U. S.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

RESEARCH PAPER RP874
Part of Journal of Research of the :National Bureau of Standards, Volume 16,
April 1936
RADIO FIELD-INTENSITY AND DISTANCE CHARAC-
TERISTICS OF A HIGH, VERTICAL BROADCAST
ANTENNAl
By Samuel S. Kirby
ABSTRACT
During December 1934, field-intensity r:ecords of emissions from radio station
WBT, Charlotte, N. C., were made at seven different distances from the trans-
mitting station before and after the construction and use of a high-mast antenna.
In addition, field-intensity measurements were made at eight points on a circle
at a distance of 1 mile from the transmitting station. The resuJts showed that
the substitution of the mast antenna for the o l ~ e r T and L antennas produced
much greater ground-wave field intensities n e ~ r the transmitter and somewhat
greater total field intensities at greater distances. At the same time t,he ampli-
tude of the fading was reduced at th first three recording stations at distances
69 to 142 kilom tel'. The fading at these first three stations was of a more-rapid
type than at the more-distant stations. The antenna change did not appreciably
affect the frequency of the fading. Wires were added to the mast antenna to
increase its top capacity and thus make the current distribution in this antenna
more nearly sinusoidal. This change seemed to reduce the fading amplitude at
the first three recording stations by the suppression of certain high-angle radiation
rather than by an increase of the intensity of the ground wave.
With all conditions of the transmitting antennas used greater values of the
averages of the lO-minute peak field intensities were recorded at the receiving
station at Meadows, Md., 552 kilometers, than at any other station from 69 to
879 kilometers.
CONTENTS
Page
I. Introduction_________________________________________________ 289
II. Experimental data_ ___________________________________________ 291
III. Analysis of records_ ___________________________________________ 293
IV. Conclusions__________________________________________________ 299
I. INTRODUCTION
In December 1934 the antenna system of radio station WBT, 1080
kc/s, at Charlotte, N. C., was changed from a T antenna with a
height of about 175 feet and a fiat top with a length of 200 feet, to a
vertical, guyed cantilever mast 429 feet or 0.47 wave length high.
A short time before this, plans for a cooperative investigation of the
effects of such a change were made by the Columbia Broadcasting
System and the National Bureau of Standards. In accordance with
these plans seven automatic field-intensity recorders 2 were set up at
1 Presented at the Tenth Annual Convention of the Institute of Radio Engineers, Detroit, Mich., July I,
2, and 3, 1931S.
J K. A. Norton and S. E. Reymer. A continuous .recorder of radio field intenlftie.. BS 1. Research 11,
373 (1933) RP597.
289
290 Journal oj Re8earch oj the National Bureau oj Standards [Vol. 16
various distances from the transmitting station, as shown by the
map in figure 1. These recorder locations were Salisbury, Lexington,
Greensboro, and Durham, N. C., Charlottesville, Va., Meadows, Md.,
and Boonton, N. J. It was intended to have the recording stations
as nearly as possible on the same great-circle path. This condition
was approximately satisfied, although Durham, N. C., was somewhat
out of line. The recorders were set up during the latter part of No-
vember 1934 and ran for about 6 weeks with calibrations about twice
per week.
PENNSYLVANIA
1 0
" 1
----7-- ------
.1 GI"een,z.Doro
.J I!} Durltam
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NOR '1' tJii C It 0 L
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..:,._._ __ _ II!. Charlotte

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FIGURE l.-Locations of radio station WBT and seven recording stations.
Unfortunately, the T antenna was in the way of the mast con-
struction and had to be taken down about the middle of November.
An unsatisfactory temporary antenna was used until December 4,
after which time an inverted L antenna, 110 feet high with a flat top
200 feet long, was used. With this antenna the field intensity at 1
mile was about 0.88 that of the T. Otherwise it was believed that
the characteristics of the L antenna were similar to those of the T.
Journal 0 f Research of the National Bureau of Standards Research Paper 874
FIGURE 2.- Radio Station WET high-mast antenna.
Kirbu] Radio Field-Intensity Recording 291
Until December 17 the sloping down lead of the L was between 50
and 100 feet from the mast, the construction of which was completed
about December 13. On December 17, after the L antenna and the
old towers supporting it were removed, a decrease of fading of the
emissions from the mast was observed at Salisbury and Lexington.
This was an indication that the proximity of the L affected the mast,
so it might be expected that the proximity of the maiiOt affected the L.
The effect of any coupling between these two antennas, however,
should have reduced the differences between their performances . .
In other words, the differences found would have been greater if each
antenna had been operated without the presence of the other. Emis-
sions from the mast were recorded only 2 days before the L was
removed.
