7
Norway
0.6
Switzerland (2003)
0.5
Armenia
0.4
Kyrgyzstan
0.4
Netherlands
0.4
Tajikistan
0.3
0.2
Montenegro (2002)
MKD 0.1
San Marino (2003) 0.0
0
3.5
3.2
3.1
2.7
2
2006 or latest
available year
2000
103
104
Work accidents
4
3
2
1.5
1
No data
Per 100 000
105
5. Health care
Notes
Physicians (pp. 107108)
The data show the number of practising physicians working in public
or private health services. Countries do not all report the data strictly
according to the recommended definitions, and they differ in the way
they compile national statistics on employment in the health sector.
The number of physicians per head of population in Eur-A countries
in the Region steadily rose until recently. The previously high and
increasing rates in Eur-B+C countries declined in the first half of the
1990s and then stabilized.
Dentists (pp. 108109)

The data include dentists who have completed university-level studies
in dentistry and are actually working in dental care. The gap between
average rates for the Eur-A and Eur-B+C groups of countries has steadily
grown.
Nurses (pp. 110111)

The data show nurses who have completed a programme of nursing
education (either basic or university level) and are qualified and
authorized in their countries to practise nursing in all settings for health
promotion, illness prevention, the care of the sick and rehabilitation.
The international comparability of statistics on nurses is particularly
limited, owing to the variations in national definitions and practices.
Nevertheless, the average rates for Eur-A and Eur-B+C countries show
opposite trends. The rate in Eur-A grew sharply; Eur-B+C showed a
much higher rate before 1990, which sharply declined from the early
1990s into the 2000s and then became stable. Thus, the gap between
average rates for the two groups of countries has steadily grown since
the mid-1990s.
Hospital beds (pp. 111116)
The number of available beds includes beds in all hospitals, regardless
106
of specialty. The main limitation of intercountry comparability is

