INTRODUCTION Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data.

It deals with all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments. A statistician is someone who is particularly well versed in the ways of thinking necessary for the successful application of statistical analysis. Such people have often gained this experience through working in any of a wide number of fields. There is also a discipline called mathematical statistics that studies statistics mathematically. The word statistics, when referring to the scientific discipline, is singular, as in "Statistics is an art." This should not be confused with the word statistic, referring to a quantity (such as mean or median) calculated from a set of data, whose plural is statistics ("this statistic seems wrong" or "these statistics are misleading").

History Main articles: History of statistics and Founders of statistics The use of statistical methods dates back at least to the 5th century BC. The earliest writing on statistics was found in a 9th century book entitled: "Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages", written by Al-Kindi. In his book, he gave a detailed description of how to use statistics and frequency analysis to decipher encrypted messages, this was the birth of both statistics and cryptanalysis, according to the Saudi engineer Ibrahim Al-Kadi. The Nuova Cronica, a 14th century history of Florence by the Florentine banker and official Giovanni Villani, includes much statistical information on population, ordinances, commerce and trade, education, and religious facilities and has been described as the first introduction of statistics as a positive element in history. Some scholars pinpoint the origin of statistics to 1663, with the publication of Natural and Political Observations upon the Bills of Mortality by John Graunt. Early applications of statistical thinking revolved around the needs of states to base policy on demographic and economic data, hence its stat- etymology. The scope of the discipline of statistics broadened in the early 19th century to include the collection and analysis of data in general. Today, statistics is widely employed in government, business, and the natural and social sciences. Its mathematical foundations were laid in the 17th century with the development of probability theory by Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat. Probability theory arose from the study of games of chance. The method of least squares was first described by Carl Friedrich Gauss around 1794. The use of modern computers has expedited large-scale statistical computation, and has also made possible new methods that are impractical to perform manually.

1/

GEORGE DANTZIG

BIBLIOGRAFY Born Died Parents Books Education : : : : : 8 Nov 1914 in Portland, Oregon, USA 13 May 2005 in Palo Alto, California, USA Tobias Dantzig On the relation of operations research to mathematics, More University of Maryland, College Park,University of Michigan, University of California, Berkeley Awards : National Medal of Science for Mathematics and Computer Science, John von Neumann Theory Prize

George Bernard Dantzig was an American mathematical scientist who made important contributions to operations research, computer science, economics, and statistics. George Bernard Dantzig was named after George Bernard Shaw, the Irish writer. His father, Tobias Dantzig, was a Baltic German mathematician and linguist, and his mother, Anja Dantzig (ne Ourisson), was a French linguist. Dantzig's parents met during their study at the Sorbonne University in Paris, where Tobias studied mathematics under Henri Poincar. The Dantzigs immigrated to the United States, where they settled in Portland, Oregon.

Early in the 1920s the Dantzig family moved from Baltimore to Washington. His mother became a linguist at the Library of Congress, and his father became a math tutor at theUniversity of Maryland, College Park, George attended Powell Junior High School and Central High School. By the time he reached high school he was already fascinated by geometry, and this interest was further nurtured by his father, challenging him with complicated problems, particularly in projective geometry.

George

Dantzig

earned bachelor's

degrees in

mathematics

and

physics

from

the University of Maryland in 1936, and his master's degree in mathematics from the University of Michigan in 1938. After a two-year period at the Bureau of Labor Statistics, he enrolled in the doctoral program in mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley, where he studied statistics under Jerzy Neyman.

With the outbreak of World War II, George took a leave of absence from the doctoral program at Berkeley to join the U.S. Air Force Office of Statistical Control. In 1946, he returned to Berkeley to complete the requirements of his program and received his Ph.D.that year.

In 1952 Dantzig joined the mathematics division of the RAND Corporation. By 1960 he became a professor in the Department of Industrial Engineering at UC Berkeley, where he founded and directed the Operations Research Center. In 1966 he joined the Stanford faculty as Professor of Operations Research and of Computer Science. A year later, the Program in Operations Research became a full-fledged department. In 1973 he founded the Systems Optimization Laboratory (SOL) there. On a sabbatical leave that year, he headed the

Methodology Group at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Laxenburg, Austria. Later he became the C. A. Criley Professor of Transportation Sciences at Stanford, and kept going, well beyond his mandatory retirement in 1985.

He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. George was the recipient of many honors, including the first John von Neumann Theory Prize in 1974, the National Medal of Science in 1975,[4] an honorary doctorate from the University of Maryland, College Park in 1976. The Mathematical Programming Society honored Dantzig by creating the George B. Dantzig Prize, bestowed every three years since 1982 on one or two people who have made a significant impact in the field of mathematical programming.

Dantzig died on May 13, 2005, in his home in Stanford, California, of complications from diabetes and cardiovascular disease. He was 90 years old.

Work Freund wrote further that "through his research in mathematical theory, computation, economic analysis, and applications to industrial problems, [Dantzig] has contributed more than any other researcher to the remarkable development of linear programming". Dantzig's seminal work allows the airline industry, for example, to schedule crews and make fleet assignments. Based on his work tools are developed "that shipping companies use to determine how many planes they need and where their delivery trucks should be deployed. The oil industry long has used linear programming in refinery planning, as it determines how much of its raw product should become different grades of gasoline and how much should be used for petroleum-based byproducts. It's used in manufacturing, revenue management,

telecommunications, advertising, architecture, circuit design and countless other areas".

Mathematical statistics

An event in Dantzig's life became the origin of a famous story in 1939 while he was a graduate student at UC Berkeley. Near the beginning of a class for which Dantzig was late,

professor Jerzy Neyman wrote two examples of famously unsolved statistics problems on the blackboard. When Dantzig arrived, he assumed that the two problems were a homework assignment and wrote them down. According to Dantzig, the problems "seemed to be a little harder than usual", but a few days later he handed in completed solutions for the two problems, still believing that they were an assignment that was overdue.

Six weeks later, Dantzig received a visit from an excited professor Neyman, eager to tell him that the homework problems he had solved were two of the most famous unsolved problems in statistics. He had prepared one of Dantzig's solutions for publication in a mathematical journal. As Dantzig told it in a 1986 interview in the College Mathematics Journal:] A year later, when I began to worry about a thesis topic, Neyman just shrugged and told me to wrap the two problems in a binder and he would accept them as my thesis.

Years later another researcher, Abraham Wald, was preparing to publish a paper which arrived at a conclusion for the second problem, and included Dantzig as its co-author when he learned of the earlier solution.

This story began to spread, and was used as a motivational lesson demonstrating the power of positive thinking. Over time Dantzig's name was removed and facts were altered, but the basic story persisted in the form of an urban legend, and as an introductory scene in the movie Good Will Hunting.

Linear programming

Linear programming is a mathematical method for determining a way to achieve the best outcome (such as maximum profit or lowest cost) in a given mathematical model for some list of requirements represented as linear relationships. Linear programming arose as a mathematical model developed during World War II to plan expenditures and returns in order to reduce costs to the army and increase losses to the enemy. It was kept secret until 1947. Postwar, many industries found its use in their daily planning.