II. EXPERIMENTAL DATA
The WBT mast antenna is shown in Figure 2. The ground
system consisted of 120 radials of no. 10 hard-drawn copper wire,
each radial being 300 feet in length. The remote end of each radial
was attached to a 0.5-inch ground rod driven to a depth of 4 feet.
Records of emissions from the L antenna were made from about
December 5 to 15 and from the mast from about December 16 to 31.
The mast was used both alone and with 4 wires added to increase its
top capacity. These wires were stretched from crossal'ms at the top
downward to the waist of the tower below the center and later nearly
to the ground.
The field intensities at a distance of 1 mile are shown for the old
T and the new mast in figure 3. These measurements were made by
W. B. Lodge of the Columbia Broadcasting System. They show
that the ground wave was increased about 1.75 times by the use of
the mast instead of the T. The average field intensity at 1 mile from
the L antenna was 760 mv/m, this being one-half the field intensity at
1 mile from the mast.
Figure 4 shows some night records from each of the seven recording
stations and from each of the two antennas. The power input to
the antenna in each case was 50 kw. The only changes at the trans-
mitting station were the changes of antenna indicated in figure 4. At
all of the receiving stations, excepting Durham, the night records shown
in this figure were made simultaneously. Day records of emissions
from the mast are also shown in this figure, M and L representing the
mast and L, respectively.
An inspection of figure 4 will indicate the general characteristics of
fading and field intensity as the distance from the transmitting sta-
tion was increased. However, this inspection will also indicate that
it is difficult and unsafe to judge the respective merits of the two
antennas from a few short records taken with successive antenna
changes.
Consider the records taken at Salisbury. The first three one-
hour records .of transmissions from the mast, the L, and the mast in
turn indicate that the field intensity was increased and the fading
decreased by the substitution of the mast for the L. This is the con-
clusion which will be drawn later from a consideration of all of the
records from December 5 to 30. The last hour's record of transmis-
sions from the L taken between 0210 and 0300 EST, however, would
indicate that there was less fading of emissions from the L. It is
292 Journal oj Research oj the National BU7'ea'u oj Standards [Vol. 18
believed that this change was brought about by a change of the iono-
sphere and that the first three one-hour records indicated the relative
performance of the mast and the L antennas as observed at Salisbury.
Whatever the change in the ionosphere after 0200 EST may have
o so
L
210
:' WBT Atj TENNA PATTERf'l ;
MV/M AT ONE ' ~ l l E :
50 KVI 1000 KC
A - RI.IS FiELD 860 "
S - HMS FIELD 1..520 ~
200' - 190' - leo - 170' - 160 --
150"
FIGURE 3.-Field intensities at a distance of 1 mile.
A indicates T antenna; B mast antenna,
been, its effect did not depend critically on the angle of incidence of
the wave on the ionosphere, as the same effect was indicated at nearly
all of the recording stations simultaneously.
Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards
'00
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WBT, CHAI2LOTTE N,C. 1080 kc/s ,50 Kw
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4,-Fi eld-intensity records of emissions from the L and mast (M) at night, and from the mast during the day ,
Research Paper 874
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KirbuJ Radio Field-Intensity Recording 293
The records from 2300 December 16 to 0200 December 17 present,
qualitatively, very well the relative performance of the two antennas
as observed from different distances. Points to be noted are the field
intensity, the amplitude of the fading, and the rapidity of the fading.
It might be pointed out that on this night the peak values of fi,eld
intensity were greater at Meadows, Md., than at any other recording
station. Although the amplitude of the fading increased with the
distance for some distance from the transmitting station, the fading
at moderate distances was much more rapid and therefore more de-
structive. The fading at Lexington was an example of this.
Some day-record!! are included in this figure to show the distances
at which sky wave became appreciable during the daytime. Con-
siderable sky wave was found at Durham during most of the day,
and at the more distant receiving points sky wave was predominant
during the day was well as the night. By comparing the peak values
of the day and night field intensities it will be seen that the night
field intensities were about 250 and 350 times the day field intensities
at Charlottesville and Meadows, respectively. This indicates that
even when the daytime sky wave at this frequency is strongest as it
is in midwinter that it is even then very highly absorbed in the iono-
sphere. Waves of this frequency could not pass through the E
region of the ionosphere during the day.
III. ANALYSIS OF RECORDS
From the records given here it may be seen that it is difficult to
draw satisfactory conclusions by simple inspection of the records or
from records taken over short periods. These records have been
analyzed by measuring the maxima and minima for each 10-minute
period and averaging the day values and the night values separately
for daily averages. The hours from 0800 to 1600 EST were arbi-
trarily used as day hours and 1800 to 0000 EST as night hours. The
daily averages were again averaged over the period during which a
particular antenna was used.
