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Potentially Compromising
Harmonic distortion can impact your electrical systems in a number of ways: Conductor insulation overheating, higher temperature rise in transformers and motors resulting in shorter life, and instrumentation signal interference. Depending on your facility and the system parameters, these issues may have a significant effect on various elements of your installation. Facility engineers need to determine if, how and where to mitigate harmonic distortion in the power distribution system to reduce the risk of any serious consequences.
Staightforward Solutions
Fortunately, reducing harmonic distortion to acceptable limits is easily attainable. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has created guidelines that set reasonable limits for harmonic current and voltage distortion for various systems and locations (IEEE 519-1992). Many software calculation programs are also available for you to help predict the level of harmonic content and determine the mitigation requirements for your installation.
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COMMENTS
This is an external solution that actively monitors harmonic distortion levels and injects cancellation harmonic current onto the line to meet IEEE 519-1992 at the power line where the A active filter is connected. Cost effective on large common AC bus applications, such as low voltage motor control centers. This is a cost-effective solution at 200 horsepower and below. It may cause a power system
B resonance condition in some installations. Use caution when applying this type of filter with
generator power sources. This meets IEEE 519-1992 general requirements at the drive input terminals without analysis, when power phases are balanced within 1/2% (1% when required). An auto transformer will C have a lower cost and smaller size (easier to mount in the enclosure line-up) than an isolation transformer. Comparable cost to 12-pulse. Cost effective over 250 horsepower. This solution actively tracks and regulates input current to maintain sine wave current draw. This technique generates minimal voltage distortion allowing the input power converter to meet D IEEE 519-1992 at the input terminals of the drive. This method is most cost effective on large common DC bus systems with many drives, or on single high horsepower ratings requiring braking. For medium voltage drive applications, this is generally the most cost-effective solution.
Configurations
Active Power Filter
Drive Tra ns form e r xfm r %Z Ifund Ifund + Iharm DC Lin k Ch o ke AC DC DC AC
Iharm
The active power filter solution injects harmonic and reactive current to limit the harmonic distortion, and improves displacement power factor for electrical distribution systems. It measures the entire load current, removes the fundamental frequency component, and injects the inverse of the remaining waveform for nearly complete cancellation of harmonic current. The filter is not focused on specific frequencies; rather it creates the required waveform based upon the input of its sensing circuitry by monitoring the load through current transformers mounted on the AC line. This information is analyzed by the logic to determine the amount of correction to be injected into the AC lines. Implementation of this technology is simple as it does not require detailed knowledge regarding the nature of the load, or the type of harmonics present. Due to the fact that active power filter is a parallel installed device, it can typically be sized for 30% of the current required by the load. It only has to be sized to provide the harmonic and out-of-phase current drawn by the non-linear load. The utility provides the resulting 60/50 Hz fundamental current.
M
Passive Filter Mo to r Lo a d
The passive filter solution, when applied at the load, provides a low impedance path for the major harmonic currents demanded by the drive. This greatly reduces the amount of harmonic current flowing through the distribution system and results in improved power factor, lower RMS currents, lower harmonic current distortion, lower harmonic voltage distortion, and increased system capacity. Passive filters are a cost-effective and efficient solution up to 200 HP.
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AC
AC DC AC DC
DC AC
18-Pulse Auto-transformer
M
Motor Loa d
Rockwell Automations patented 18-pulse solution relies on a compact auto transformer feeding a diode bridge to reduce the harmonic current created by the AC drive. Compared to 6-pulse converters, the reduction in harmonic currents and total harmonic distortion is significant. This solutions simple topology results in a reliable method for harmonic mitigation and improving power factor. Another advantage of using a multi-pulse drive over the addition of line reactors is that there is no drop in DC bus voltage as the load is increased. In fact, the DC bus voltage is a little higher than the nominal bus voltage on a 6-pulse drive. This provides a better voltage utilization to achieve full power output to the motor. This solution is cost and size effective for applications over 250 HP.
M
Notch Filter Mo to r Lo a d
Rockwell Automations active front end solution keeps the network current sinusoidal and a unity power factor by controlling the drive input to produce sinusoidal current without the harmonic components associated with conventional rectifiers. This solution uses a switching rate substantially higher than the network frequency, which effectively reduces the low frequency harmonics. Active front end technology is most cost effective over 300 HP and is available for both low and medium voltage drives with air or liquid-cooled power structures to meet the requirements of most applications.
6-Pulse Drive Typical Current Harmonic Distortion (ITHD) Meet IEEE Special Applications Meet IEEE General Applications Meet IEEE Dedicated Applications Effect of 1% Voltage Unbalance Potential Low DC Bus Potential System Resonance Typical Total Power Factor, no/full load Efficiency Cost Effective Overall Size (Relative to 6-Pulse Drive) Reliability 20 - 45% No No Yes Large No No 0.75 - 0.95 97% Good 1.0 High
X X X
Yes Yes Yes Moderate No No 0.90 - 0.99 96.5% >250 HP 3.3 High
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Save time
To reduce start-up time, a built-in SMART start menu allows you to program the basic drive operational settings without having to go through the entire menu of adjustments. This simplifies commissioning and reduces training.
Packaging
Configured Drives
For your applications requiring low voltage AC drives mounted in wall or floor mount enclosures, the Configured Drives Program offers flexible packaging solutions for PowerFlex Drives. A wide range of power, control, communication and operator devices ensure specific application requirements can be addressed. Drive enclosures can be sized and designed to meet most IP/NEMA/UL Type requirements allowing for installation in any type of environment. Detailed product wiring documentation, test reports and consistent panel/component layouts allow for faster troubleshooting and start-up resulting in decreased installation costs. Specific industry solutions are also available to address unique requirements for oil & gas, water wastewater and heating/ventilation/air-conditioning markets.
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