that some countries count nursing homes and similar institutions as
hospitals, while others do not.
Most countries show a steady reduction in psychiatric beds. The number
of hospital beds per 100 000 population and the average length of stay
are clearly declining throughout the Region, but levels in Eur-B+C
remain higher than those in Eur-A.
Inpatient hospital admissions (pp. 116117)
Average inpatient hospital admissions rates show opposite trends in
Eur-A and Eur-B+C. The previously high rates in Eur-B+C dropped
during the 1990s, but increased again since 1998; the rates for Eur-A
rose until 1998 and then declined. Nevertheless, admission rates vary
significantly between countries.
Childhood vaccination (p. 118)
The bar chart shows the percentage of infants reaching their first birthday
in the given calendar year who have been fully vaccinated (with 3 doses)
against diphtheria and the percentage of children reaching their second
birthday who have been vaccinated against measles.
Caesarean sections (pp. 119120)
The number of Caesarean sections performed is rising throughout the
Region. The rates are highest in the western and central countries, and
lowest in the eastern ones.
Health expenditure (pp. 120123)
Estimates for this indicator were produced by WHO. These estimates
are, to the extent possible, based on the national health accounts
classification (see The world health report 2006 (4) for details). The
sources include both nationally reported data and estimates from
international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund,
the World Bank, the United Nations and OECD so they may differ
somewhat from official national statistics reported by countries.
Health expenditure, both as a percentage of gross domestic product
(GDP) and in international dollars (purchasing power parities expressed
in US$: US$PPP) per person, varies significantly between countries.
Expenditure is increasing faster in Eur-A than in Eur-B+C, thus further
increasing the eastwest gap.
Health care
Health personnel
Number of physicians
500
476
468
Greece (2005)
Belarus
Georgia
Russian Federation
Belgium
Lithuania
Switzerland
Malta
Norway
Kazakhstan
Netherlands (2005)
Iceland
Bulgaria
Italy
Austria
Azerbaijan
Czech Republic
Denmark (2004)
Israel
Armenia
Portugal (2005)
Germany
France
Finland
Estonia
Sweden (2004)
Spain (2003)
Latvia
Slovakia (2004)
Moldova
Ukraine
Andorra
Hungary
Ireland
Luxembourg (2004)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Serbia
MKD
Croatia
Cyprus
Turkmenistan
Kyrgyzstan
Slovenia (2005)
Tajikistan
Poland (2005)
Montenegro
Romania
Turkey
Albania
431
423
398
397
388
377
376
371
368
366
365
363
363
362
357
356
346
344
344
341
330
329
325
322
315
313
311
308
305
304
292
277
270
264
254
253
253
249
246
236
213
201
199
198
2006 or latest
available year
192
2000
159
142
115
0
100
200
300
400
500
107
Health personnel
350
Eur-A
Eur-B+C
300
250
200
1980
1985
1995
1990
2000
2005
Year
Number of dentists
70
Eur-A
Eur-B+C
60
108
50
40
30
20
1980
1985
1990
1995
Year
2000
2005
Health care
Health personnel
Number of dentists
Sweden (1997)
Greece
Israel
Iceland
Cyprus
Norway
Estonia
Finland
Bulgaria
Denmark (2004)
Belgium
Germany (2005)
Luxembourg (2004)
Croatia
Czech Republic
Latvia
France
Lithuania
Italy
Slovenia (2005)
Portugal (2005)
MKD
Andorra
Ireland
Austria
Spain
Switzerland
Hungary
Netherlands (2005)
Belarus
Malta
Slovakia (2004)
United Kingdom
Moldova
Montenegro
Ukraine
Armenia
Kazakhstan
Serbia (2002)
Albania
Turkey
Russian Federation
Poland (2005)
Georgia
Azerbaijan
Romania
Uzbekistan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan (2004)
152
121
110
94
93
89
87
85
85
84
80
79
76
73
69
68
68
66
63
60
59
58
58
57
54
54
53
50
49
48
47
45
44
42
42
41
39
37
33
33
33
32
31
29
29
20
20
20
16
15
14
0
25
2006 or latest
available year
2000
50
75
100
125
150
109
110
Health personnel
Number of nurses
Monaco (1995)
Norway
Ireland
Netherlands (2005)
Belgium (2004)
Belarus
Uzbekistan (2005)
Sweden (2002)
Denmark (2004)
Luxembourg (2004)
Iceland (2004)
Hungary
Czech Republic
Finland
Switzerland
Russian Federation
Ukraine
Germany (2005)
France
Slovenia (2005)
Spain
Lithuania
Azerbaijan
Moldova
Italy
Kazakhstan
Estonia
Slovakia (2005)
Austria
Israel
Malta (2003)
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Serbia (2003)
Croatia
Montenegro
San Marino (1990)
Poland (2005)
Portugal (2005)
Turkmenistan (2004)
Tajikistan
Cyprus
Armenia
Bulgaria
Albania
Romania
Georgia
MKD
Greece
Andorra
Turkey
1024
1017
978
946
943
896
860
856
833
806
783
780
772
752
744
742
726
703
684
682
655
632
628
586
566
557
542
538
526
511
508
499
469
459
449
447
437
436
418
412
405
397
379
370
338
310
239
0
300
600
900
1195
2006 or latest
available year
2000
1200
1621
1571
1543
1452
1341
1500
1800
Health care
Health personnel / Hospitals
Number of nurses
800
Eur-A
Eur-B+C
750
700
650
600
550
500
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
Hospital beds
1100
Eur-A
Eur-B+C
900
Number of nurses
700
500
1980
1985
1990
1995
Year
2000
2005
111
112
Hospitals
Hospital beds
Monaco (1995)
Belarus
Russian Federation
Ukraine
Czech Republic
Germany
Azerbaijan
Lithuania
Hungary
Kazakhstan
Austria
Malta
Latvia
Iceland (2002)
France (2005)
San Marino (1990)
Finland
Slovakia
Romania
Luxembourg (2004)
Moldova
Bulgaria
Tajikistan
Israel
Switzerland (2005)
Estonia
Ireland (2005)
Croatia
Serbia
Belgium
Poland (2005)
Sweden (1997)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Kyrgyzstan
Netherlands (2003)
Slovenia
Greece
MKD
Armenia
Turkmenistan
Montenegro
Norway
Italy (2005)
Denmark (2004)
Cyprus (2005)
Georgia
Portugal (2005)
Spain (2005)
Albania
Turkey
Andorra
966
873
838
826
806
799
792
778
765
761
761
751
734
716
697
681
654
633
627
622
612
597
568
565
557
546
543
528
523
522
519
509
498
476
473
463
443
433
414
413
400
390
382
376
374
365
336
304
297
270
258
0
500
1000
1957
1118
2006 or latest
available year
2000
1500
2000
Health care
Hospitals
Psychiatric hospital beds