The founders of this subject are Leonid Kantorovich, a Russian mathematician who developed linear programming problems in 1939, Dantzig, who published the simplex method in 1947, and John von Neumann, who developed the theory of the duality in the same year. Dantzig's original example of finding the best assignment of 70 people to 70 jobs exemplifies the usefulness of linear programming. The computing power required to test all the permutations to select the best assignment is vast; the number of possible configurations exceeds the number of particles in the universe. However, it takes only a moment to find the optimum solution by posing the problem as a linear program and applying the Simplex algorithm. The theory behind linear programming drastically reduces the number of possible optimal solutions that must be checked. In 1963, Dantzigs Linear Programming and Extensions was published by Princeton University Press. Rich in insight and coverage of significant topics, the book quickly became the bible of linear programming.

Publications Books by George Dantzig:

1953. Notes on linear programming. RAND Corporation. 1956. Linear inequalities and related systems. With others. Edited by H.W. Kuhn and A.W. Tucker. Princeton University Press. 1963. Linear programming and extensions. Princeton University Press and the RAND Corporation. pdf from RAND 1966. On the continuity of the minimum set of a continuous function. With Jon H. Folkman and Norman Shapiro. 1968. Mathematics of the decision sciences. With Arthur F. Veinott, Jr. Summer Seminar on Applied Mathematics 5th : 1967 : Stanford University. American Mathematical Society. 1969. Lectures in differential equations. A. K. Aziz, general editor. Contributors: George B. Dantzig and others. 1970. Natural gas transmission system optimization. With others. 1973. Compact city; a plan for a liveable urban environment. With Thomas L. Saaty. 1974. Studies in optimization. Edited with B.C. Eaves. Mathematical Association of America. 1985. Mathematical programming : essays in honor of George B. Dantzig. Edited by R.W. Cottle. Mathematical Programming Society.

1997. Linear programming 1: Introduction. G.B.D. and Mukund N. Thapa. Springer-Verlag. 2003. Linear programming 2: Theory and Extensions. G.B.D. and Mukund N. Thapa. Springer-Verlag. 2003. The Basic George B. Dantzig. Edited by Richard W. Cottle. Stanford Business Books, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.

Articles, a selection:

1940. "On the non-existence of tests of "Student's" hypothesis having power functions independent of ". Annals of Mathematical Statistics, Volume 11, number 2, pp 186192. Reprinted in Cottle, ed. The Basic George B. Dantzig. Wood, Marshall K.; George B. Dantzig (1949). "Programming of Interdependent Activities: I General Discussion". Econometrica 17(3): 193199. doi:10.2307/1905522. Dantzig, George B. (1949). "Programming of Interdependent Activities: II Mathematical Model". Econometrica 17 (3): 200211.doi:10.2307/1905523. Dantzig, George B. (1955). "Optimal Solution of a Dynamic Leontief Model with Substitution". Econometrica 23 (3): 295302.doi:10.2307/1910385.

Notes
1. ^ Gass, Saul I. (2011). "George B. Dantzig". Profiles in Operations Research. International Series in Operations Research & Management Science. 147. pp. 217 240. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6281-2_13. ISBN 978-1-4419-6280-5. edit 2. ^ a b c d Joe Holley (2005). "Obituaries of George Dantzig". In: Washington Post, May 19, 2005; B06 3. ^ a b c Richard W. Cottle, B. Curtis Eaves and Michael A. Saunders (2006). "Memorial Resolution: George Bernard Dantzig". Stanford Report, June 7, 2006. 4. ^ National Science Foundation - The President's National Medal of Science 5. ^ Robert Freund (1994). "Professor George Dantzig: Linear Programming Founder Turns 80". In: SIAM News, November 1994. 6. ^ Snopes urban legend reference on the legend to which Dantzig gave rise 7. ^ Sira M. Allende & Carlos N. Bouza, Universidad de La Habana (2005). "Professor George Bernard Dantzig, Life & Legend". Revista Investigacin Operacional 26 (3).

Further Reading

Cottle, Richard; Johnson, Ellis; Wets, Roger, "George B. Dantzig (19142005)", Notices of the American Mathematical Society, v.54, no.3, March 2007.

"Professor George Dantzig: Linear Programming Founder Turns 80", SIAM News, November 1994 O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "George Dantzig", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews. "The Diet Problem" by George Dantzig

2/

John Wilder Tukey

Born Died

: :

16 June 1915 in New Bedford, Massachusetts, USA 26 July 2000 in Princeton, New Jersey, USA

Residence Nationality Fields Institutions

United States American Mathematician Bell Labs Princeton University Brown University Princeton University

Alma mater

Doctoral advisor Doctoral students

Solomon Lefschetz

Arthur Dempster Leo Goodman Paul Meier Frederick Mosteller Kai Lai Chung FFT algorithm Box plot Exploratory Data Analysis Coining the term 'bit' Samuel S. Wilks Award(1965) National Medal of Science (USA) in Mathematical, Statistical, and Computational Sciences (1973) Shewhart Medal (1976) IEEE Medal of Honor (1982) Deming Medal (1982) James Madison Medal (1984) Foreign Member of the Royal Society (1991)

Known for

Notable awards

John Tukey John Wilder Tukey ForMemRS (June 16, 1915 July 26, 2000) was an American statistician best known for development of the FFT algorithm and box plot.

Biography Tukey was born in New Bedford, Massachusetts in 1915, and obtained a B.A. in 1936 andM.Sc. in 1937, in chemistry, from Brown University, before moving to Princeton Universitywhere he received a Ph.D. in mathematics.

During World War II, Tukey worked at the Fire Control Research Office and collaborated with Samuel Wilks and William Cochran. After the war, he returned to Princeton, dividing his time between the university and AT&T Bell Laboratories.

Among many contributions to civil society, Tukey served on a committee of the American Statistical Association that produced a report challenging the conclusions of the Kinsey Report, Statistical Problems of the Kinsey Report on Sexual Behavior in the Human Male.

He was awarded the IEEE Medal of Honor in 1982 "For his contributions to the spectral analysis of random processes and the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm." Tukey retired in 1985. He died in New Brunswick, New Jersey on July 26, 2000. Scientific contributions His statistical interests were many and varied. He is particularly remembered for his development with James Cooley of the CooleyTukey FFT algorithm. In 1970, he contributed significantly to what is today known as the jackknife estimationalso termedQuenouille-Tukey jackknife. He introduced the box plot in his 1977 book,"Exploratory Data Analysis".

Tukey's range test, the Tukey lambda distribution, Tukey's test of additivity and Tukey's lemma all bear his name. He is also the creator of several little-known methods such as the trimean and median-median line, an easier alternative to linear regression. In 1974, he developed, with Jerome H. Friedman, the concept of the projection pursuit.

Statistical practice He also contributed to statistical practice and articulated the important distinction betweenexploratory data analysis and confirmatory data analysis, believing that much statistical methodology placed too great an emphasis on the latter.

Though he believed in the utility of separating the two types of analysis, he pointed out that sometimes, especially in natural science, this was problematic and termed such situations uncomfortable science.

Statistical terms Tukey coined many statistical terms that have become part of common usage, but the two most famous coinages attributed to him were related to computer science.

While working with John von Neumann on early computer designs, Tukey introduced the word "bit" as a contraction of "binary digit".[4]The term "bit" was first used in an article by Claude Shannon in 1948.

The term "software", which Paul Niquette claims he coined in 1953, was first used in print by Tukey in a 1958 article in American Mathematical Monthly, and thus some attribute the term to him. That 1958 first use and attribution is questionable, given that theProceedings of the Second National Symposium on Quality Control and Reliability in Electronics: Washington, D.C., January 9-10, 1956, as accessible on Hathi Trust, contains an occurrence of the term software.

