Chapter 1

Introduction To Database
Muddassar Ali International University of Technology Twintech (IUTT) Yemen muddassar.pieas@gmail.com

Definitions

Data:
facts concerning objects and events that could be recorded and stored on computer media

Structured data: numbers, text, dates Unstructured data: images, video, documents

Information:
data processed to increase knowledge of the person using the data.
Muddassar Ali 2

Definitions

Database
An organized collection of logically related data.

Database Management System (DBMS)

It is a software package designed to store, manage and facilitate access to databases.

Data Model
It is a collection of concepts for describing data
Muddassar Ali 3

Why Study Databases?

Databases are useful

Many computing applications deal with large amounts of information Database systems give a set of tools for storing, searching and managing this information

Databases in CS

Databases is a core topic in computer science Basic concepts and skills with database systems are part of the skill set you will be assumed to have as a CS graduate

Muddassar Ali

History of Database
Early Manual System

Before-1950s Data was stored as paper records. Lot of man power involved. Lot of time was wasted.
e.g. when searching

Therefore inefficient.
Muddassar Ali 5

History of Database
Revolution began

1950s and early 1960s:

Data processing using magnetic tapes for storage Tapes provide only sequential access Punched cards for input
Hard disks allow direct access to data Data stored in files Known as File Processing System
Muddassar Ali 6

Late 1960s and 1970s:

File Based Systems

1.

Adequate for small applications Still widely used today (e.g. for backup) but have the following problems: Program-Data Dependence
File descriptions are stored within each application program that accesses a given file.

2.

Duplication of Data
Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data Loss of data integrity

3.

Limited Data Sharing

users have little opportunity to share data outside their own applications.

Muddassar Ali

File Based Systems

4. Lengthy Development Times Programmers must design their own file formats (Start from scratch)

5. Excessive Program Maintenance 80% of information systems budget

Muddassar Ali

Three file processing systems at Pine Valley Furniture

Duplicate Data

Muddassar Ali

SOLUTION: Database Management System

A software system that is used to create, maintain, and provide controlled access to user databases. DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manages hardware resources

Muddassar Ali

10

Advantages of the Database Approach

Data Independence/Reduced Maintenance Improved Data Sharing Increased Application Development Productivity Enforcement of Standards Better Data Accessibility Security Backup Recovery
Muddassar Ali 11

Disadvantages of the Database Approach

Database systems are complex, difficult, and time consuming to design. Damage to database affects virtually all applications programs. Extensive conversion costs in moving from a file based system into a database system. Initial training required for all programmers and users.
Muddassar Ali 12

Database Systems

A database system consists of

Data Software Hardware Users

We focus mainly on the software

Muddassar Ali

13

Database Systems

Database systems allow users to

Store Update Retrieve Organise Protect

their data.

Muddassar Ali

14

Database Users

End users

Use the database system to achieve some goal Write software to allow end users to interface with the database system Designs & manages the database system Writes the database software for itself
Muddassar Ali 15

Application developers

Database Administrator (DBA)

Database systems programmer

Examples of DBMS

Oracle DB2 (IBM) MS SQL Server MS Access Ingres PostgreSQL MySQL

Muddassar Ali

16

Who uses databases?

Almost everyone: Business Doctors Teachers Students

Muddassar Ali 17

Components of Database Environment

CASE Tools tools to design databases and application programs Repository a centralized knowledge base of all data definitions, data relationships, screen and report formats and other system components. Database Management System software for creating, maintaining and providing controlled access to databases. Database organized collection of logically related data (storehouse of the data) Application Programs software using the data; provide information to users
Muddassar Ali 18

Components of Database Environment

User Interface text and graphical displays Data Administrators persons who are responsible for overall management of data resources Database Administrators - responsible for physical database design and for managing technical issues System Developers design new application programs / maintain End Users people who use the applications and DBMS to interact with databases.

Muddassar Ali

19

Components of Database Environment

Muddassar Ali

20

Types of DBMS
Hierarchical Network Relational

Muddassar Ali

21

Hierarchical Databases
It is one of the oldest methods of organizing and storing data. A hierarchical database is organized like the branches of a tree extending downwards. Related fields or records are grouped together so that there are higher-level records and lower-level records, just like the parents in a family tree sit above the subordinated children.

Muddassar Ali

22

Hierarchical Databases
A child record always has only one parent record to which it is linked, just like in a normal family tree. In contrast, a parent record may have more than one child record linked to it.

Muddassar Ali

23

Hierarchical Databases

Muddassar Ali

24

Network Model
The network model is very similar to the hierarchical model actually. In fact, the hierarchical model is a subset of the network model. However, instead of using a single-parent tree hierarchy, the network model uses set theory to provide a tree-like hierarchy with the exception that child tables were allowed to have more than one parent. This allowed the network model to support many-to-many relationships.

Muddassar Ali 25

Network Model

Muddassar Ali

26

Relational Databases
The relationship between data files is relational, not hierarchical. Hierarchical and network databases require the user to pass down through a hierarchy in order to access needed data. Data in relational databases is stored in different tables, each having a key field that uniquely identifies each row. Relational databases are more flexible than either the hierarchical or network database structures. In relational databases, tables or files filled with data are called relations and columns are referred to as attributes or fields.

Muddassar Ali 27

Relational Databases

Muddassar Ali

28

END OF CHAPTER

Any Questions???

Muddassar Ali