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Pronunciation
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R.ll.U.
10230
lntroduction
Mastering pronunciation of the Thai language can be a real challenge for foreigners, in spite of the fact that grammar, sentence structure and general usage are fairly straight forward. Non-Thai speakers whose languages are not tonal often find themselves struggling with sounds that are unfa* miliar to the ear, many of which seem to sound the same. Distinguishing between words that are identical except for tone or vowel length is especially difficult and takes some practice" Having a good ear is important but it's not necessary to be a musician! Remember-all Thais learn to hear and speak tones and vowel length whether they are musically talented or not. This is a program that has been specifically designed to help non-Thai speakers enhance their Thai listening and speaking skills. It particularly targets problems with Thai tones and vowel length. You will learn the basic five tones by heart, how to distinguish between similar sounds and much more. "Improving Your Thai Pronunciation" is not meant to be a complete language course-it doesn't address grammar or writing. To review sentence structure, writing, vocabulary building and grammar use a basic text such as "Thai for Beginners". Whether you have been learning Thai for a long time or are just starting off, you will find this pronunciation course useful, fun and user-friendly. We hope that you will feel more confident speaking Thai-you may be surprised with the improvement in your pronunciation after finishing this program!
Table of Gontents
Guide to Pronunciation The Five Tones The Vowels The Consonants Clusters Confusing Words Poly-Syllabic Words
5
l5
15 18
20
2I
24 26 28
32
Thai Intonation
Tongue Tkisters
Thaiglish
Guide to
Pronunciation
Guide to Pronunciation
Tones Because Thai is a tonal language, its pronunciation presents new challenges for English speakers. If the tone is wrong, you will not be easily understood even if everything else is correct. Thai uses five tones. For example, to pronounce a rising tone, your voice starts at a low pitch and goes up (much like asking a question in English). The phonetic transliteration in this text book uses tone marks over the vowels to show the tono for each word. Note that the tone marks used for transliteration are different from those used in Thai script. Tone Marks ( Ttansliteration)
Tone
Tone symbol
None
mid low
falling
hish rising
Guide to Pronunciation
Vowels Most Thai vowels have two versions, short and long. Short vowels are clipped and cut off at the end. Long ones are drawn out. This book shows short vowels with a single letter and long vowels with double letters ('a'for short; 'aa'
for long). The 'u'has no comparable sound in English. Try saying 'u' while spreading your lips in as wide a smile as popsible. If the sound you are making is similar to one you might have uttered after stepping on something disgusting, you are probably close!
a aa i ii u uu u uu e ee e ee
like g in Alaska like g in fgther likei in tip like ee in ses lke ps in bgpt
ren
- hand
Guide to Pronunciation
a ee
oo
c
like er in teachgy 6 - airty without the r sound like 9 but longer jea - meet like 9 in ngte Jon - poor joon -robber like o in go
c3
Complex Vowels
The following dipthongs are combinations of the above vowels.
ai
ao
ia
ua ua ei ooi
ui
eo
eo
mdi - not mao - drunk bia - beer dtua- body raa - baat nii - tittle dooi - by kur - chat reo - f,asf tio - row
saai
Guide to Pronunciation
Consonants
b
ch
d
f
g
in
j
k
I
jet
m n
p
bin - fly chfiu - name duu - look fai - fire gin - eat h6,a - five jdt - seven kon - percon ling - monkey mii - have naa - rice field
pan
thousand
in
sex
t w
in tender as in woman
as in you as in as
v
ng
iuging
spot
dr bp
as in slop
in
gw kw
as in cuam as in
geer
Guide to
Pronunciation
Practice saying the words below while your teacher listens. Then have your teacher say the words and see if you can hear the tones correctly.