Quotes

If we need a short suggestion of what exploratory data analysis is, I would suggest that 1. It is an attitude AND 2. A flexibility AND 3. Some graph paper (or transparencies, or both). No catalogue of techniques can convey a willingness to look for what can be seen, whether or not anticipated. Yet this is at the heart of exploratory data analysis. The graph paper - and transparencies - are there, not as a technique, but rather as recognition that the picture-examining eye is the best finder we have of the wholly unanticipated.

A D Gordon offered the following summary of Tukey's principles for statistical practice:

... the usefulness and limitation of mathematical statistics; the importance of having methods of statistical analysis that are robust to violations of the assumptions underlying their use; the need to amass experience of the behaviour of specific methods of analysis in order to provide guidance on their use; the importance of allowing the possibility of data's influencing the choice of method by which they are analysed; the need for statisticians to reject the role of 'guardian of proven truth', and to resist attempts to provide once-for-all solutions and tidy over-unifications of the subject; the iterative nature of data analysis; implications of the increasing power, availability and cheapness of computing facilities; the training of statisticians.

Far better an approximate answer to the right question, which is often vague, than an exact answer to the wrong question, which can always be made precise.

Once upon a time statisticians only explored. Then they learned to confirm exactly - to confirm a few things exactly, each under very specific circumstances. As they emphasized exact confirmation, their techniques inevitably became less flexible. The connection of the most used techniques with past insights was weakened. Anything to which a confirmatory procedure was not explicitly attached was decried as 'mere descriptive statistics', no matter how much we had learned from it.

There is no data that can be displayed in a pie chart, that cannot be displayed BETTER in some other type of chart.

Publications

Andrews, David F; Peter J Bickel; Frank R Hampel; Peter J Huber; W H Rogers & John W Tukey (1972). Robust estimates of location: survey and advances. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08113-1. OCLC 369963.

Basford, Kaye E & John W Tukey (1998). Graphical analysis of multiresponse data. Chapman & Hall/CRC. ISBN 0-8493-0384-2.OCLC 154674707.

Blackman, R B & John W Tukey (1959). The measurement of power spectra from the point of view of communications engineering. Dover

Publications. ISBN 0-486-60507-8.

Cochran, William G; Frederick Mosteller & John W Tukey (1954). Statistical problems of the Kinsey report on sexual behavior in the human male. Journal of the American Statistical Association.

Hoaglin, David C; Frederick Mosteller & John W Tukey (eds) (1983). Understanding Robust and Exploratory Data Analysis. Wiley.ISBN 0471-09777-2. OCLC 8495063.

Hoaglin, David C; Frederick Mosteller & John W Tukey (eds) (1985). Exploring Data Tables, Trends and Shapes. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-097764. OCLC 11550398.

Hoaglin, David C; Frederick Mosteller & John W Tukey (eds) (1991). Fundamentals of exploratory analysis of variance. Wiley.ISBN 0-47152735-1. OCLC 23180322.

Morganthaler, Stephan & John W Tukey (eds) (1991). Configural polysampling: a route to practical robustness. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-52372-0. OCLC 22381036.

Mosteller, Frederick & John W Tukey (1977). Data analysis and regression : a second course in statistics. Addison-Wesley.ISBN 0-201-04854X. OCLC 3235470.

Tukey, John W (1940). Convergence and Uniformity in Topology. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09568-X.OCLC 227948615.

Tukey, John W (1977). Exploratory Data Analysis. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0201-07616-0. OCLC 3058187.

Tukey, John W; Ian C Ross; Verna Bertrand (1973). Index to statistics and probability. R & D Press. ISBN 0-88274-001-6.OCLC 745715.

The collected works of John W Tukey, edited by William S Cleveland

Brillinger, David R (ed) (1984). Volume I: Time series, 19491964. Wadsworth. ISBN 0-534-03303-2. OCLC 10998116.

Brillinger, David R (ed) (1985). Volume II: Time series, 19651984. Wadsworth. ISBN 0-534-03304-0. OCLC 159731367.

Jones, Lyle V (ed) (1985). Volume III: Philosophy and principles of data analysis, 19491964. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-534-033059. OCLC 159731367.

Jones, Lyle V (ed) (1986). Volume IV: Philosophy and principles of data analysis, 19651986. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-534-051014. OCLC 165832503.

Cleveland, William S (ed) (1988). Volume V: Graphics, 19651985. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-534-05102-2.OCLC 230023465.

Mallows, Colin L (ed) (1990). Volume VI: More mathematical, 19381984. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-534-05103-0.OCLC 232966724.

Cox, David R (ed) (1992). Volume VII: Factorial and ANOVA, 19491962. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-534-05104-9.OCLC 165366083.

Braun, Henry I (ed) (1994). Volume VIII: Multiple comparisons, 19491983. Chapman & Hall/CRC. ISBN 0-412-05121-4.OCLC 165099761.

About John Tukey

O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "John Tukey", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.

Interview of John Tukey about his experience at Princeton

Notes 1. McCullagh, P. (2003). "John Wilder Tukey. 16 June 1915 - 26 July 2000". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 49: 537.doi:10.1098/rsbm.2003.0032. edit 2. "John Tukey". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Retrieved 18 July 2011. 3. J. H. Friedman and J. W. Tukey (September 1974). "A Projection Pursuit Algorithm for Exploratory Data Analysis". IEEE Transactions on Computers C-23 (9): 881 890. doi:10.1109/T-C.1974.224051. ISSN 0018-9340. 4. The origin of the 'bit' 5. Niquette, P. (2001) Challenger: John WilderTukey 6. Leonhardt, David (28 July 2000). "John Tukey, 85, Statistician; Coined the Word 'Software'". New York Times. Retrieved 24 September 2012.

7. Hathi Trust: To locate the occurrence of software use Advanced Full Text Search; enter Second National Symposium on Quality Control in title and software in everything. A search for "software" in the document will return "p.149 - 1 matching term"

3/

GERTRUDE MARY COX

Born Died

: :

13 Jan 1900 in Dayton, Iowa, USA 17 Oct 1978 in Durham, North Carolina, USA

Gertrude

Mary

Cox (January

13,

1900

October

17,

1978)

was

an

influential Americanstatistician and founder of the department of Experimental Statistics at North Carolina State University. She was later appointed director of both the Institute of Statistics of the Consolidated University of North Carolina and the Statistics Research Division of North Carolina State University. Her most important and influential research dealt with experimental design; she wrote an important book on the subject with W. G. Cochran. In 1949 Cox became the first female elected into the International Statistical Institute and in 1956 she was president of the American Statistical Association.

Gertrude Cox was born in Dayton, Iowa on January 13, 1900. Cox at first intended to become a Methodist Episcopal minister and director of an orphanage, but in college she heeded a new calling of statistics to help Iowan farmers make better agricultural research. She graduated from Iowa State College with a B.S. degree in Mathematics and received her Masters degree in statistics in 1931 from Iowa State.

Gertrude Cox studied at Perry High School in Perry, Iowa, graduating in 1918. At this time she decided to become a deaconess in the Methodist Church and worked towards that end. However, in 1925, she decided to continue her education at Iowa State College in Ames where she studied mathematics and statistics and was awarded a B.S. in 1929 and a Master's degree in statistics in 1931.

From 1931 to 1933 Cox undertook graduate studies in statistics at the University of California at Berkeley, then returned to Iowa State College as assistant in the Statistical Laboratory. Here she worked on the design of experiments. In 1939 she was appointed assistant professor of statistics at Iowa State.

