chp 7 takehome

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1. Who was the first to propose that cell membranes are phospholipid bilayers. 2. Who proposed that membranes are a phospholipid bilayer between two layers of hydrophilic proteins. 3. Who proposed the membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids. 4. What two types of molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane? Identify the structures and explain their functions

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5. A is aand functions to. 6. B is aand functions to. 7. C is aand functions to. 8. D is aand functions to. 9. E is a and functions to.

____ 10. When biological membranes are frozen and then fractured, they tend to break along the middle of the bilayer. Why break along this region? ____ 11. What three macromolecules are major components of the cell membrane? ____ 12. The presence of cholesterol in the plasma membranes of some animals is there for what purpose? ____ 13. According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, what kinds of movement of the phospholipids are common and what kinds are rare? ____ 14. What is one of the ways that the membranes of cold adapted plants are able to remain fluid when it is extremely cold? ____ 15. What region of an integral membrane protein would have non-polar R groups and what region would have polar R groups?

____ 16. When a membrane is freeze-fractured, the bilayer splits down the middle between the two layers of phospholipids. In an electron micrograph of a freeze-fractured membrane, what are the bumps seen on the fractured surface of the membrane? ____ 17. What are several functions of integral membrane proteins? ____ 18. Why do unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane more fluid at lower temperatures? ____ 19. What is the difference between peripheral membrane proteins and an integral membrane proteins? ____ 20. What is the primary function for the glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal cell membranes? ____ 21. What is a function of cholesterol in animal cell membranes? ____ 22. What membrane-surface molecules are thought to be most important in cell to cell recognition? ____ 23. An animal cell lacking oligosaccharides on the external surface of its plasma membrane would likely be unable to perform what important function? ____ 24. What structure adheres to the extracellular surface of animal cell plasma membranes? ____ 25. What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily? ____ 26. What are the characteristic features of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane? ____ 27. Rank the following based on how easily they would move through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly? CO2 an amino acid glucose K+ Starch O2 H2O ____ 28. The selective permeability of biological membranes is dependent on what factors? ____ 29. What is simple diffusion? ____ 30. Water passes quickly through cell membranes because of recently discovered protein channels. What is the name of these channels?

Use the diagram of the U-tube in the figure below to answer the following questions. The solutions in the two arms of this U-tube are separated by a membrane that is permeable to water and glucose but not to sucrose. Side A is half filled with a solution of 2 M sucrose and 1 M glucose. Side B is half filled with 1 M sucrose and 2 M glucose. Initially, the liquid levels on both sides are equal.

____ 31. Initially, in terms of tonicity, the solution in side A with respect to that in side B is ____ 32. After the system reaches equilibrium, what changes would be observed? ____ 33. A patient has had a serious accident and lost a lot of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water, equal to the volume of blood lost, is transferred directly into one of his veins. What will be the most probable result to his tissue cells from this transfusion? ____ 34. Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff and hard. Similar stalks left in a salt solution become limp and soft. From this we can deduce that the cells of the celery stalks are (hypo/iso/hypertonic) with respect to each solution ____ 35. A cell whose cytoplasm has a concentration of 0.02 molar glucose is placed in a test tube of water containing 0.02 molar glucose. Assuming that glucose is not actively transported into the cell, which of the following terms describes the tonicity of the external solution relative to the cytoplasm of the cell? Use the figure below to answer the following questions. The solutions in the arms of a U-tube are separated at the bottom of the tube by a selectively permeable membrane. The membrane is permeable to sodium chloride but not to glucose. Side A is filled with a solution of 0.4 M glucose and 0.5 M sodium chloride (NaCl), and side B is filled with a solution containing 0.8 M glucose and 0.4 M sodium chloride. Initially, the volume in both arms is the same.

____ 36. Initially in terms of tonicity, Aside A is what to side B? ____ 37. If you examine side A after 3 days, you should find what changes have occurred?

____ 38. Which of the following statements correctly describes the normal tonicity conditions for typical plant and animal cells as compared to their environments?

Read the following information and refer to the figure below to answer the following questions. Five dialysis bags, constructed from a semi-permeable membrane that is impermeable to sucrose, were filled with various concentrations of sucrose and then placed in separate beakers containing an initial concentration of 0.6 M sucrose solution. At 10-minute intervals, the bags were massed (weighed) and the percent change in mass of each bag was graphed.

____ 39. Which line represents the bag that contained a solution isotonic to the 0.6 molar solution at the beginning of the experiment? ____ 40. Which line represents the bag with the highest initial concentration of sucrose? ____ 41. Which line or lines represent(s) bags that contain a solution that is hypertonic at the end of 60 minutes? ____ 42. Why did lines A and E level off after 50 minutes? ____ 43. You are working on a team that is designing a new drug. In order for this drug to work, it must enter the cytoplasm of specific target cells. Which of the following would what factors should you consider to determine if the drug will enter the cell? ____ 44. What membrane activities require energy from ATP hydrolysis? ____ 45. What membrane structures function in active transport? ____ 46. The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration gradient with the help of energy input is called? ____ 47. Carrier molecules in the membrane and metabolic energy are required for what type of cell transport? ____ 48. Glucose diffuses slowly through artificial phospholipid bilayers. The cells lining the small intestine, however, rapidly move large quantities of glucose from the glucose-rich food into their glucose-poor cytoplasm. Using this information, which transport mechanism is most probably functioning in the intestinal cells?

____ 49. What are the main difference(s) between facilitated diffusion and active transport? ____ 50. What is the voltage across a membrane called? ____ 51. Why is the sodium-potassium pump is called an electrogenic pump? ____ 52. If a membrane protein in an animal cell is involved in the cotransport of glucose and sodium ions into the cell, what type of transport is this and what conditions are necessary to allow it to work? ____ 53. The movement of potassium into an animal cell requires what type of transport and transport protein? ____ 54. Ions diffuse across membranes down what two gradients? ____ 55. Describe the function the sodium-potassium pump. ____ 56. What mechanisms do plants use to load sucrose produced by photosynthesis into specialized cells in the veins of leaves? ____ 57. The sodium-potassium pump in animal cells requires cytoplasmic ATP to pump ions across the plasma membrane. When the proteins of the pump are first synthesized in the rough ER, what side of the ER membrane will the ATP binding site be on? ____ 58. Are the types of proteins that are exposed on one side of a membrane nearly identical to those exposed on the other side of the membrane? ____ 59. Exporting material out a cell can occur by what processes? ____ 60. Why would an organism with a cell wall have difficulty performing endocytosis? ____ 61. What membrane activity is most nearly opposite to exocytosis? ____ 66. White blood cells engulf bacteria through what process? ____ 67. What is the cause of familial hypercholesterolemia? ____ 68. In addition to exporting materials from the cytoplasm of the cell, the process of exocytosis is also important in what other processes? ____ 69. What are the differences between pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis?