ECE 381 & 595

Introduction to Power Systems

Introduction & History
Edward D Graham Jr Ph D PE Edward D. Graham, Jr. Ph.D., P.E.
Of f i c e: ECE-235B
Module 00
Fall 2012 Fall 2012
n5hh-UNM@Comc ast .net
POWER SYSTEM POWER SYSTEM
ANALYSI S
John J. Grainger
and and
William D. Stevenson, Jr.
c. 1994
McGraw Hill
ISBN-10: 0-07-061293-5
William D. Stevenson, Jr.
1912 -- 1988
John J. Grainger
Shaums Outline
El ec t r i c
Power
Syst ems Syst ems
Syed A Nasar Syed A. Nasar
McGraw-Hill
c. 1990
ISBN: 0-07-045917-7
Syed A. Nasar
1932-1912
ECE-495/595 Intro. To Power Systems Fall 2012 Tentative Grainger Schaum
Lec# Dat e Topi c Assi gnment HW HW
1 Aug. 20 Introduction and History -- Basic Concepts Read Chapter 1 1-1, 2, 6, 7 1-22, 29
2 Aug. 22 10, 16, 19, 21 33, 37
3 Aug. 24 Transformers Read Chapter 2 2-1, 2, 4, 6, 8 2-19, 21,
4 Aug. 27 11, 14, 19 26, 36
5 Aug. 29 The Synchronous Machine Read Chapter 3 3-1, 4, 12, 13
6 Aug 31
Spec i al Guest Speak er
6 Aug. 31
Spec i al Guest Speak er
Sept. 3
* * * * Labor Day * * * *
No Class
7 Sept. 5
8 Sept. 7 3-14, 17, 22, 28
9 Sept. 10 Transmission Lines -- Series Impedance
Read Chapter 4
4-1, 3, 5, 9 p p
p
10 Sept. 12 13, 22
11 Sept. 14
12 Sept. 17 4-21, 24, 26, 27
13 Sept. 19 Capacitance of Transmission Lines Read Chapter 5 5-1, 6, 10 29, 36
14 Sept 21 14 Sept. 21
15 Sept. 24
16 Sept. 26
17 Sept. 38 Current & Voltage Relations on a Transmission Line
Read Chapter 6
6-1, 3, 8, 9
18 Oct. 1 10, 16, 23
19 Oct. 3
20 Oct. 5
21 Oct. 8 The Admittance Model & Network Calculations Read Chapter 7 7-1, 7, 10
22 Oct. 10 13, 15
O t 12 * * * * F l l B k * * * * N Cl Oct. 12 * * * * Fal l Br eak * * * * No Class
23 Oct. 15 The Impedance Model & Network Calculations Read Chapter 8 8-1, 2, 3, 8 7-17, 18, 1920
24 Oct. 17 9, 19, 29, 33
25 Oct. 19 Mid Term Exam
ECE-495/595 Intro. To Power Systems Fall 2012 Tentative Grainger Schaum
Lec# Dat e Topi c Assi gnment HW HW
Oct. 12 * * * * Fal l Br eak * * * * No Class
23 Oct. 15 The Impedance Model & Network Calculations Read Chapter 8 8-1, 2, 3, 8 7-17, 18, 1920
24 Oct. 17 9, 19, 29, 33
25 Oct. 19 Mid Term Exam
26
Power-
Fl
Power-Flow Solutions
Read Chapter 9
9-1, 2, 4, 14 8-15, 16, 17
27 Oct. 24 15, 17 26, 28
28 Oct 26 28 Oct. 26
29 Oct. 29
30 Oct. 31 Symmetrical Faults Read Chapter 10 10-1, 2, 9
6-18, 19, 22,
31 Nov. 2 24, 32,
32 Nov. 5 32 Nov. 5
33 Nov. 7
34 Nov. 9 Symmetrical Components and Sequence Networks
Read Chapter 11
11-1, 2, 4, 8
35 Nov. 12 12, 17
36 Nov. 14
37 Nov. 16
38 Nov. 19 Unsymmetrical Faults Read Chapter 12 12-1, 2, 6
39 Nov. 21
Nov. 22-23 Thanksgiving Holiday No Class
40 Nov. 26
41 Nov. 28
42 Nov. 30 Economic Operation of Power Systems Read Chapter 13 13-1, 2, 5 9-21, 25, 26
43 Dec. 3 38, 43
44 Dec 5
Spec i al Guest Speak er
44 Dec. 5
Spec i al Guest Speak er
45 Dec. 7
Spec i al Guest Speak er