In 1940 Cox was appointed professor of statistics at North Carolina State University at Raleigh. There she headed the new department of Experimental Statistics.

In 1945 she became director of the Institute of Statistics of the Consolidated University of North Carolina, and the Statistics Research Division of the North Carolina State College which

was run by William Gemmell Cochran. In the same year of 1945 Cox became the editor of Biometrics Bulletin and of Biometrics and she held this editorship for 10 years. In 1947 she was a founder member of the International Biometric Society.

In 1950 she published a joint work with Cochran, Experimental Design, which quickly became a classic text.

In 1960 she took up her final post as Director of Statistics at the Research Triangle Institute in Durham, North Carolina. She held this post until she retired in 1964.

Cox received many honours. In 1949 she became the first woman elected into the International Statistical Institute. In 1956 she was elected President of the American Statistical Association while in 1975 she was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.

References

M. Nichols, Gertrude Mary Cox in Louise S. Grinstein (Editor), Paul J. Campbell (Editor) (1987). Women of Mathematics: A Bio-Bibliographic Sourcebook. Greenwood Press, New York. ISBN 978-0-313-24849-8. 26 29

This article incorporates material from Gertrude Cox on PlanetMath, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.

4/

DEIRDRE MCCLOSKEY

Deirdre

N.

McCloskey (born September 11, 1942, Ann Arbor,

Michigan) is

an Americaneconomics professor. Her job title at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) is Distinguished Professor of Economics, History, English, and Communication. She is also adjunct professor of Philosophy and Classics at UIC, and was for five years the Tinbergen Distinguished Professor of Economics, Philosophy, History, English, and Arts and Culture, at Erasmus University, Rotterdam. Since October 2007 she has received two honorary doctorates.

Career McCloskey earned her undergraduate and graduate degrees in Economics at Harvard University. (Her study of British iron and steel won in 1973 the distinguished David A. Wells Prize for best dissertation.)

In 1968 while still a graduate student McCloskey was hired by Milton Friedman and Robert Fogel to join the faculty of Economics at the University of Chicago, where she stayed for 12 years with tenure, producing and teaching price theory and economic history before turning in 1979 to the study of rhetoric, feminism, and the history and philosophy of economics and other human sciences. At the University of Iowa, McCloskey, the John Murray Professor of Economics and of History (19801999), published The Rhetoric of Economics (1985) and co-founded with John S. Nelson, Allan Megill, and others a field of study, "the rhetoric of the human sciences," and an institution and graduate program, the Project on Rhetoric

of Inquiry. McCloskey has authored or edited more than 20 books and over 300 articles challenging standard assumptions in the field.

Her major contributions since the 1960s are in the economic history of Britain, the quantification of historical inquiry, the rhetoric of economics, the rhetoric of the human sciences, economic methodology, virtue ethics, feminist economics, heterodox economics, the role of mathematics in economic analysis, and the use (and misuse) of significance testing in economics. She has argued that economists often celebrate "statistically significant" results while ignoring the economic significance of results, an argument that McCloskey readily admits to being both old and well-known among sophisticates of science.

She discussed some of these issues in the inaugural James M. Buchanan Lecture at George Mason University on April 7, 2006. She said there, capitalism "is an ethically drenched human activity" which requires attention to all of the classical seven virtues, while economists usually focus exclusively on prudence. Her book The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce[4] is the first of a projected six-volume magnum opus. The second book, Bourgeois Dignity: Why Economics Can't Explain the Modern World was published in 2010 and a draft of the third volume, Bourgeois Towns: How Capitalism Became Ethical, 16001848, is available online in her website.

Quotation The progress of economic science has been seriously damaged. You cant believe anything that comes out of [it]. Not a word. It is all nonsense, which future generations of economists are going to have to do all over again. Most of what appears in the best journals of economics is unscientific rubbish. I find this unspeakably sad. All my friends, my dear, dear friends in economics, have been wasting their time....They are vigorous, difficult, demanding activities, like hard chess problems. But they are worthless as science.

The physicist Richard Feynman called such activities Cargo Cult Science....By cargo cult he meant that they looked like science, had all that hard math and statistics, plenty of long words; but actual science, actual inquiry into the world, was not going on. I am afraid that my science of economics has come to the same point.

Deirdre McCloskey, The Secret Sins of Economics (2002), 41, 55f

Personal Life McCloskey was the first child of the late Robert McCloskey, a professor of government at Harvard University, and the former Helen Stueland, a poet.

She transitioned from male to female in 1995, at the age of 53, a fact recorded in the New York Times Notable Book of the Year,Crossing: A Memoir (1999, University of Chicago Press). McCloskey was married and fathered two children.[7] She changed her name from Donald to "Dee" to Deirdre.

McCloskey advocates on behalf of the rights of persons and organizations in the LGBT community. She was also a key person in theBlanchard, Bailey, and Lawrence theory controversy and in the debate over J. Michael Bailey's book The Man Who Would Be Queen.

Publications

Bourgeois Dignity: Why Economics Can't Explain the Modern World (November 2010) University of Chicago Press The Cult of Statistical Significance: How the Standard Error Costs Us Jobs, Justice, and Lives (January 2008) University of Michigan Press (with Stephen T. Ziliak) The Bourgeois Virtues : Ethics for an Age of Commerce (June 2006) University of Chicago Press The Economic Conversation (2008) (with Arjo Klamer and Stephen Ziliak) The Secret Sins of Economics (August 2002) Crossing: A Memoir (September 1999) is McCloskey's account of her growing recognition (while a boy and man) of her female identity, and her transition both surgical and social into a woman (including her reluctant divorce from her wife). Following sexreassignment surgery, the book describes her new life continuing her career as a female academic economist. Measurement and Meaning in Economics: The Essential Deirdre McCloskey (1999) (edited by Stephen Ziliak)

The Vices of Economists, the Virtues of the Bourgeoisie (1996) Knowledge and Persuasion in Economics (1994) Second Thoughts: Myths and Morals of U.S. Economic History (1993) A Bibliography of Historical Economics to 1980 (1990) If You're So Smart: The Narrative of Economic Expertise (1990) The Consequences of Economic Rhetoric (1988) The Writing of Economics (1987) reprinted as Economical Writing (2000) Econometric History (1987) The Rhetoric of the Human Sciences: Language and Argument in Scholarship and Public Affairs (1987) The Rhetoric of Economics (1985 & 1998) The Applied Theory of Price (1982 & 1985) Enterprise and Trade in Victorian Britain: Essays in Historical Economics (1981) Economic Maturity and Entrepreneurial Decline: British Iron & Steel, 1870-1913 (1973) Essays on a Mature Economy: Britain after 1840 (1971)

Articles

Modern Epistemology Against Analytic Philosophy: A Reply to Maki Journal of Economic Literature Vol. 33, No. 3 (Sep., 1995), pp. 13191323 The Rhetoric of Law and Economics Michigan Law Review Vol. 86, No. 4 (Feb., 1988), pp. 752767 The Loss Function Has Been Mislaid: The Rhetoric of Significance Tests, American Economic Review, Vol. 75, No. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the Ninety-Seventh Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association (May, 1985), pp. 201205 The Rhetoric of Economics, Journal of Economic Literature Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jun., 1983), pp. 481517 McCloskey D, Ziliak S T. (1996 March). The Standard Error of Regressions. Journal of Economic Literature Vol. 34:97-114. McCloskey D N, Ziliak S T. (2004). Size Matters: The Standard Error of Regressions in the American Economic Review. Econ Journal Watch. 1(2) 331-338.

References 1. Deirdre McCloskey, Measurement and Meaning in Economics: The Essential Deirdre McCloskey, ed. Stephen Thomas Ziliak(Cheltenham, UK, and Northampton, Mass., USA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2001), 350. 2. http://web.math.umt.edu/wilson/Math444/Handouts/Cohen94_earth%20is%20round.pdf 3. http://www.gmu.edu/centers/publicchoice/pdf%20links/dpaper4706.pdf George Mason University lecture 4. http://deirdremccloskey.org/docs/deeds.doc 5. paradigm4.PDFvers.qxd 6. "From Donald to Deirdre: How a man became a woman and what it says about identity". Reason. 1999-12. Archived from the original on 2008-06-07. Retrieved 200810-27. 7. Carey, Benedict (2007-08-21). "Criticism of a Gender Theory, and a Scientist Under Siege". New York Times

5/

PETER J.ROUSSEEUW

Peter J. Rousseeuw (born 13 October 1956 in Wilrijk ) is a Belgian statistician known for his work on robust statistics and cluster analysis. Prof. Dr. Peter Rousseeuw Antwerp Group on Robust & Applied Statistics Dept. of Mathematics and Computer Sciences University of Antwerp Middelheimlaan 1 B-2020 Antwerpen Belgium e-mail: peter at rousseeuw dot net tel office: (+32)3/265.39.05 tel home: (+32)3/265.37.77 url research group: http://www.agoras.ua.ac.be/ Books

Hampel, F.R., Ronchetti, E.M., Rousseeuw, P.J., and Stahel, W.A. (1986). Robust Statistics: the Approach Based on Influence Functions. Wiley-Interscience, New York. ISBN 0-47182921-8.

Rousseeuw, P.J. and Leroy, A.M. (1987). Robust Regression and Outlier Detection. WileyInterscience, New York. ISBN 0-471-85233-3. Kaufman, L. and Rousseeuw, P.J. (1990). Finding Groups in Data: An Introduction to Cluster Analysis. Wiley-Interscience, New York. ISBN 0-471-87876-6.

References 1. Rousseeuw, Peter J. at ISIHighlyCited.com. Accessed 2011-02-05.

CURRICULUM VITAE Born October 13, 1956 in Wilrijk (Belgium). Nationality Languages 197478 : : : Belgian. Dutch, English, French, German. Diploma in pure mathematics at the University of Brussels (each year summacum laude). Completed two years of civil engineering at the same time. 197884 197880 1981 198487 198788 1989 2002 : : : : : : : Researcher with the Belgian National Science Foundation. Performed research in statistics at the ETH Zurich. Obtained Ph.D. degree in statistics (summa cum laude). Professor at Technical University Delft, The Netherlands. Professor at University of Fribourg, Switzerland. Professor at University of Antwerp (UA). Researcher, Renaissance Technologies Corporation, NY.

Functions/Recognition Laureate, National Academic Competition, with thesis on algebra (1979). Elected Member, International Statistical Institute (elected 1991). Council Member, Belgian Statistical Society (19922001).

International Technical Advisor, UNESCO (19932001). Fellow, Institute of Mathematical Statistics (elected 1993). Fellow, American Statistical Association (elected 1994). Fellow, Royal Statistical Society (elected 1997). Since 2003 the makers of the Science Citation Index (ISI, Philadelphia) spontaneously included me in their list of the most highly cited mathematicians worldwide (not only statisticians). The list can be viewed by browsing at http://isihighlycited.com/ and selecting the category Mathematics. (One can also search by country.) My 1984 paper in JASA which proposed new robust methods for regression and covariance (paper 21) has been reprinted in Breakthroughs in Statistics III (Kotz and Johnson 1997, Springer-Verlag, New York). The 3-volume collection consists of the 60 most inuential publications in the eld of statistics over the past 140 years (18501990), starting with the work of Galton, Pearson, Fisher, and Kolmogorov. The papers were selected by polls, and each paper is accompanied by an introduction written by an independent expert, describing its impact on statistics and other elds. Summary of research interests (more on pages 5 and 6) Ph.D. research was on the inuence function approach to robust statistics, resulting in a book with F. Hampel, E. Ronchetti, and W. Stahel. Then started to work on positivebreakdown methods, developing least median squares regression and the minimum volume ellipsoid estimator, thereby combining a theoretical framework with algorithm construction and practical applications. A third topic is cluster analysis, for which new techniques were developed, including fuzzy methods. Currently also working on depth functions and algorithms to compute the location depth of a point, depth contours, and deepest regression. Recent emphasis on algorithms for large data sets. Applied research

Many academic collaborations, sometimes with a co-authored paper, in Economics (earnings functions, ination), Physics (gravitational interactions), Astronomy (analysis of stellar spectra), Medicine (cancer, ophthalmology, audiometry, rhinology), Sociology (modeling behavior using Markov chains), Biology (tropical insects, clustering of reptile chromosomes), Dentistry, Geography (incidence of certain diseases), Psychology-Pedagogy (problems of rstyear university students), Analytical Chemistry (clustering and calibration), Geochemistry (exploration, and detection of environmental pollution sources), Computer Vision, Electrical Engineering (Power Networks), and Finance. Outside projects in industry Redesigned the measurement and quality assurance processes, of the whole production line, in a chemical plant near Antwerp. Also provided support during the practical implementation (19931997). Two other projects in industry involved time series analysis of oil prices (DSM), and reliability of high-voltage insulators (Alcatel). Teaching experience University of Brussels: 198184 Calculus, Mathematical Statistics, Regression Analysis (for economists), and Introductory Statistics (for geographers). Technical University Delft: 198487 Introductory Statistics, Mathematical Statistics, Cluster Analysis, and Capita Selecta. University of Fribourg: 198788 Statistics II and III (in French and in German). University of Antwerp: 1989 Courses on Probability Theory and Statistics. Visiting positions

1983 Member of the Berkeley Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, from March 1 until May 31. 1985 Asian Institute of Technology (in Rangsit, Thailand), from August 30 until September 30; again in MayJune 1991. 1988 Vesalius College, Brussels: Statistics for Business Economics. 1989 Teaching a course in the Diplome postgrade en statistique, Universite de Neuchatel (Switzerland). 1992 Member of MSRI (Berkeley), from April 1 until May 15. 1993 Ecole Polytechnique Federale, Lausanne, from July 1 to August 30. 1998 Teaching a course on Statistique Multivariee, Universite Libre de Bruxelles. 2005 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven: Capita Selecta in Statistics. Editorial activities Associate Editor, Journal of the American Statistical Association (19881993). Associate Editor, Computational Statistics and Data Analysis (19881998). Advisory Board, Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, Second Edition, New York: John Wiley (since 2001). Publications The complete list (3 books and over 150 articles) is given on pages 7 to 19. Approximately one fourth of the papers is about specic applications. Citations The following six publications had the largest impact until now. The number of citations was obtained by searching the integrated data base from which both the Science Citation Index and the Social Sciences Citation Index are derived (so that no citation is counted

twice), up to April 2002. #citations publication 423 Rousseeuw (1984) Least Median of Squares Regression (paper 21) 106 Rousseeuw-Yohai (1984) S-Estimators [in proceedings] (paper 23) 815 Hampel-Ronchetti-Rousseeuw-Stahel (1986) Robust Statistics (book 1) 966 Rousseeuw-Leroy (1987) Robust Regression and Outlier Detection (book 2) 300 Kaufman-Rousseeuw (1990) Finding Groups in Data (book 3) 200 Rousseeuw-van Zomeren (1990) Unmasking Leverage Points (paper 50) 2810 The total number of citations for all publications in the list was 3706. Supervisor of Ph.D. dissertations Was advisor for 19 doctorates: 1983 M. Aboukalam: Computer Programs for the Calculation of Robust M-estimators in Location and Regression. 1983 Z. Balkhi: The Optimal Search Problem: Theory and Computations. 1987 A. Leroy: An Investigation of Properties and Applications of High-Breakdown Fitting in Linear Models. 1987 J. Dijkstra: Analysis of Means in some Non-Standard Situations (co-advised). 1988 Jorg van Hoorn: Robuste, nichtparametrische Schatzung von Regressionsfunktionen mit S-Schatzern (co-advised). 1990 H. Lopuhaa: Estimation of Location and Covariance with high Breakdown Point. 1991 O. Hossjer: Robust Linear Regression by means of M- and R-statistics (co-advised). 1991 E. Trauwaert: Fuzzy Cluster Analysis Algorithms (co-advised).

1993 G. Molenberghs: Analysis of Multivariate Ordered Categorical Data (co-advised). 1994 C. Croux: Highly Robust Scale Estimators with Applications in Regression Analysis. 1997 M. Hubert: Robust Regression for Data Analysis. 1999 I. Ruts: Bivariate Location Depth. 2000 S. Van Aelst: Robustness Properties of New Regression Methods. 2000 A. Struyf: Computational and Geometric Aspects of Statistical Depth. 2002 K. Van Driessen: Fast Algorithms for MCD and LTS with Applications. 2002 G. Pison: Robust Multivariate Analysis and Diagnostic Tools. 2004 S. Verboven: Robust Calibration Methods. 2004 G. Willems: Methods for Robust Multivariate Inference. 2006 G. Brys: Skewness and Related Topics in the Presence of Outliers. Eight of these people are now professors at universities. Conferences and other presentations Presented over 70 invited talks at conferences, including some Opening and Plenary lectures. In addition, taught several international short courses, and was involved in the organization of over 10 conferences. (See the list of Conferences.) Moreover, gave many presentations at seminars etc. when visiting various universities and research centers. Administration Head of the Division of Applied Mathematics (since 1992). Vice-Chair, Dept. of Mathematics and Computer Science (19971998). Member of the UIA Committee on Education (19901992). Member of the UIA Research Council (19921994).

Evolution of research topics The Ph.D. research (19781980) focused on robust statistics, and led to the inuence function for tests and the change-of-variance function for estimators. This work appeared in papers and then in [book 1], which later was translated into Russian [book 1]. After the thesis, worked on the rst computation of linear search paths [paper 10] and a numerical study in astrophysics [19, 20]. From 1983 onwards, a major theme was the development of positive-breakdown methods for regression such as LMS, LTS and S-estimators [21, 23], and for scatter matrices, including the MVE and MCD methods [29]. The initial algorithms were highly computer-intensive. Early applications were to insurance [17, 18] and analytical chemistry [32]. This material was then unied in a didactical way in [book 2]. The subject is rapidly expanding by new theoretical work [59, 78, and asymptotic results], algorithms [43, 71], graphics [50, 53], and new elds of application such as Power Networks [58], Finance, Geochemistry [62], and Computer Vision [118]. Other researchers are providing many more generalizations and applications. Also two practical scale estimators were introduced [73] and studied theoretically [67, 89], and O(n log n) exact algorithms were constructed for their computation [68]. The asymptotic behavior of the repeated median was obtained, as well as a low-complexity algorithm and a numerical study [72, 80, 83, 85]. In between there were other statistical applications, and some didactical papers [52, 54, 81]. Another research direction is cluster analysis, again from the angles of new methodology, ecient computation, graphics, and applications [15, 31, 35, 39, 41, 103, 111, and book 3]. Of particular interest is the development of eective fuzzy methods [46, 57, 84, 86, 93]. Much research is now going on about depth functions. Algorithms have been constructed

for computing the location depth of a point [94, 110], the depth contours [95], the deepest location [109, 124], and the resulting bivariate boxplot [117]. The notion of regression depth has been introduced [113, 114] and is being investigated further, also from the viewpoint of computational geometry [115, 121]. A recent interest is to develop algorithms that allow robust methods to be carried out for large data sets [119, 121, 158] with an eye to their use in a data mining context. Applications to economic and nancial data are under preparation. My present research goal is in the direction of nancial mathematics/statistics. This is a dicult topic which needs to be studied thoroughly from dierent angles including theory, algorithms, and practice. Techniques and software developed New methods Own software Included in: Optimal search paths prototype (1981) Described in paper 10 (1983). Least median of squares and least trimmed squares regression estimators PROGRESS (1983) (paper 21, 1984; book 2, 1987) lmsreg & ltsreg in S-PLUS, ROBETH, Statlib, Minitab, Matlab (Mathworks),

Mathematica (Mathsource), and SAS/IML 8. MVE location and scatter matrix MINVOL (1985) (paper 29, book 2) cov.mve in S-PLUS, ROBETH, Statlib, and SAS/IML 8. Parallel clustering algorithm prototype (1986) at IBM New York Described in paper 43 (1988). Smallstorage location REMEDIAN (1988) In paper 47 (1990). Silhouette plot, fuzzy nonmetric clustering, k-medoid method CLUSFIND (1989) (six programs) (book 3, 1990) In MicrOsiris, CLUSTAN, IDAMS (UNESCO), Statlib, S-PLUS 3.4, and R.

Diagnostic plot (1990) prototype in ISP Papers 50, 53, and S-PLUS 4.5. Combination (paper 63) LMSMVE (1991) For SYSTAT users. O(n log n) algorithms for new spread estimators Sn and Qn (1992) Given in papers 68, 73, Statlib, and Statistical Calculator. O(n log n) algorithm for location depth LDEPTH (1993) JRSS-C algorithm, paper 94. Also in Statistical Calculator. Depth contours and depth median ISODEPTH, HALFMED (1995) In papers 95 and 109. Robust regression with categorical covariables RDL1 (1996) In paper 97 (S-PLUS). Fast algorithms for the MCD scatter matrix and LTS regression FAST-MCD (1997), FAST-LTS (1998)

Described in papers 119 and 158. In S-PLUS 4.5, SAS/IML 8, and SAS 9 (PROC ROBUSTREG). Displaying a clustering CLUSPLOT (1998) In paper 111 and S-PLUS 4.5. Regression depth RDEPTH (1998) In paper 110. Bivariate boxplot BAGPLOT (1999) In paper 117 (S-PLUS). Deepest Regression MEDSWEEP In paper 140 (2000). Peter J. Rousseeuw Dept. of Mathematics and Computer Science Peter.Rousseeuw@ua.ac.be Universiteit Antwerpen http://www.agoras.ua.ac.be Middelheimlaan 1 B-2020 Antwerp Belgium PUBLICATIONS Books 1. Hampel, F.R., Ronchetti, E.M., Rousseeuw, P.J., and Stahel, W.A. (1986), Robust Statistics: the Approach Based on Inuence Functions, Wiley-Interscience, New York (Series in Probability and Mathematical Statistics), 502 pages. ISBN 0-471-82921-8. Second printing also as paperback (ISBN 0-471-63238-4), 14 reviews. 1. Xampepb, F., Rohyettn, E., Royccey, P., Wtaepb, B. (1989), Pobacthoctb B Ctatnctnke, 512 pages, ISBN 5-03-001003-3, Mir, Moscow. Foreword by V.M. Zolotarev, USSR Academy of Sciences. (Russian translation of book 1.) 2. Rousseeuw, P.J. and Leroy, A.M. (1987), Robust Regression and Outlier Detection,

Wiley-Interscience, New York (Series in Applied Probability and Statistics), 329 pages. ISBN 0-471-85233-3. Fourth printing, 17 reviews. 3. Kaufman, L. and Rousseeuw, P.J. (1990), Finding Groups in Data: An Introduction to Cluster Analysis, Wiley-Interscience, New York (Series in Applied Probability and Statistics), 342 pages, ISBN 0-471-87876-6. Third printing, 10 reviews.