Figure 5 shows the averaged night field intensities for both the
L and the mast plotted together for comparison. It should be noted
that with the exception of the Lexington records the 10-minute
maximum field intensities at all distances were greater in the case of
the mast than in the case of the L. Part of this increase of field in-
tensity was caused by an increase in the ratio of low-angle to high-
angle radiation and part probably was caused by the increased radia-
tion efficiency of the high-mast antenna. Similarly the minimum
values in the case of the mast were greater than those in the case of
the L at all recording stations. In this figure the graph labeled
"Inverse distance, power 25 kw, radiated" indicates the inverse dis-
tance values of field intensity as given for the ground wave with no
absorption, by the formula for a vertical infinitesimal doublet,
where F is the field intensity, in microvolts per meter, 0 is the
velocity of light, in kilometers per second; P
r
is the power radiated,
in kilowatts; and D is the distance, in kilometers. The use of 25 kw
294 Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards [Vol. 18
for the radiated power is based on the assumption that the radiation
efficiency of the antenna was 50 percent, and the distribution of
energy the same as for the vertical infinitesimal doublet, which were
the conditions assumed by Norton, Kirby, and Lester 3 for a large
number of miscellaneous antennas. The graph labeled "Inverse
distance-mast" was based on the average value of field intensity at
1 mile from the mast antenna. Similar graphs based on the average
field intensity at 1 mile for the old T and L antennas are not shown
but would have fallen below both of those plotted. The average
FIGURE 5.-Average of lO-minute maximum and minimum field intensities of
emissions from L and mast antennas.
values of the 10-minute peak field intensities from the L antenna did
not reach the inverse distance graph for 25 kw radiated at any of the
receiving stations. However, many of the individual peaks did exceed
the inverse distance values. In a similar manner the average 10-
minute peak field intensities from the mast did not exceed the inverse
distance values as calculated from the field intensities at 1 mile, but
K. A. Norton, S. 8. Kirby, and G. H. I,ester. An analusis of continuoul record, 0/ field Intensitv al
broadcalt {r,gllencle,. BS J. Res!lBfch 11, 897 (1934) RP752; Proc. Inst. Radio Eng. t3, 1183 (1935) .
K/'/JlI) Radio Field-Intensity Recording 295
many ofll the individual peak values did exceed the inverse distance
values. The smooth dashed curve shown in this figure represents
the empirical formula for 25 kw radiated, for sky-wave field intensi-
ties as given by Norton, Kirby, and Lester.4 The sky-wave field
intensities received at Meadows, 552 km, exceeded those recorded
at any other station. The latter result corroborates the result found
by Norton, Kirby, and Lester (see reference 3) that for a large number
of miscellaneous broadcasting stations, the maximum sky-wave
field intensities were produced at a distance of about 600 km.
Figure 6 shows the ratios of the amplitudes of night fading from
the mast and the L antennas. The mast had a decided advantage
over the three shortest paths and this result may reasonably be
ascribed to an increase in the ratio of ground wave to sky wave.
7 8 9
FIGURE 6.-Amplitude ratios of night fading of emissions from L and mast antennas.
The decrease of the amplitude of night fading over the three shortest
paths by the use of the mast was a very great improvement. At .
Lexington the fading ratio for the mast as shown by an analysis of
all the records obtained was only 0.4 that for the L, and at Greensboro,
0.6. Figure 4 does not show this clearly. These stations were in
regions where night reception from the L was poor because of bad
fading. It would be reasonable to conclude from these results that
the night-service area was considerably increased by the use of the
mast. At the more distant receiving stations the amplitudes of the
fading ratios from the mast and the L were approximately equal.
These latter fields were composed almost entirely of sky waves for
See footnote 3.
296 Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards [Vol. 16
both antennas. At the shorter distances the fields were composed
of both sky waves and ground waves.
In addition to the amplitude of the fading ratios the rapidity of the
fading is very important. It may be seen from figure 4 that fading
at the closer receiving stations was much more rapid than at the more
distant stations. This was especially noticeable at Lexington where
the amplitude of the fading was great enough to be serious and the
fading period was very short.
Fading may be produced in several ways, such as by phase inter-
ference between ground wave and sky wave or between two or more
sky waves, by changing intensity of sky wave or rotation of the
components of the field of sky waves. Ground waves are stable and
sky waves unstable. By a comparison of figure 7, which IOhows the
day field intensities at various distances, with figure 5 it may be
estimated that the ground wave and sky wave were of approximately
the same amplitude at Lexington. It seems reasonable to conclude
that this rapid type of fading was due in a large measure to interfer-
ence between the ground wave and sky wave whose relative phase
relations were continuously changing. If all of the fading were due
to this cause the field intensity would oscillate between fixed upper
and lower limits. This condition did not exist, because the intensity
and polarization of the sky wave also changed. At Greensboro the
sky wave was considerably stronger than the ground wave and at
the more distant points the ground wave is almost negligible at night.