Monaco (1995)
Netherlands (2003)
Malta
Germany
Belgium
Latvia
Luxembourg (1998)
Iceland (1995)
Russian Federation
Czech Republic
Switzerland (2005)
Lithuania
Ireland (2005)
France (2005)
Ukraine
Croatia
Greece (2005)
Finland
Slovakia
Romania
Slovenia
Belarus
Denmark (2004)
Kazakhstan
Portugal (2005)
Poland (2005)
Israel
Norway
Austria
MKD
Moldova
Bulgaria
Estonia
Montenegro
Azerbaijan
Sweden (2005)
Spain (2005)
Armenia
Kyrgyzstan
Hungary
Georgia
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan (2005)
Cyprus (2005)
Albania
Tajikistan
Andorra
Italy (2005)
Turkey
210.7
186.5
170.2
153.0
149.7
137.2
123.6
117.9
112.3
110.6
108.5
102.4
96.2
94.7
93.9
93.1
86.7
86.4
83.6
82.9
77.3
71.2
70.0
66.5
63.5
62.1
62.1
60.1
59.6
58.9
58.5
58.4
58.1
55.3
52.4
48.7
48.5
45.8
45.3
43.5
38.3
37.2
35.0
34.1
30.8
30.6
25.3
2006 or latest
available year
24.7
2000
15.0
13.2
9.8
0
50
100
150
200
2000
250
113
114
Hospitals
Hospital beds and length of stay

Belarus (2006)
Ukraine (2006)
Germany (2006)
Azerbaijan (2006)
Lithuania (2006)
Hungary (2006)
Kazakhstan (2006)
Austria (2006)
Malta (2006)
Latvia (2006)
Iceland (2002)
France (2005)
Finland (2006)
Slovakia (2006)
Romania (2006)
Luxembourg (2006)a
Moldova (2006)
Bulgaria (2006)
Tajikistan (2006)
Israel (2006)
Switzerland (2005)
Estonia (2006)
Ireland (2005)
Croatia (2006)
Serbia (2006)
Belgium (2006)
Poland (2005)
Sweden (1997)
Uzbekistan (2005)
Kyrgyzstan (2006)
Netherlands (2003)
Slovenia (2006)
Greece (2005)
MKD (2006)
Armenia (2006)
Turkmenistan (2006)
Montenegro (2006)
Norway (2006)
Italy (2005)
United Kingdom (2006)a
Denmark (2004)
Cyprus (2005)
Georgia (2006)
Portugal (2005)
Spain (2005)
Albania (2006)
Turkey (2006)
Andorra (2006)
1118
11.8
13.6
13.3
10.8
10.1
14.5
966
1.0
7.9
12.9
0.8
9.7
5.4
11.7
1.0
8.8
7.8
15.3
1.0
7.5
1.2
11.9
11.7
7.8
7.6
9.9
9.6
8.5
6.7
6.3
10.2
11.5
12.5
7.1
7.9
11.1
9.4
9.5
9.7
7.2
7.6
9.8
0.5
7.4
8.7
8.5
9.6
6.2
5.1
20
Average
number of days
a
873
838
826
806
799
792
778
765
761
761
751
734
697
681
654
633
627
622
612
597
568
565
557
546
543
528
523
522
519
509
498
476
473
463
443
433
414
413
400
390
382
376
374
365
336
304
297
270
258
0
250
500
750
Beds per
100 000 population
For Luxembourg and United Kingdom, the data for length of stay come from 1996.
1000
1250
Health care
Hospitals
Length of stay in hospital

Luxembourg (1996)
Azerbaijan
Russian Federation
Ukraine
Kazakhstan
Netherlands (2001)
Tajikistan
Israel
Belarus
France (2003)
Switzerland (2005)
Kyrgyzstan
MKD (2005)
Czech Republic
Uzbekistan (2005)
Germany
Moldova
Lithuania
Finland (2004)
Croatia
Montenegro
Latvia
Serbia
Turkmenistan
Armenia
Slovakia
Portugal (2005)
Spain (2005)
Belgium (2005)
Austria (2005)
Hungary
Greece (2003)
Estonia
Romania
Italy (2004)
Ireland (2005)
Bulgaria
Georgia
Norway
Slovenia
Poland
Sweden (2005)
Albania
Iceland (2005)
Turkey
Denmark (2004)
15.3
14.5
13.6
13.3
12.9
12.5
12.0
11.9
11.8
11.7
11.7
11.5
11.1
10.8
10.2
10.1
10.0
10.0
10.0
9.9
9.8
9.7
9.7
9.6
9.6
9.5
9.4
8.8
8.7
8.5
8.5
8.0
7.9
7.9
7.8
7.8
7.6
7.6
7.5
7.4
7.2
7.1
6.7
6.3
2006 or latest
6.2
available year
5.4
2000
5.1
5.0
10
Average number of days
15
115
Hospitals
Length of stay in hospital