Dec . 12 Final Exam Wednesday 12:30-2:30
Text
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS by Grainger and
Stevenson McGraw-Hill c. 1994
8/8/2012
Y TEXT BOOKS Your TEXT BOOKS are your
references for this course but I hope
you will make use of the Library you will make use of the Library,
www, and other resources to
supplement the learning process and pp g p
to achieve better understanding of
the various facets of POWER
SYSTEM ANALYSIS.
From time to time I will provide From time-to-time I will provide
supplemental papers for your
consideration. consideration.
edg bi o
BS Mississippi State University
MS University of New Mexico
PhD North Carolina State University
Sandia Director of Operations & Engineering
SEMI-SEMATECH SISA President & CEO
SEMI Senior Director of Consortia Interfaces SEMI Senior Director of Consortia Interfaces
Consultant to Global Silicon Industry
PhD Student in Mathematics and Statistics @ UNM
Visiting Professor in Electrical & Computer
Engineering
Presently Senior Lecturer in ECE y
edg Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
800 Intro to Intro to Intro to
Power Power Power Power Power Power
Systems Systems Systems
DHS-123 DHS-123 DHS-123
900 ECE 203 ECE 203 ECE 203
CKTs I CKTs I CKTs I

DHS-229 DHS-229 DHS-229
1000
OFFICE OFFICE
Hours Hours
1100 OFFICE OFFICE
Hours Hours
Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch
1200 Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch
Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch Lunch
1300
OFFICE OFFICE
Hours Hours
1400 ECE-213 ECE-213
Circuits II Circuits II
1500 MECH-218 MECH-218
Rul es of t he Road Rul es of t he Road
N M k T t E No Make-up Tests or Exams
Homework due at beginning of class
i d period
There are no dumb questions!
Keep an Engineering Notebook
Course Score = Tests Scores (typically 3)
+ Exam Score
+ HWScore + Other HW Score Other
Mor e Rul es of t he Road
Suggestions for Success
Come to class --- it never hurts
Work problems
Read the Text
I reserve the right to make adjustments
to grades as appropriate for your g y
performance
St i l l Mor e Rul es of t he Road St i l l Mor e Rul es of t he Road
St d t i ibl f ti Student is responsible for entire
chapter content
Instructor will discuss portions
of the chapter time permitting
Assigned problems will illustrate
some of the chapter highlights p g g
Book k eepi ng
Come to Class Collegiate
Arrive on Time
Hand in Homework
g
Japan (Dec 5-6-7)
Your eMail Address
Promptly
No Cellular
Telephones
Remembering Names
International Students
Telephones
Participate
Work Problems
Bell Labs Lecture
Approach
Feedback
My System
Office Hours
Feedback
Academic Integrity
You are my Customer
Grader --- Mistakes
y
Basi c s You Must Know Basi c s You Must Know
Ohms Law
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law
Kirchhoff's Current Law Kirchhoff s Current Law
Superposition Theorem
Thvenins Theorem Thvenin s Theorem
Nortons Theorem
T f D t C ti Transformer Dot Convention
Circuit Symbols
11
First lets consider a little history!
A Hi st or y of El ec t r i c i t y and
El ec t r i c Pow er Syst ems El ec t r i c Pow er Syst ems
August 2012
Electrical and Computer Engineering Electrical and Computer Engineering
The University of New Mexico
Stolen from various sources!
rsted
Electric current deflects compass needle
Electric current deflects compass needle
1881 1881
AEP
USA: 60 & 25 Hz USA: 60 Hz
Mi h l F d Michael Faraday
Some history
Ni kol a Tesl a ( ) (10 July 1856
7 J 1943) i t h i i t 7 January 1943) was an inventor, physicist,
mechanical engineer and electrical engineer.
Born in Serbia, he later became an American
citizen Tesla is best known for his many citizen. Tesla is best known for his many
revolutionary contributions to the discipline of
electricity and magnetism in the late 19th and
early 20th century Tesla's patents and theoretical early 20th century. Tesla s patents and theoretical
work formed the basis of modern alternating
current electric power (AC) systems, including the
poly-phase power distribution systems and the p y p p y
AC motor, with which he helped usher in the
Second Industrial Revolution.