Mid
maa to came rnal mile
[,ow
Falling
lligh
maa
horse
Rising
maa
dog
max
mal
no, not
new
mal silk
glai
st6i
fa,
sal sal
sa1
sal to preen
sal
fish trap
paa
to wear
intestine paa
clear
paa
pia
to split
to tuke kaao
cloth
al,ff kiao
white wat
temple
kiao
news
kiao
rice
fishy
wat a cold
sua s0a
sua
m0t
shirt yaa
grandmothe4 grass
tiger
yaa
yaa
medicine "don't"
10
Guide to Pronunciation
fi
Ru
'h
o1u
nl
ud.:
il
four
seven
rin
r!
will
to
finish
ftre
nine this correct not, no
trir
;
lt
lri rlr
d1
blue, slq
water to use to know to love
dog
li i
14tJ1
{{
'rfi.rfro
14r
tall
book
3. 4. 5.
muu
pis
white
kiao
11?
Guicle to
Pronunciation
11
to come
horse
t[t
1rl:J'1
mia
')
dog mile
new
mai
mar
mar
1:ir{
luri
!rJ, I14lJ
IJU
mar
mal
3.
lrar
r:ir
silk
knee
kio
k6o k6o
ri'r
rr{r
l111
to enter
helshe
kio
4.
kaao
R1?
:it
dr':
1l"r?
fishv
news
sii
slt
SU
6
Ei
four
the c lassiJie r for " tooth"
q
f,
sll
color
12
Guide to Pronunciation
I
Elai Elai
7. sua
lns
LnN
far
near mat
sia sia
8"
baa
'r:ri
lJ1
bia bia
9"
ir
?i") r.ir
paa paa
pia pia
10.
pir
,,J1
chff
to throw
bpaa
bpia
bp6a bpaa
11.
forest
aunt
yiak yiak
yaa
yaa
dfficult
medicine donN
12.
odr
via
13.
dr
bpuu
!
'J u1
bpiu
t4.
naa
field
nia nia
15.
vrir
14U-l
IJ
face, season
thick to have dry noodle bear
rnii
mli mii
vd ufi
Guide to
Pronunciation 13
16.
pet pet
lHPl
spicy
t,1(r:
q
diamond
in where
17.
LU
'iuu
141Fr
x8.
a cold
temple
?0
L.f
L({
t9.
[f, t,,
1n
clear
sand
u
20.
saai
saal saal saal
yl:1u
oi-r
to shake
{ru
c{-r
left
late
kio
Kao
rr-r
t1't
horn to enter
moon
2.
J.
4.
5"
6. 7. 8. 9.
10.
white rice
plqte
rubber
to mubiply
yet
you
qru
d"lu
late widower
riru
trrR
from
u'tu
11?
Mr
about
14
Guide to Pronunciation
Similar Sounds
1.
dii
bai
nuu
o
q
good
2"
TU 14U
leaf
mouse
J.
4"
pet
it{n
spicy
bag machine to guess mound, camel
5. 6. 7.
8.
dtii fi bpai 1il nguu tr bpdt r:Jer ting fir k 0ng nfr
dtao
hill
to hit
tu ga
snake
duck to
half
stove
!flir
rqu
n5 !J
9.
10.
riut glua
nfi'r
to be afraid
lrregular Tones
The tone pronunciation of some common words has evolved and they are now usually pronounced differently from the way they are written in Thai script. For example:
fifiu (d'i-chin) is usually pronounced fif;u (di-ch6n). rlr (kio) is usually pronounced u{r(k6Lo). 1ur.r lmii) (the particle) is usually pronounced riu (m6i).
In our transliteration system, we give the pronunciation most commonly used by modern Thai speakers. For example:
&Bi
Pronunciation 15
mid low
falling
hish rising
gaa
n1
gaa
rir
gia
rir
gaa
n1 .,..
gaa
dr
dii
FI
drr
FI
drr a
FI
drr
9l
drr
9'l
buu
biu
u
bfru
briu
bilu
!
ee
r0
{
ee
rd
{
ee
ud
{
rui
ee
rui
joo
In
Joo
Irl
Joo
L1
Joo
L1
Joo Id
16
The Vowels
The following vowel sounds are not familiar
to.