Edited Volumes 1. Rasson, J.-P. and Rousseeuw, P.J. (1996), Classication, Special Issue of Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, Volume 23, Issue 1. 2. Dutter, R., Filzmoser, P., Gather, U., and Rousseeuw, P.J. (2003), Developments in Robust Statistics, Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag. Papers 1. Rousseeuw, P.J. (1981), A New Innitesimal Approach to Robust Estimation, Zeitschrift fur Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und verwandte Gebiete, 56, 127132. 2. Rousseeuw, P.J. and Ronchetti, E. (1981), Inuence Curves of General Statistics, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 7, 161166. 3. Hampel, F.R., Rousseeuw, P.J., and Ronchetti, E. (1981), The Change-of-Variance Curve and Optimal Redescending M-estimators, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 76, 643648. 4. Rousseeuw, P. (1981), Innitesimal Criteria in Robust Estimation of Location, Revue Belge de Statistique, dInformatique et de Recherche Operationnelle, 21, No. 4, 2442. 5. Distelmans, W., DHaeseleer, F., Kaufman, L., and Rousseeuw, P. (1982), The Susceptibility of Glossina Palpalis Palpalis at Dierent Ages to Infection with Trypanosoma Congolense, Annales de la Societe Belge de la Medecine Tropicale, 62, 4147.

6. Rousseeuw, P.J. (1982), Most Robust M-estimators in the Innitesimal Sense, Zeitschrift fur Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und verwandte Gebiete, 61, 541555. 7. Rousseeuw, P. (1982), Estimation and Testing by means of Optimally Robust Statistics, Revue Belge de Statistique, dInformatique et de Recherche Operationnelle, 22, No. 3, 319. 8. Pauwels, H.P., Vogeleer, M., Clement, P.A.R., Rousseeuw, P.J., and Kaufman, L. (1982), Brainstem Electric Response Audiometry in Newborns, International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 4, 317323. 9. Rousseeuw, P. (1983), Location M-estimators are Characterized by the Innitesimal Behavior of their Asymptotic Variance, Bulletin de la Societe Mathematique de Belgique, 35-B, 167176. 10. Rousseeuw, P.J. (1983), Optimal Search Paths for Random Variables, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 9, 279286. 11. Trau, R., Salu, P., Wisnia, K., Kaufman, L., Rousseeuw, P., and Pierreux, A. (1983), Simultaneous ERG-VER Recording: Statistical Study, Bulletin de la Societe Belge dOphtalmologie, 206, 6167. 12. Clement, P.A.R., Kaufman, L., and Rousseeuw, P. (1983), Active Anterior Rhinomanometry in Pre- and Postoperative Evaluation, use of Broms Mathematical Model, Rhinology, 21, 121133. 13. Lecompte, D., Kaufman, L., Rousseeuw, P., and Tassin, A. (1983), Search for the Relationship between Academic Performance and some Psychosocial Factors: the use of a Structured Interview, Acta Psychiatrica Belgica, 83, 598608. 14. Lecompte, D., Kaufman, L., and Rousseeuw, P. (1983), Search for the Relationship between Interrupted University Attendance of First Year Students and some Psychosocial Factors, Acta Psychiatrica Belgica, 83, 609617.

15. Kaufman, L., Pierreux, A., Rousseeuw, P., Derde, M.P., Detaevernier, M.R., Massart, D.L., and Platbrood, G. (1983), Clustering on a Microcomputer with an Application to the Classication of Coals, Analytica Chimica Acta, 153, 257260. 16. de Mot, B., de Clercq, M., and Rousseeuw, P. (1984), Visco-Elastic Properties of four currently used Tissue Conditioners, Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 11, 419427. 17. Rousseeuw, P., Daniels, B., and Leroy, A. (1984), Applying Robust Regression to Insurance, Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, 3, 6772. 18. Rousseeuw, P., Leroy, A., and Daniels, B. (1984), Resistant Line Fitting in Actuarial Science, in Premium Calculation in Insurance, edited by F. de Vylder, M. Goovaerts, and J. Haezendonck, Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, 315332. 19. Luwel, M., Severne, G., and Rousseeuw, P.J. (1984), Numerical Study of the Relaxation of One-Dimensional Gravitational Systems, Astrophysics and Space Science, 100, 261277. 20. Severne, G., Luwel, M., and Rousseeuw, P.J. (1984), Equipartition and Mass Segregation in 1-Dimensional Gravitational Systems, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 138, 365370. 21. Rousseeuw, P.J. (1984), Least Median of Squares Regression, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 79, 871880. 22. Leroy, A. and Rousseeuw, P. (1984), A Portable Fortran Program for the Least Median of Squares Regression Line, Revue Belge de Statistique, dInformatique et de Recherche Operationnelle, 24, No. 2, 2838. 23. Rousseeuw, P. and Yohai, V. (1984), Robust Regression by means of S-estimators, in Robust and Nonlinear Time Series Analysis, edited by J. Franke, W. Hardle, and D. Martin, Lecture Notes in Statistics No. 26, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 256272. 24. Lecompte, D., Rousseeuw, P., and Kaufman, L. (1984), Dimensions of First Year

University Student Behavior, Acta Psychiatrica Belgica, 84, 572579. 25. Desterbeck, R.-A., Stoop, A., Franckx, H., Clement, P.A.R., Kaufman, L., and Rousseeuw, P. (1984), De invloed van zwemmen op de neusdoorgankelijkheid en de tubafunktie bij kinderen, Acta Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica Belgica, 38, 410421. 26. Ronchetti, E. and Rousseeuw, P.J. (1985), Change-of-Variance Sensitivities in Regression Analysis, Zeitschrift fur Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und verwandte Gebiete, 68, 503519. 27. Donoho, D., Johnstone, I., Rousseeuw, P., and Stahel, W. (1985), Discussion of Peter Hubers Projection Pursuit, The Annals of Statistics, 13, 496500. 28. Leroy, A. and Rousseeuw, P. (1985), Computing Robust Regression Estimators with PROGRESS and some Simulation Results, Statistics and Decisions, 2, 321325. 29. Rousseeuw, P. (1985), Multivariate Estimation with High Breakdown Point, in Mathematical Statistics and Applications, edited by W. Grossmann, G. Pug, I. Vincze, and W. Wertz, Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht (co-published with Akademiai Kiado, Budapest), 283297. 30. Leroy, A. and Rousseeuw, P. (1986), A New Algorithm for Resistant Regression, Belgian Journal of Operations Research, Statistics and Computer Science, 26, No. 2, 319. 31. Kaufman, L. and Rousseeuw, P.J. (1986), Clustering Large Data Sets, in Pattern Recognition in Practice II, edited by E.S. Gelsema and L.N. Kanal, Elsevier/NorthHolland, 425 437 (with discussion). 32. Massart, D.L., Kaufman, L., Rousseeuw, P.J., and Leroy, A. (1986), Least Median of Squares: a Robust Method for Outlier and Model Error Detection in Regression and Calibration, Analytica Chimica Acta, 187, 171179.