17
Eur-A
Eur-B+C
15
13
11
9
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
Inpatient
hospital
admissions
Length
of stay
in hospital
21
Eur-A
Eur-B+C
20
Per 100 population
116
19
18
17
16
15
1980
1985
1990
1995
Year
2000
2005
Health care
Hospitals
Inpatient hospital admissions

53.9
Monaco (1995)
Belarus
Austria (2005)
Finland (2004)
Hungary
Romania
Russian Federation
Lithuania
Latvia
Germany
Denmark (2004)
Ukraine
Czech Republic
Bulgaria
Luxembourg (1994)
France (2005)
Estonia
Norway
Slovakia
Greece (2003)
Israel
Slovenia
Poland (2005)
Iceland (2005)
Switzerland (1998)
Croatia
Moldova
Belgium (2005)
Sweden (2005)
Kazakhstan
Uzbekistan (2005)
Italy (2004)
Ireland (2005)
Kyrgyzstan
Turkmenistan
Serbia
Spain (2005)
Portugal (2005)
Tajikistan
Montenegro
Turkey
MKD (2005)
Netherlands (2001)
Albania (2005)
Armenia
Cyprus
Georgia
Azerbaijan
28.4
27.3
25.8
24.8
24.3
23.7
23.2
23.1
22.6
22.1
21.9
21.9
21.7
19.4
19.0
18.8
18.8
18.5
18.5
18.2
17.8
17.7
17.2
17.0
17.0
16.7
16.4
15.6
15.5
15.3
15.0
15.0
14.2
14.1
13.8
11.9
11.8
11.5
11.2
10.9
10.6
9.9
9.3
8.7
8.4
8.2
7.9
6.2
5.9
0
10
20
30
2006 or latest
available year
2000
40
50
60
117
118
Some procedures
Children vaccinated against measles and diphtheria

Kazakhstan
99.4
Hungary 99.9
Luxembourg
95.4
Turkmenistan
99.0
Monaco
99.0
Slovakia
98.4
Poland
98.2
Sweden
95.4
Russian Federation
99.3
Belgium
91.9
Ukraine
98.4
Belarus
97.0
Czech Republic
96.9
Spain
96.9
Netherlands
96.3
Latvia
95.3
Moldova
96.4
Albania
94.8
Portugal
96.7
Romania
96.7
Finland
97.0
Iceland
95.0
France
86.0
Slovenia
96.1
Cyprus
87.0
Israel
96.0
Tajikistan
95.9
Italy
87.0
Croatia
95.5
Azerbaijan
95.9
Bulgaria
95.7
Uzbekistan
94.9
Estonia
96.1
San Marino
94.0
Switzerland
86.0
Lithuania
96.6
Andorra
91.4
Denmark 100.0
Norway
91.0
MKD
93.9
Kyrgyzstan
97.3
United Kingdom
84.9
Serbia
88.0
Ireland
86.2
Germany
94.0
Turkey
98.0
Montenegro
90.0
96.0
Greece
88.0
Georgia
95.1
Armenia
92.0
Malta
94.0
Austria
100
95
90
80.0
100.0
99.8
99.6
99.0
99.0
99.0
99.0
98.7
98.7
98.5
98.0
98.0
98.0
97.9
97.8
97.8
97.4
97.2
97.2
97.1
97.0
97.0
97.0
96.8
96.8
96.0
96.0
96.0
95.9
95.3
95.3
95.3
95.2
95.0
95.0
94.0
93.4
93.0
93.0
92.8
92.4
92.1
91.6
91.0
90.1
90.0
90.0
88.0
Infants
88.0
(diphtheria)
87.0
Children
86.8
(measles)
85.0
83.0
85
80
85
90
Percentage vaccinated
95
100
Health care
Some procedures
Caesarean sections
Italy (2004)
Malta
Portugal (2005)
Switzerland (2005)
Hungary
Germany
Austria
Ireland (2004)
Spain (2005)
Albania
Greece (1991)
Luxembourg (2004)
Andorra (1999)
Bulgaria
Romania (2005)
Latvia
Georgia
Denmark (2004)
Slovakia (2005)
Belarus
Lithuania
Israel
Estonia
France (2003)
Czech Republic
Norway
Sweden (2004)
Slovenia
Finland (2005)
Croatia
Poland (1997)
Belgium (1999)
Iceland (2005)
Serbia
Ukraine
Netherlands (2004)
Turkey (1998)
Armenia
MKD (2003)
Montenegro
Moldova
Kazakhstan
Azerbaijan
Kyrgyzstan
Uzbekistan (2005)
Turkmenistan
Tajikistan
374.5
342.5
339.8
289.0
279.6
277.8
258.1
254.2
250.1
243.0
240.0
239.6
237.3
236.3
220.1
213.8
210.8
207.6
202.5
200.1
195.4
192.3
190.5
189.6
188.0
183.7
172.1
165.6
164.7
162.8
162.7
162.0
161.2
159.2
155.6
146.6
142.0
137.2
136.0
119.9
114.4
113.9
110.5
99.8
61.5
51.0
49.4
33.5
21.0
0
100
2006 or latest
available year
2000
200
300
400
119
Some procedures/Health expenditure
Caesarean sections
250
225
Eur-A
Eur-B+C
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
Total health expenditure as a percentage of GDP