According to legend Tesla as born According to legend, Tesla was born
precisely at midnight during an electrical
storm
History of Power Systems History of Power Systems
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
44
Road to Power Systems Road to Power Systems
Greek philosopher Thales of Greek philosopher Thales of
Miletus (around 600 BC)
When rubbing fur on amber When rubbing fur on amber,
electric charge is built up on the
amber.
The charge attracts light objects
such as hair.
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
45
Road to Power Systems
English physician William English physician William
Gilbert (1544-1603)
Was the first to use the term Was the first to use the term
electric
Derivation from the Greek word for Derivation from the Greek word for
amber ().
The word amber itself was derived
f th A bi d A b from the Arabic word Anbar.
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
46
Road to Power Systems
Italian scientist Alessandro Italian scientist Alessandro
Guiseppe Antonio Anastasio
Volta (1745-1827)
Galvanism occurred whenever
moist is placed between two
different metals different metals.
The first battery was invented in
1800.
Today we use the unit Volt for the
electric potential in honor of this
great Italian inventor
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
47
great Italian inventor.
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
48
Road to Power Systems
French mathematician and French mathematician and
physicist Andr-Marie Ampre
(1775-1836).
Explain the link between magnetism
and electric currents.
The basis of electromagnetic devices: The basis of electromagnetic devices:
motors, generators, transformers, etc.
Today we use Ampere as a unit for
electric current in honor of this
French scientist.
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
49
Road to Power Systems
German scientist George German scientist George
Simon Ohm (1789-1854)
Related electric current to the
electromotive force.
His work is known as Ohm's law.
Th th d th d id The theory opened the door wide
for circuit anaysis and designs.
We now use Ohm as the unit for We now use Ohm as the unit for
resistance (or impedance) in his
honor.
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
50
Road to Power Systems Road to Power Systems
English chemist and English chemist and
physicist Michael
Faraday (1791-1867). y ( )
Developed the
foundations of all
l t h i l electromechanical
theories.
In his memory the unit of In his memory, the unit of
capacitance (farad) is
name after him.
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
51
Road to Power Systems
French instrument maker Hippolyte French instrument maker Hippolyte
Pixii (1808-1835)
Not widely known inventor Not widely known inventor
Built the first generator (or dynamo).
His machine named His machine, named
magnetoelectric, was later developed
into the electrical generators. into the electrical generators.
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
52
Pixiis Generator
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
53
Road to Power Systems Road to Power Systems
Italian Antonio Pacinotti (1841- (
1912)
invented a device that had two sets of
windings wrapped around a common g pp
core.
This was the basis for the
transformers we use today. y
Westinghouse further developed the
transformer and had several early
models
Gaulard and Gibbs transformer developed
in 1883
Stanley transformer developed in 1886.
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
54
Stanleys Transformer Stanley s Transformer
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
55
Who invented (perfected?) the Transformer?
Road to Power Systems Road to Power Systems
English Electrical Engineer and g g
Physicist John Ambrose Fleming
(1849-1945)
invented the first electronic device invented the first electronic device
two electrodes inside a vacuum tube. One
electrode was a heated filament (called
Cathode) that emitted electrons and the other
(called Anode) collected them (called Anode) collected them
This was the first vacuum tube diode
Lee DeForest (American) later wrapped ( ) pp