English speakers.
u/utr = / =
tt
0
dung hand
muu
il0
mn
sut
kuu
fi*un
nu
?',111
muu-tiu
il000
ua
rua
sua
L3o
ship
t:0
tN0
A.
mat
salt
glua
nua
mfra
tna0
rufio
north
at the time, when
til0
tun0tT0
a;
lia-chfra
unbelievable
Pronuncialion 17
e/ee
Jo
l- o;/
u- o
to find to find, to meet you to belch
tn0y
tq0
150
L?O
jee
teo reo
pee-Jae
t?totq0
tN0ytYt0y
to talk foolishly
te-te
c/cc L-1Y,/ -o
gc
Jc
Lnly
island
tnly
to make a hole
to knock
k5
tnly
rcc kcc
i0
n0
ueio
to wait
neck handsome
lic
18
The Gonsonants
The following consonant sounds are not familiar to English speakers.
ng
nguu
ngan
.l
snake
rtu
f.
money
L{
stupid
confused
{{
114{'l
^.t
lonely
dumb
nfri-ngio
{t.1'l
dt sr
dtaa
Ft't
eye
Atot
dtua
fln
v
to fall body
FI? nPi
dtie
dtaai
dtoong-dteeng
FIlU
Inrrns
Pronuneiation 19
bp,J
bpuu
tJ
crab
bpia bdt g
bpuun
rJr
forest
d{
1JU
to grill
gun target
bpio
bpi-bpaa
urJr
rjvrJr
water supply
r:
rao
ti-l
TO
we
rcc
to wait
mineral to know
rte
ruu
ui
i
f
ruu-raa mk-raan
i
I
14114:1 f
luxurious to invade
TRi-ru
I
i
20
Glusters
There are three letters that form common cluster sounds in Thai: '3r", "1" and "w". The combinations are gr-, gl-, gw-, kr-, kl-, kw-, dtr-, bpr-, bpl, pr- and pl-. Announcers, official speakers, newscasters etc. may pronounce all them. However, in normal speech many Thai people drop the "r" and "1" sounds in the cluster form, although they do pronounce the
For example: grung-tAep @angkok) will be pronounced as gung-t6ep. glin (smell, odor) will be pronounced as g)n.
kruu (teacher) will be pronounced as kuu. klccng (canal) will be pronounced as kccng.
dtrong (straight) will be pronounced as dtong. bprap (to fine, to adjust) will be pronounced as bpip. bplik 1to wake someone up) will be pronounced as bpik. praan (hunter) will be pronounced as paan. pleeng (song) will be pronounced as peeng. This can cause mix-ups at times" The word "kuu" means "ditch" and the word "paan" means "tray". In order to avoid confusing them with the words for "teacher" and "hunter", you will have to consider the context, since they are often pronounced the same.
The "w" clusters are normally pronounced fully: gwaang (deer) will be pronounced gwaang.
hprovingYourThai
ftonrrtlim
21
Gonfusing Words
Can you distinguish the following words? They are similar sounding to
non-Thai speakers.
The differences are in the tones and the vowel lengths.
kio kio
k6ro
tfl't
t111
knee
to enter
he, she
tn1
L1r"l
kio
kaao
n'l?
fishy
news
kiao kiao
kaao
drr
fl-r?
rice
11?
white to scratch
o1d
tn't
urir
ln''l
nine, step
new no
\6
lrari
u,
L?J
IJU
...right?
t"
t
22
lmproving Your Thai Pronunciation
mar
trar.r
Ud
silk
mile widow
a
maai
maar
sai
LilN
riru
'It
LX
sal sal
sal
sar
o.
Lfi
to put on intestine
ue
\iw
tf,
L{
to dig'for food
clear
sand
tm
saai saal
saal
saar
YElU
niru
to shake
{1rl
fl'ru
left
late
Can you distinguish the following words? They are similar sounding to
bia
bpaa
LJ'r
rJr
air
pia
Pronunciation 23
pet
c
LzuPI
spicy duck
bpit
rflpr
c,
bit
tUPI
6
fishhook
Lu
bpai
pa1
1il
tl^r
dii
drii
PI FI
Y1
tii
dao dtao tao
dung du*ng
LA1
to guess
stove
LFIl
L?11
grey to pull
o{
Flr:
tight
to spread
center
(e.g. wings)
n1{
nR1.1
n-t{
ni1.1
chin to groan
24
Poly-Syllabic Words
Poly-syllablic words with the same tone - mid, low, falling, high and rising respectively.