From an analysis of all of the records obtained it may be concluded
that over distances at which the ground wave and sky wave were of
appreciably equal intensities, a rapid destructive type of fading was
produced mainly by interference between ground wave and sky wave,
and that the amplitude, but not the frequency, of this fading was
reduced by increasing the ratio of ground wave to sky wave by the
use of the high-mast antenna. Over greater distances, at which the
sky wave was predominant, the fading was produced by variations
of the intensity and polarization of the sky wave, and neither the
amplitude nor frequency of the fading was altered appreciably by
the substitution of the mast antenna for the L. In the WBT inves-
tigation, receiving points out as far as Greensboro (142 km) were
affected by the former type of fading although it was much more
pronounced at Lexington (91 km). With a lower frequency or a
ground of higher conductivity, this type of fading would be found
farther from the transmitting station. It seems that the frequency
of the fading would be lower for a lower frequency.
Figure 7 shows the day field intensities from the mast and the L.
The mast produced greater field intensities than the L at all recorder
stations. The Boonton values are not shown on this graph.
As previously mentioned, the mast was used under several different
conditions, i. e., with wires added to increase the top capacity and
without the wires. The wires were used under two different condi-
tions, i. e., half wires or wires from the top down to the waist of the
tower and full wires or wires from the top nearly to the ground. In
each case 4 wires were used and they were supported at the top by
steel arms extending out horizontally. In stUdying the effect of the
wires, records were available only for rather short periods for each
condition, so that some of the variations are more likely to be accidental
Klrbtll Radio Field-Intensity Recording 297
FIGURE 7.-Average of lO-minute maximum and mini mum day fi eld intensities oj
emissions from L a1'!d mast antennas.
298 Journal of Research qfthe National Bureau of Standards
[Vol 18
than in the previous discussion. This is especially true for the Greens-
boro data because some of the late December records at this station
were spoiled by receiving-set trouble.
In figure 8 are shown the field intensities with the mast antenna
used under the different conditions described. The graph labeled
"wires" includes the data for the days when both half wires and full
wires were used. In general these results favor the use of the mast
without the wires.
FIGURE S.-Field intensities of emissions from mast antenna with and without wires
used to increase top capacity.
In figure 9 are shown the fading ratios with the mast used under the
different conditions. For the important nearby points the wires,
especially the half wires, seem to have an advantage in reducing the
fading. This problem should have further study. It should not be
absolutely necessary to study the effect of antenna changes on the
fading over a wide range of dIstances as was done in the WBT experi-
ment, as much can be learned from a careful study at one well located
station-Lexington, in the case at hand.
Klrbvl
Radio Field-Intensity Recording
IV. CONCLUSIONS
299
The 429-foot mast antenna produced a ground-wave field intensity
1.75 times that produced by the old T, and twice that produced by
the L.
The night field intensity at considerable distances was increased by
a factor of about 1.5 by the substitution of the mast for the L.
The night-fading amplitude was decreased appreciably out to
150 km by the use of the mast. fhe fading amplitude was not
appreciably decreased at distances over. 200 km where sky wav( was
predominant from both antennas.
Fading was much more rapid and destructive within a distance of
150 km than for greater distances. The change of antennas did not
appreciably affect the frequency of the fading but only the amplitude.
FIGURE 9.-Arnplitude ratios of night fading of ernissions frorn rnast antenna with
and without wires to increase top capacity.
The maximum sky-wave field intensity recorded was at Meadows,
at a distance of 552 km from the transmitting station.
The use of wires to increase the top capacity and make the antenna
current more nearly sinusoidal did not increase the field intensity, but
there was some evidence that the fading was decreased over the first
150 kID. The half wires were more effective than the full wires.
This investigation was made possible through the cooperation of
the Columbia Broadcasting System, by arrangement with E. K. Cohan,
Director of Engineering for that company. A. B. Chamberlin and
W. B. Lodge, engineers for the Columbia Broadcasting System,
assisted in the work.
300 Journal oj Research oj the National Bureau oj Standards [Vol. 16
S. E. Reymer of the National Bureau of Standards assisted in
installing the recorders. Facilities for the installation of receiving
equipment and recorders were furnished by T. M. Casey, Salisbury,
N. C.; Fred Hunnicut and the firm Conrad, Linville, and Martin,
Lexington, N. C.; Women's College, University of North Carolina,
Greensboro, N. C.; Duke University, Durham, N. C.; University of
Virginia, Charlottesville, Va.; and Ballantine Laboratories Inc.,
Boonton, N. J. S. Ballantine also operated the equipment installed
in his laboratory.
WASHINGTON, January 29, 1936.
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