a thin grid of wires around the cathode.
By applying a small negative voltage to the
grid he managed to control the amount of
electrons reaching the Anode
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
60
electrons reaching the Anode.
This was the first vacuum tube amplifier
Vacuum Tube
61
Road to Power Systems y
The Ukranian Julius Edgar
Lilienfeld (1881-1963) Lilienfeld (1881 1963)
Professor of Physics at the University of
Leipzig in Germany
In 1926 he discovered the field effect In 1926, he discovered the field effect
principals of the solid state material
In 1947, Bell Laboratories physicists
Walter Houser Brattain (1902-1987) Walter Houser Brattain (1902-1987),
John Bardeen (1908-1991), and William
Bradford Shockley (1910-1989)
developed the first practical bipolar p p p
transistor based on Lilienfeld discovery
These discoveries led the way to the
power electronics revolution
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
62
p
Thomas Edison and Nicholai
Tesla
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
64
Thomas Edison Thomas Edison
Born on February 11, 1847, in
Milan, Ohio, and died on 1931 at
age 84. age 84.
Had his name on 1093 patents.
his first patent was granted at age 21
his last one was at age 83.
an average of about 1.5 patent per
month.
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
65
o t
Thomas Edison
In 1874 at age 27, Edison opened his first research and
development laboratory in Newark, New Jersey.
In 1876, he moved the facilities to Menlo Park, NJ
The finest research and development laboratories in the world at
that time that time.
66
Thomas Edison
The electric light bulb is one of Edisons most
important inventions (1878). important inventions (1878).
67
Thomas Edison
Edison received the U.S. congressional
gold medal for career achievements in g
1928.
When Edison died on 1931 people When Edison died on 1931, people
world wide dimmed their lights in honor
of his mans achievements of his man s achievements.
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
68
Nikola Tesla Nikola Tesla
Nikola Tesla was born in Smiljan, Croatia j
on July 9, 1856.
During his career, Tesla had over 800 During his career, Tesla had over 800
patents.
Tesla moved from Europe to the United Tesla moved from Europe to the United
States in 1884.
He orked for Thomas Edison in his lab He worked for Thomas Edison in his lab
as a research assistant.
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
69
T l t
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
70
Teslas ac motor
Nikola Tesla
Tesla received the IEEE Edison Medal in
1917, the most coveted electrical prize in the
United States. United States.
Tesla was inducted into the Inventor's Hall of
Fame in 1975.
I 1956 th t "t l " d t d th In 1956, the term "tesla" was adopted as the
unit of magnetic flux density in the MKSA
system in his honor. y
In 1975, the IEEE Power Engineering Society
established the Nikola Tesla Award in his
honor
71
honor.
Tesla died on January 7, 1943.
The Battle of ac versus dc
Voltage or Current
Time
Voltage or Current
Voltage or Current
Time
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
72
The Battle of DC versus AC
Edison system was 100V Direct Edison system was 100V Direct
Current
In September 1882 his Pearl In September 1882, his Pearl
Street plant in lower Manhattan
starts operation p
the world's first commercial electric
lighting power station.
C f City of Brockton, Massachusetts is
the first city to be electrified (1883).
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
73
Problems With Low Voltage
For the same power, the lower the voltage, p , g ,
the higher is the current.
I V P=
P: Power
V V l V: Voltage
I: Current
74
Problems With Low Voltage
High currents require large cross section High currents require large cross section
wires
Expensive copper wires
Heavy wires that cannot be easily mounted on
transmission towers
Customers voltage is substantially reduced at
heavy loading conditions heavy loading conditions
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of
Washington
75
Line Voltage Drop
RR
wire