raang-wan
:1{in
pflze
halfway
clean
glaang-kan nn-t{fi'u
si-iat bpri-giat
kaao-jaao
l6ek-liii
fisolpr iltyn?n
trrtdr
vv
to contest
non-glutinous rice
odd number errand
LnsFi
to nod book
Pronunciation 25
With poly-syllabic words there is almost always a light stress on the final syllable. The non-stressed syllables, especially the first syllable in long words, usually change to mid tone. This does not always happen. Some people pronounce all the tones the same way that they' are written, although this sounds a bit stiff and unnatural to most people. It depends on the individual speaker.
sounds like
sa-wit-dii.
sounds like
bcc-ri-sit.
26
Thai lntonation
When you speak Thai, you can't use intonation the same way that you would in English. For example, in the English statement "John went to the store" ; if you change the intonation of the word "store" to a rising tone, you turn the statement into a question "John went to the store?". When speaking Thai, however, this ingrained intonation habit no longer works. Changing the tone of the last word in a statement doesn't make it a question, it changes the last word to another word entirely or to a nonsense sound. Nevertheless, Thai people are able to use their voices to express a full range of emotions-- affection, anger, doubt, joy, fear, hesitation, etc. The pitch, stress and inflection may vary depending on the mood of the speaker, however the words retain their basic tone characteristics. Please listen to the CD and pay attention to your intonation. Repeat the following sentences and practice them until you can say them like a native Thai. The first item for each number is for male speakers and the second is for female speakers.
1.
Hello!
sa-wirdii-kr6p. oistfinfu
sa-wit-dii-k6.
ricrfiri;
2.
I like Thailand very much. p6m chScp muang tai mAak kr6p. zur.rroutf,oilvrflurnn5! ch6n ch5cp muang tai miak k6. durourfio.:lnuilrnri;
Pronunciation 27
3.
6p.
4nfirltdrYrniu
uPrrlsltPrilunt
. \.&
annii pdt miak leei kr6p. annii pdt miak leei k6.
5.
0uutilPllJlflrnfln:!
0uutr.lnillRrnuflJ
v Ja
v 3a
yiu nii tr6'p. rio.:{ro{luunfu hSng naam yiu nii t<6. riotrire{lvrurir
6.
kr6p.
qrufrr.:ruo;1rnfu
k6.
qrufrrtruo;1:ri;
bpai
lJtraur.nniu
1:-l[vrur,nrir
8"
I have been in Thailand for two weeks. p5m maa muang tai diai s5cng aa-t'it l6eo.
ru ru r.r
r rfi
o.rlvulpiro.:or
fl
sr
riud'l
diai
dudr
28
lmprovingYourThai Pronunciation
Tongue Twisters
The following phrases, sentences and tongue twisters contain difficult tone or sound combinations. They may not make much sense but are good for pronunciation practice. If you can say them all correctly, you'll sound almost like a native speaker! IfThai people understand 18 out of20, you are doing excellent, 14 out of 20 is good, 10 out of 20, you can get by in Thailand O.K. and fewer than 10, well, Thai people may have to ask you a few times to figure out what you are trying to say.
krai kiai
2.
kai-gii. ln::nrl:ilri
nia
nIi.
firrirurrafirl.rau
5.
Gai pretends that she lives just near by, not far away.
gtai.
[nr1Ln?10tJ[nnI lillnn
u.,
I t
4.
Pronunciation 29
5.
m6ai
6.
lilrarilrilrar(Sa
The snake ate the mouse until the snake was confused.
Auntie took daddy to throw crabs in the woods. bp6a paa bpia bpai bpaa bpuu nai bpia.
:lrrqrrJrhirhflurJr
8^
k6o
kio
maa
rn t:lur uon:ir
9.
fii p6rpdt.
t: ioufl
unr u r :1n fi
fi cr1
10.
Nam is going to the river with thorns. nam bpai m6e-n6am mii
nlam.
frrhJuridrfiraurl
li.
30
12.
fiunvrrjurJn&uuilnnu
rir
n uld$u
15.
