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ELICITATION A range of procedures for obtaining speech samples and other data from subjects.

. Such procedures may range from the administration of standardised test through questionnaires and interviews. Survey The most commonly used descriptive method in educational research and may vary in scope from large-scale governmental investigations through to small-scale studies carried out by a single researcher. The purpose of a survey is generally to obtain a snapshot of conditions, attitudes and events at a single point of time. Strategies for Survey Sampling 1. Simple Random select subjects at random from a list of population. 2. Systematic select subjects in a systematic rather than random fashion. 3. Stratified subdivide populations into subgroups and randomly sample from subgroups. 4. Cluster restrict ones selection to a particular subgroup from within the population. 5. Convenience choose nearest individuals and continue the process until the requisite number has been obtained. 6. Purposive subjects are handpicked by the research on the basis of his/her own estimate of their typically. Survey data are collected through questionnaires or interviews, or combination of the two. Questionnaire An instrument for collecting data, usually in written form consisting of open and or close questions and other probes requiring a response from subjects.

Close Questions - close item is one which the range of possible responses is determined by the researcher - responses to close questions are easier to collate and analyze

Open Questions - open item is one which the subjects can decide what to say and how to say - responses to open questions are accurately reflect what the respondent wants to say

Table 7.3 Closed Question Types in Survey Questionnaire Questions Type a. List Example Indicate your qualifications by circling any of the following: o Diploma o B.A. o M.A. o Ph.D. Indicate your salary range by circling one of the following: o less than 20,000 o 20,000-40,000 o 40,000-60,000 o more the 60,000 Rank the following from 1 -4 in order of preference. I like to learn best by studying: ___ with the whole class ___ in small group ___ in pairs ___ independently Circle one of the following to indicate your attitude to the following statement: I like to learn through interacting with native speakers. o Strongly agree o Agree o Neutral

b. Category

c. Ranking

d. Scale

e. Quantity/Frequency

f. Grid

o Disagree o Strongly disagree Circle one of the following: How often did you practice English outside class last week? 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,more than 10 How many NESB students are there in the following classes?
0-5 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 5-10 10-15 15+

Interviews - the elicitation of data by one person from another through person-person encounter Unstructured interview - is guided by the responses of the interviewee rather than the agenda of researcher. The researcher exercises little or no control and the direction of the interview is relatively unpredictable. Semi-structured interview - the interviewer has a general idea of where he/she wants the interview to go and what should come out of it, but does not enter the interview with a list of predetermined questions. Structured interview - the agenda is totally predetermined by the researchers, who works through a list of set questions in a predetermined order.

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