I
u
r
c
e

I

R

V
S
V
load
Load
S
o
R I V V
wire S load
=
R
R R
V
R I V
S
load
+
= =
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
76
R R
wire
+
Wire Resistance
l
R
: Resistivity of wire
A i f i
A
R
wire
= A:cross section of wire
l: length of wire
To reduce the wire resistance, A should
increase However bigger cross section increase. However, bigger cross section
wires are
more expensive more expensive
heavier and would require poles to be placed
at shorter spans
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
77
at shorter spans.
Edisons Options
To have several small cross-section wires
feeding areas with high demands.
Expensive solution; more wires for long miles.
To place electrical generators at every
neighborhood.
Impractical and expensive solution.
T i th lt To increase the voltage
Best solution, but the technology to increase the
voltage of the dc system was not available then
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
78
voltage of the dc system was not available then.
Teslas Solution
I V P = I V P =
Tesla knew the problem was related to the low
voltage (100 V) Edison was using in his dc
system. y
For same power, increasing the supply voltage
reduces the current.
Hence the voltage drop across the wire could be Hence the voltage drop across the wire could be
reduced.
However, adjusting the voltage of dc systems
was beyond the technology at that time
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
79
was beyond the technology at that time.
Teslas Solution Tesla s Solution
Tesla was aware of the transformer invented by
Pacinotti Pacinotti
The transformer can adjust the ac voltage, not
the dc
Tesla proposed to rebuild the power system
based on ac technology
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
80
Here Comes the AC!
Main Advantage of AC: Main Advantage of AC:
The voltage of AC systems can be changed
by transformers by transformers.
How about DC?
The transformers cannot change the DC
voltage.
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
81
Teslas Solution (AC system)

Low Voltage
Transformer 2
High Voltage
Tesla s Solution (AC system)
Transmission line
Transformer 2
Power plant
Transformer 1
Low Voltage
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
82
Teslas Solution (ac system)
RR
wire
I
S
o
u
r
c
e

R

V
S
V
load
V
1
V
2
Load
Transformer 2 Transformer 1
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
83
Example
V
S
= 100 V, R = 1 O, R
wire
= 0.5 O
Compute the following:
1 The voltage at the load side 1. The voltage at the load side
2. The percentage of the load voltage with respect to
the source voltage
3. The energy consumed by the load during a 10 hour
period
4 The maximum load (minimum resistance) if the load 4. The maximum load (minimum resistance) if the load
voltage cannot be reduced by less than 10% of the
source voltage.
5 The energy consumed by the new load during a 10
84
5. The energy consumed by the new load during a 10
hour period.
Solution
V
V
V
s
67 66
100
= = = V .
.
R
R
V
wire
load
67 66
1
5 0
1 1
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
. \ . \
% .
V
load
67 66 =
V
s
V 67 66
2 2
kWh .
.
t
R
V
t P E
load
444 44 10
1
67 66
= = = =
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
85
Solution Solution
| |
=
R
V
V
load
1
|
.
|

\
|
+
R
R
V
wire
s
1
|
|

|
+
=
.
.
5 0
1
1
9 0
R = 4.5
|
.

\
+
R
1
( )
2
2
( )
kWh .
.
* .
t
R
V
t P E
load
0 18 10
5 4
100 9 0
2
2
= = = =
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
86
Edisons Reaction to Teslas Edison s Reaction to Tesla s
Idea
Edison was not impressed by Teslas
AC system because of its unsafe high y g
voltage wires that would pass through
residential areas.
Most historians believe that Edisons
rejection to the AC system was because rejection to the AC system was because
he had too much money invested in
the DC infrastructure
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
87
the DC infrastructure.
Edisons Reaction to Teslas Edison s Reaction to Tesla s
Idea
Edison used unconventional methods to
convince the public that Teslas high voltage
ac system was too dangerous ac system was too dangerous.
Live demonstrations where he deliberately
electrocuted animals such as puppies, cats,
horses and even elephants.
Edison went so far as to convince the state of New
York to use an electric chair powered by high York to use an electric chair powered by high
voltage ac system to execute condemned inmates
on the death row. Most historians believe that his
real motive was to further tarnish the safety of the
88
real motive was to further tarnish the safety of the
ac system.
Edison high voltage test
89
And the Winner is And the Winner is
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
90
Todays Wor l d at Ni ght Today s Wor l d at Ni ght
91
World Electric Energy Capacity World Electric Energy Capacity
20,000
17 000
18,000
19,000
,
TWh=10
9
kWh
15,000
16,000
17,000
T
W
h

12 000
13,000
14,000
12,000
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Year
(c) M. A. El-Sharkawi,
university of Washington
92