The tiger is on the mat. The shirt is on the tiger. The mat is on the shirt. The shirt is on the mat. The tiger is on the shirt. The mat is on the tiger.
sia yuu bon sia. sia yiu bon sIa. sia yuu bon sia. sia yuu bon sia. sia yiu bon sfia. sia yuu bon sia.
rfroo{uurf,o
ritooqjuurdo rfiooqjuurdo
rdoo{uurfro
rdooqjuurtto
rdoorjuurfio
16.
The green bowl is turned over in the morning. The white bowl is turned over in the evening.
chaam-kiao kwim ch6ao. chaam-kiao kwim kim.
trr'rriu'ln{rrir rrl:n:nirdr
Pronuncggl
t1.
giant and then the The big giant chased the small giant' small giant chased the big
A-6
18.
6i
6i
v6k-vai'
trnrfluqjlcifindr6n udrfinrirdnfllcifrnd[vrqj
tree' The palm trunk Grandpa Ti fell off the palm hit his bottom and he died' dtam dtuut dtdk dt6n-dtaan dtcc-dtaan dtaa-diii
dtaai.
srrdsrndusnnnonrn6rqn nr
u
19.
Morning,I gulP stir-fried squash' Evening,I gulP squash stir-fried' tiat pit-f6k' ch6ao riat r6t-pat' yen
rirvlrnfln
frer r,6uvlrn
fferfln
20.
received some cement and The soldier carried a gun' went to Plaster the building' bdok dtik' bpuun Uiat< bpuun bpai
32
Thaiglish
Thaiglish is a made-up word that describes the language that comes out when Thai people try to speak English (or it could equally describe what happens when English speakers try to speak Thai). There are more and more Thai people speaking English, especially those in big cities and in the business world. Quite a few become very proficient. However, there are many others who speak with a heavy Thai accent and tend to use Thai grammar with English words. This is "Thaiglish"! There are many sounds in English that are difficult for Thai speakers to pronounce. When you are in Thailand speaking English with a Thai, there may be times when you wonder what the Thai person is trying to say. Often you will laugh when you find out that they meant something entirely different from what you thought you understood. Other times you may never understand at all. Sometimes you will run across written Thaiglish. It's not uncommon to see a bewildered foreigner at a museum or historical park standing in front of a sign that was supposedly written in English by some well meaning government employee. The tourist will typically say somethiirg like "I understand every word individually but have no idea what the overall meaning of this explanation is". Such is the grammatical structure of Thaiglish. The following are a few typical examples of the ways that Thai people tend to change the pronunciation of English words. Hopefully, the list will help you to better understand what Thai people are trying to say to you in English.
Pronunciation 33
as 'sero'.
'r'
is pronounced as
'l'
or Thai
'r'.
a
e.g.: 'rat' is pronounced as 'lat' or 'rat' (with rolling 'r'), but more likely 'lat'"
as 'sewen'.
34
a syllable.
'v'or'f
'l'
is pronounced as 'n' or 'w'or is completely omitted. e.g.: 'kill' is pronounced as 'kiw' ('kiu'). 'general' is pronounced as'genneran'.
as
't'or
dropped
'ch' and 'sh' are pronounced as a soft 't'. e.g.: 'touch' is pronounced as 'tut'.
Consonant Clusters
The Thai language has some consonant clusters but people tend not to pronounce them, even when they speak Thai. When speaking informally, they often drop the 'l' and 'r' clusters completely.
e.g.:
as
'gip'.
Pronunciation 35
It is very hard for Thai people to say the word "three,,. They either pronounce it as "tree" or simply "tee". When they say that their phone number is "one-nine-four-tee,, please make sure that it is 1943 and not 1940. (They wili pronounce it as "won-ny-foe-tee.)
Many Thai speakers change the 'r' sound at the beginning of a syllable to 'l'. They also do this when they speak English.
is pronounced as 'loop'.
36
Here are some phrases in English that you can ask your Thai friends to practice saying. You will probably notice some "Thaiglish" pronunciation. Maybe they will give you some Thai tongue twisters to attempt in exchange!
(It is rare indeed that a Thai student of English every final 's' sound in the above sentence.)
She sells seashells by the seashore.
will
get
I fell in love.