10
9
Eur-A
Eur-B+C
8
Percentage of GDP
120
Caesarean sections
6
5
4
3
1980
1985
1990
1995
Year
2000
2005
Health care
Health expenditure
Total health expenditure as a percentage of GDP

Switzerland
Germany
France
Austria
Monaco
Iceland
Portugal
Norway
Belgium
Netherlands
Malta
Sweden
Slovenia
Israel
Italy
Denmark
Spain
United Kingdom
Bulgaria
MKD
Luxembourg
Greece
Hungary
Croatia
Turkey
San Marino
Finland
Moldova
Czech Republic
Ireland
Slovakia
Andorra
Latvia
Albania
Lithuania
Ukraine
Belarus
Poland
Russian Federation
Cyprus
Kyrgyzstan
Armenia
Estonia
Georgia
Uzbekistan
Romania
Turkmenistan
Tajikistan
Kazakhstan
Azerbaijan
11.5
3.8
3.6
0
10.6
10.5
10.3
9.9
9.9
9.8
9.7
9.7
9.2
9.2
9.1
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.6
8.3
8.1
8.1
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.9
7.9
7.7
7.7
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.2
7.1
7.1
6.7
6.5
6.5
6.2
6.2
6.0
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.3
5.3
5.1
5.1
2004 or latest
4.8
available year
4.4
2000
Percentage of GDP
10
12
121
122
Health expenditure
Total health expenditure per person

5178
Luxembourg
Monaco
Norway
Switzerland
Andorra
Austria
Iceland
San Marino
Germany
Belgium
Netherlands
France
Sweden
Denmark
Ireland
United Kingdom
Italy
Finland
Greece
Spain
Israel
Portugal
Slovenia
Malta
Czech Republic
Hungary
Cyprus
Slovakia
Croatia
Latvia
Lithuania
Poland
Estonia
Bulgaria
Russian Federation
Turkey
MKD
Romania
Belarus
Ukraine
Albania
Kazakhstan
Turkmenistan
Armenia
Georgia
Uzbekistan
Moldova
Azerbaijan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
4744
4080
4011
3546
3418
3294
3198
3171
3133
3092
3040
2828
2780
2618
2560
2414
2203
2179
2099
1972
1897
1815
1733
1412
1308
1128
1061
917
852
843
814
752
671
603
583
557
471
433
427
427
339
264
245
226
171
160
138
138
102
54
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
US$ PPP per person
2004 or latest
available year
2000
5000
6000
Health care
Health expenditure
3000
Eur-A
Eur-B+C
US$ PPP per person
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Year
2005
123
125
References
1.
European Health for All database (HFA-DB) [online database].

Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2008 (http://www.
euro.who.int/hfadb, accessed 23 April 2008).
2. WHOSIS (WHO Statistical Information System) [web site]. Geneva,

