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CDMA
Users separated both by time and frequency Send at a different frequency at each time slot (frequency hopping) Or, convert a single bit to a code (direct sequence) receiver can decipher bit by inverse process
Pros
hard to spy immune from narrowband noise no need for all stations to synchronize no hard limit on capacity of a cell all cells can use all frequencies Cons implementation complexity need for power control
to avoid capture
need for a large contiguous frequency band (for direct sequence) problems installing in the field
The message signal is spread over a wide band by multiplying it with a noise-like or pseudo-random spreading signal.
To demodulate the signal the receiver crosscorrelates the received signal with an exact replica of the spreading function. The cross-correlation produces a maximum only when the codes are matched.
Power Density
Conventional Transmission
PDi
PDSS Bi
f BSS
There are several ways of implementing a CDMA system direct sequence spread spectrum frequency hopped spread spectrum
frequency hopped spread spectrum It is a digital comm. technique in which the carrier frequency is varied in a pseudo random fashion within a wideband channel Multiple access is supported as carrier frequencies of multiple users do not collide (can be done by design) Eg: Bluetooth direct sequence spread spectrum Signal is generated by multiplying the data with a pseudo random sequence so that the resultant rate (chip rate) is high, resulting in a wideband signal Multiple access is supported as random sequences of multiple users have low correlation so that interference due to other signals are reduced Eg: IS- 95,cdma 2000
An SS demodulation has been made on top of the normal demodulation operations above.
Signals added during the transmission (such as an interferer or jammer) will be spread during the despreading operation!
Capacity of spread spectrum systems determined by estimating the max. number of users that can access the channel simultaneously without exceeding the specified carrier-to-interference noise ratio at the receiver demodulator. Resistance to interference can be increased by coding the information with a suitable FEC coding technique, giving improved capacity. Interference margin of a spread spectrum signal is given by M = Gp - L Co / Io Substituting for Gp and rearranging, the maximal interference, Iim , at the receiver input as Iim = (Ci + M + L ) dB
maximum number of users that can share the channel 10 log in = Iim dB Where in = interfering power (in watts) from each active user. Assuming for simplicity equal power from each source 10 log (nin) = M + L + Ci 10 log(n) = M + L (note : 10 log in = Ci) = Gp (Co / Io)
Spread spectrum systems have an inherent capability to accommodate traffic growth without any change to the network configuration, provided that the system design has been dimensioned for this growth at the outset. A user can access the channel without any delay the grade of service in a spread spectrum system is always good.
Direct sequence spread spectrum The information stream m1(t) at a bit rate of b1 bits/s is modulated and the modulated signal s1(t) multiplied by a spreading function g1(t). The spreading function g1(t) is a pseudo-random code with a bit rate Bs significantly larger than the information bit rate. Other users in the network transmit on the same channel but each user has a unique code. Thus the received signal may be given as Rx (t) = C1 (t) + C2 (t) + .C n (t) + n (t) Where Cn (t) is the received signal from the nth transmitter n (t) is the system noise. The processing gain of the spread spectrum signal can be approximated by Gp = (Co / No ) / (Ci / Ni) Where Ci,Co are the i/p and o/p signals of the correlator Ni = I (f) Bc I (f) = noise power spectral density Bc = occupied channel bandwidth No = I(f)Bm Bm = occupied message bandwidth.
Substituting for Ni and No and assuming Ci = Co, the processing gain is given by Gp = Bc / Bm Note that Bc = 2Rc (channel bit rate), assuming Bm =2Rm (message bit rate). Then, Gp = Rc / Rm The processing gain is reduced because of losses in the correlation process caused by factors such as imperfect cross-correlation. The tolerance of a spread spectrum signal to interference is given in terms of an interference margin (Mi). Mi = Gp L ( Co / No) Where Gp = processing gain L = implementation loss Co/ No = desired carrier-to-noise ratio at the correlator o/p
Comparison SDMA/TDMA/FDMA/CDMA
Approach Idea SDMA
segment space into cells/sectors
TDMA
segment sending time into disjoint time slots, demand driven or fixed patterns all terminals are active for short periods of time on the same frequency synchronization in the time domain
FDMA
segment the frequency band into disjoint sub bands
CDMA
spread the spectrum using orthogonal codes
only one terminal can be active in one cell/one sector cell structure, directed antennas
every terminal has its own frequency, uninterrupted filtering in the frequency domain
all terminals can be active at the same place at the same moment, uninterrupted code plus special receivers
Advantages Disadvantages
Comment
flexible, less frequency planning needed, soft handover complex receivers, needs more complicated power control for senders
typically combined with TDMA (frequency hopping patterns) and SDMA (frequency reuse)
still faces some problems, higher complexity, lowered expectations; will be integrated with TDMA/FDMA