33. Rousseeuw, P.J. (1986), Robuste Regression mit Ausreissern in den erklarenden Variablen, Osterreichische Zeitschrift fur Statistik und Informati k, 16, 3642. 34. Bingen, F., Siau, C., and Rousseeuw, P. (1986), Applying Robust Regression Techniques to Institutional Data, Research in Higher Education, 25, No. 3, 277297. 35. Lecompte, D., Kaufman, L., and Rousseeuw, P. (1986), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of Emotional Concerns and Personality Characteristics in a Freshman Population, Acta Psychiatrica Belgica, 86, 324333. 36. Rousseeuw, P.J. (1986), A Visual Display for Hierarchical Classication, in Data Analysis and Informatics 4, edited by E. Diday, Y. Escouer, L. Lebart, J. Pag`es, Y. Schektman and R. Tomassone, North-Holland, 743748. 37. Leroy, A. and Rousseeuw, P. (1986), Robust Regression on Micro Computers, in Data Analysis and Informatics 4, edited by E. Diday et al., North-Holland, 477482. 38. de Loore, C., Monderen, P., and Rousseeuw, P. (1987), A New Statistical Method to Derive Radial Velocity Shifts from Stellar Spectra, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 178, 307309. 39. Kaufman, L. and Rousseeuw, P.J. (1987), Clustering by means of Medoids, in Statistical Data Analysis Based on the L1Norm and Related Methods, edited by Y. Dodge, North-Holland, 405416. 40. Rousseeuw, P.J. (1987), An Application of L1 to Astronomy, in Statistical Data Analysis Based on the L1Norm and Related Methods, edited by Y. Dodge, NorthHolland, 437 445. 41. Rousseeuw, P.J. (1987), Silhouettes: a Graphical Aid to the Interpretation and Validation of Cluster Analysis, Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 20,

5365. 42. Rousseeuw, P.J. and Leroy, A.M. (1988), A Robust Scale Estimator Based on the Shortest Half, Statistica Neerlandica, 42, 103116. 43. Kaufman, L., Hopke, P.K., and Rousseeuw, P.J. (1988), Using a Parallel Computer System for Statistical Resampling Methods, Computational Statistics Quarterly, 2, 129141. 44. Rousseeuw, P.J. (1988), PROGRESS: A Program for Robust Regression, Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 7, 320321. 45. Trauwaert, E., Rousseeuw, P., and Kaufman, L. (1989), Some Silhouette-Based Graphics for Clustering Interpretation, Belgian Journal of Operations Research, Statistics and Computer Science, 29, No. 3, 3555. 46. Rousseeuw, P.J., Derde, M.-P., and Kaufman, L. (1989), Principal Components of a Fuzzy Clustering, Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 8, 249250. 47. Rousseeuw, P.J. and Bassett, G.W. (1990), The Remedian: A Robust Averaging Method for Large Data Sets, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 85, 97104. 48. Rousseeuw, P.J. (1990), Robust Estimation and Identifying Outliers, in Handbook of Statistical Methods for Engineers and Scientists, edited by H.M. Wadsworth, New York: McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-067674-7, pages 16.116.24. 49. Mili, L., Phaniraj, V., and Rousseeuw, P.J. (1990), Robust Estimation Theory for Bad Data Diagnostics in Electric Power Systems, in Control and Dynamic Systems, Vol. 37: Advances in Industrial Systems, edited by C.T. Leondes, Academic Press, New York, ISBN 0-12-012737-7, pages 271325.

50.

Rousseeuw, P.J. and van Zomeren, B.C. (1990), Unmasking Multivariate Outliers and Leverage Points, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 85, 633651 (including three invited comments and the rejoinder).

51.

Rousseeuw, P.J. and van Zomeren, B.C. (1990), Some Proposals for Fast HBD Regression, in COMPSTAT 1990: Proceedings in Computational Statistics, edited by K. Momirovic and V. Mildner, Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag, 185192.

52.

Rousseeuw, P.J. (1991), Tutorial to Robust Statistics, Journal of Chemometrics, 5, 120.

53.

Rousseeuw, P.J. (1991), A Diagnostic Plot for Regression Outliers and Leverage Points, Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 11, 127129.

54.

Rousseeuw, P.J. (1991), Why the Wrong Papers get Published, CHANCE: New Directions for Statistics and Computing, 4, No. 1, 4143.

55.

Rousseeuw, P.J. and Bassett, G.W. (1991), Robustness of the p-subset Algorithm for Regression with High Breakdown Point, in Directions in Robust Statistics and Diagnostics, Part II, edited by W. Stahel and S. Weisberg. The IMA Volumes in Mathematics and Its Applications, Vol. 34, Springer-Verlag, pp. 185194.

CONFERENCES 1. Rousseeuw, P. and Ronchetti, E. (1979), Innitesimal Robustness of Tests, 12th European Meeting of Statisticians. Varna (Bulgaria), 37 September. 2. Rousseeuw, P. (1979), Optimally Robust Procedures in the Innitesimal Sense, 42nd Meeting of the International Statistical Institute. Manila (Philippines), 414 December, Conference Volume p. 467470. Appeared in Statisticka Revija, 30 (1980), 201 206.

3.

Hampel, F., Rousseeuw, P., and Ronchetti, E. (1980), Innitesimal Stability of the Asymptotic Variance of M-estimators with Finite Rejection Point, Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association. Houston (Texas), 1114 August. ASA 1980 Proceedings of the Statistical Computing Section, 274278.

4.

Rousseeuw, P. (1980), On the Notion of V-Robustness, Annual Meeting of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics. Ann Arbor (Michigan), 1821 August. Abstract: The IMS Bulletin (1980), p. 208.

5.

Ronchetti, E. and Rousseeuw, P. (1980), A Robust F-test for the Linear Model, 13th European Meeting of Statisticians. Brighton (UK), 812 September. Abstracts book p. 210211.

6.

Rousseeuw, P. (1981), Location M-estimators are Characterized by the Innitesimal Behaviour of their Asymptotic Variance, Annual Meeting of the Belgian Mathematical Society. Ghent, 2122 May.

7.

Rousseeuw, P. (1981), La courbe dinuence sur la variance asymptotique, Journees de Statistique (Association des Statisticiens Universitaires). Nancy (France), 14 June.

8.

Rousseeuw, P. (1981), Robust Estimation and Testing by means of Innitesimal Techniques, 14th European Meeting of Statisticians. Wroclaw (Poland), 14 September. Rousseeuw, P. (1981), Innitesimal Criteria in Robust Estimation of Location, First National Congress on Quantitative Methods for Decision Making. Brussels, 910 December.

9.

10.

Rousseeuw, P. (1982), Optimally V-robust Redescending M-estimators for Scale, Annual Meeting of the Belgian Mathematical Society. Antwerp, 1314 May.