World Health Organization, 2008 (http://www.who.int/whosis/
en/, accessed 23 April 2008).
3. Mortality indicators by 67 causes of death, age and sex (HFAMDB) [online database]. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for
Europe, 2008 (http://www.euro.who.int/InformationSources/
Data/20011017_1, accessed 23 April 2008).
4. The world health report 2006. Working together for health.
Geneva, World Health Organization, 2006 (http://www.who.int/
entity/whr/2006/en/index.html, accessed 23 April 2008).
5. The world health report 2004. Changing history. Geneva, World
Health Organization, 2004 (http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/
index.html, accessed 23 April 2008).
6. The state of the worlds children 2008. Child survival [web site].
New York, United Nations Childrens Fund, 2007 (http://www.
unicef.org/sowc08, accessed 23 April 2008).
7. Maternal mortality in 2005. Estimates developed by WHO,
UNICEF, UNFPA and the World Bank. Geneva, World Health
Organization, 2007 (http://www.who.int/whosis/mme_2005.pdf,
accessed 23 April 2008).
8. European Centre for the Epidemiological Monitoring of AIDS.
EuroHIV. HIV/AIDS surveillance in Europe [web site]. Stockholm,
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2008 (http://
www.eurohiv.org, accessed 16 May 2008).
9. Prevalence of diabetes in the WHO European Region. Geneva,
World Health Organization, 2008 (http://www.who.int/diabetes/
facts/world_figures/en/index4.html, accessed 16 May 2008).
10. WHO Oral Health Country/Area Profile Programme [web site].
Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008 (http://www.whocollab.
od.mah.se, accessed 16 May 2008).
126
11. HBSC. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children. A World Health

Organization cross-national study [web site]. Edinburgh, HBSC
International Coordinating Centre, 2008 (http://www.hbsc.org/
index.html, accessed 16 May 2008).
12. Statistics of road traffic accidents in Europe and North America.
Geneva, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, 2008
(http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp6/transstatpub.html,
accessed 16 May 2008).
This statistical atlas presents key health

figures for the WHO European Region.
They cover basic data on populations, births,
deaths, life expectancy and diseases, lifestyle
and environmental indicators such as
drinking, smoking and traffic accidents,
and types and levels of health care.
Each indicator is presented as a map to show
overall regional variations, a bar chart to
indicate country rankings and a time chart to
show trends over time in three main country
groupings. Using the WHO Regional Office
for Europes unique Health for All database,
combined with the best alternative sources
of data around the Region, this atlas offers
the most comprehensive overview of health in
Europe. In a handy size, this atlas is designed
to be an easily accessible resource at all times,
in the office or on the road.
ISBN 978-92-890-1410-6
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Regional Office for Europe
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2nd edition 2008
Member States
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Monaco
Montenegro
Moldova
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russian Federation
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Tajikistan
The former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Uzbekistan
ATLAS OF HEALTH IN EUROPE
The World Health

Organization (WHO) is a
specialized agency of the United
Nations created in 1948 with
the primary responsibility for
international health matters
and public health. The WHO
Regional Office for Europe is
one of six regional offices
throughout the world, each with
its own programme geared to the
particular health conditions of
the countries it serves.
Atlas
of health
in Europe
2nd edition 2008

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This statistical atlas presents key health

figures for the WHO European Region.

2nd edition 2008

ATLAS OF HEALTH IN EUROPE

Atlas of health in Europe

The World Health

2nd edition 2008

The World Health Organization was established in 1948 as the specialized

WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

(NLM Classification : WA 17)

ISBN 978 92 890 1410 6 (print)

Address requests about publications of the WHO Regional Office for

World Health Organization 2008

ischaemic heart disease...................................................... 3839

4. Lifestyles and environment..............................................91

Atlas of health in Europe

Eur-A, comprising 27 countries in the WHO European Region with

Eur-B+C, comprising 26 countries in the Region: Eur-B (17

between countries. The European standard population (see the table

Natural population growth (pp. 89)

Age structure (pp. 912)

Births (pp. 1316)

Atlas of health in Europe

Abortions (p. 17)

Mid-year population, 2006

Atlas of health in Europe

Natural population growth

Rate per 1000 population

Rate per 1000 population

Natural population growth

Rate per 1000 population

Young population (014 years) and

Natural population growth, 19802005

Young population (014 years)

Atlas of health in Europe

Young population (014 years)

Old population (65+ years)

Old population (65+ years)

Atlas of health in Europe

Age pyramid, 2005

Live births per 1000 population

Atlas of health in Europe

Per 1000 population

Low-weight births, under 2500 g

Low-weight births, under 2500 g

Low-weight births, under 2500 g

Percentage of live births

Atlas of health in Europe

Births to young mothers (under 20 years)

Births to older mothers (35+ years)

Abortions per 1000 live births

2. Life and death

Atlas of health in Europe

Deaths from all causes (pp. 2729)

Infant deaths (pp. 3031)

Perinatal deaths (pp. 3132)

Life and death

stillborn). Where weight-specific data were not available, calculations

Maternal deaths (pp. 3334)

Deaths by cause and age (p. 35)

Deaths from diseases of the circulatory system (pp. 3642)

Atlas of health in Europe

Life and death