ME3112-1 VIBRATION MEASUREMENT

SEMESTER 5 SESSION 2012/2013

Department of Mechanical Engineering National University of Singapore

CONTENTS

TABLES OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION DYNAMIC MEASURING TECHNIQUES Objective Experimental Set-up Description of Equipments Procedure Result and Discussion

1 1 1 1 1 2 4 5

INTRODUCTION Purpose and Scope The purpose of this experiment is to introduce students to the use of certain measuring equipment commonly found in the applied mechanics laboratories. A cantilever beam is used as an object to illustrate the use of these equipments which include strainmeter, accelerometer, shaker and real time analyzer. Dynamic Measuring Techniques Objective: To familiarize with the techniques in measuring dynamic quantities. The resonance frequencies and the corresponding mode-shapes of a vibrating beam will be determined with several different techniques.

Experimental Set-up: The schematic diagram for the experiment is shown below.

Transducer

Beam Exciter Measuring Amplifier Power Amplifier Signal Amplifier

Stroboscope

Fig. 1 Schematic Diagram

Description of Equipment: (a) Electrodynamic exciter: Actual machinery vibrates either due to internal cause (unbalanced rotor, reciprocating parts etc.) or external cause (vibratory motion and/or acoustic energy transmitted from other machineries). In the laboratory environment, the machinery or structure into vibratory motion is to externally force it with harmonic force. One of the most commonly used equipment in producing this force is the electrodynamic exciter. Fig. 2 depicts a simplified cut away view of this equipment. It consists of a coil over a central core of permanent magnetic. The coil can be moved freely with respect to the magnet. When a sinusoidal signal is applied to the coil, because of electromagnetic interaction, the coil will move in a sinusoidal fashion with respect to the coil. If the coil is attached to any structure then the structure will in turn be forced to move sinusoidally. Electromagnet replaces the permanent magnet in more powerful machine.

Force Coil Suspension Low Stiffness High Stiffness

Magnet

Fig. 2 Small Electrodynamic Vibrator (b) Transducers:

Also known as sensors are used to sense certain measurable quantities of any structure. Accelerometer:

This is commonly referring to the piezoelectric type of accelerator although accelerometers based on strain gauge are also available. Piezoelectric accelerometers as shown in Fig. 3 operate on the principle that a mass moves will stresses a piezoelectric crystal.

Fig. 3 Piezoelectric accelerometer - thickness-compression type Acceleration forces cause the amount of applied force on the crystal to vary cyclically and this, by the very nature of the piezo electric effect, produces an electric output signal proportion to compression. Since this stress is itself directly related to acceleration, such a signal is proportional to the vibratory acceleration of the surface on which it is mounted. Since the electric output is charges, a charge amplifier has to be used to convert the signal to voltage signal. This is by no mean the only possible way of constructing an accelerometer. Fig. 4 shown five most commonly used modes of construction.

Fig. 4 Piezoelectric accelerometer designs

The acceleration level at various points of the structure can be measured by attaching the accelerometer one by one to all these points. These measurements will provide the overall relative motion of a structure hence it is mode-shape.
(c)

Stroboscope: Stroboscope which generates short-duration light pulses at controllable rate is the equipment commonly used to provide the first level of investigating vibratory motion. The stroboscope permits rotating and reciprocating objects to be viewed intermittently and produces the optical effect of slowing down or stopping motion. This will enable the resonant frequency and the mode-shape to be observed. The actual amplitude of motion can also be ascertained if proper reference is introduced. PROCEDURE

The rigid end of a clamped-free beam is excited by a shaker. At the resonant frequency the beam undergoes violent vibration. The resonance frequency and the corresponding modeshape can be viewed with a stroboscope, the accelerometer or the strain-gauge. Since the beam has more than one resonant frequency, determine the first five resonant frequencies and mode-shapes points by varying the frequency of excitation. Compare the values that you have obtained with theoretical results computed with the following formula.

Fig. 5 Natural frequency f i = i E I L m i = = = = = =

i2
2L
2

EI 12 ) , i = 1, 2, 3, .... m

Mode No. Youngs modulus Area moment of inertia of beam about neutral axis Span of beam mass per unit length 1.875 i = 1 4.694 i = 2

7.855 10.996 14.137 Mode shape

i i i

= 3 = 4 = 5

x x x x y cosh i cos i a i (sinh i sin i ) L L L L a1 = 0.734 ai 1.00 for i > 1

RESULT AND DISCUSSION Discuss the significance of the resonant frequencies, modes shapes and the effect of accelerometers mass on these quantities.