Pronunciation 37
Where you from? Where you go? (Where are you going?) What your narne? lztry name Ynt. You like? (Do you like ir?) Who do? (Who did it?) Tank you. Coming soon. (It will happen soon.) Hey you! orYou, you! (For "excuse me" Don't get offended! The litteral translation of 'you' is kun which is a term of respect in Thai like
a a a a a a i i a a a a
Up to you!
Same same. Same you. (The same as you. It's the same.)
'sir'otr'ma'am'.)
n'rn boring. (I'm bored.) No have. (There isn'tlaren't any.) Over. (To finish or to exaggerate) Snake snake fish fish. (This one is from a funny Thai idiom which means ,,soso" or "comme ci comme Ea". It is a direct translation which doesn't make sense in English. For example, if you ask a Thai person whether he can speak Engiish, you might get the answer "Snake snake fish fish".)
a <) a a
38
Well known foreign words, names and places usually have an established rhai pronunciation, including tones, based on common usage, e.g. New york (niu-yick), Randy (reen-dii) or computer (kcm-piu-dt5e). Less common words may be pronounced more than one way since no exact rules have been developed for them yet. sometimes English and other foreign languages wilr be spoken in a rathei dreamy sounding flat monotone. After all, as Thai students know, English is a non-tonal language- so they try to speak it without any tones. In general, if you pronounce ioreign words in the Thai way you will be more easily understood. This means using final consonants that are familiar to Thai and duplicating Thai stress and tone patterns.
Names
t.
kr6ek or keek
hee-len or hee-leen
3.
Jinny cuu
jin-riii
b6et or br6et
4.
5.
Brad uu:fl
Paul
uon, :Jon
pccn or bpccn
6:
Christina
n?sFlrir,
kit-sa-dti(i)-nia or kit-dti-n6a
n?rflur
Pronunciation 39
7. 8. 9.
Randy
u:ufi
leen-dii or reen-dii
Laura
noir
lcc-l6a or lcc-ria
ee-rik or ee-l)k
Eric
roln
U11
12. Becker
runrnoi
13" Ronaldo
I:uruld, I:uruln
14. Thompson
rotfiu
tcm-sin
paao-weo
brish, briut or brit
15. Powell
yi1?L?n
16. Bush
I
,
n. wiltiam
-i ?ALNUN
l-if
win-liam
18. Clinton
n6ufi'u
klin-dtin or kin-dtin
m6k-doo-n6o
19. McDonald
u r,rnlnr
20. David
rnier
dee-wit
40
Sample Sentences
A.
B.
C.
biu
Flaees
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7, L 9" 10.
Las
Vegas
16at-wee-g6t or l6as-wee-g6t
nrgtrfi'n
ii-yip EBilci
sa-gSrleen rrioqunuri braa-sin or baa-sin u'lrBn
Pronunciation 41
The following places are words that are not exactly according to the adoption of transliterating words from English"
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. i8. 19. 20"
A.
jiin
tru
ang-grit 6lnqu
fa-ring-siet
olt'rrnel
fil-upin
Cir]u
B.
ru
o:
riu
C.
42
Foreign Words
Pyramid Computer
Serious
sii-iiat
AIDS
Bonus
Bowling
Fashion Technology Taxi Spaghetti Soda Video Internet Romatic Catalog Volleybali Contact lens Apartment Elevator, lift Jelly Lecture Guitar
k5p-bfri dor.Jd dirsa-g6o aoll ch5p-bflng rsrJfl': boo-ling luni.: fee-chin uv'l{iu t6k-noo-loo-fi rvrnluInf, t6k-dii rivrnB
sa-bpaa-g6t-dfii mJrrfierd soo-daa lterr wll-d11-oo --f ?Frt0 in-dtea-ndt 0urnoirfin roo-meen-dtik l:urufin
t6rOtaa-l5k kcn-tik-leen
unnsndon
nouufinunue{
wcn-1,5e-bccn rontnriuoo
aa-paat-m6n ornrintruuri
fip
fiv'hi
rund
dl
yen-Iii
l6k-ctr3e u6nrroi
gll-otaa flfl1:
Pronunciation 4g
27. Motorcycle mcc-dtee-sai tornojl,s 28. Agent ee-y6n rsrdur{ 29. Bible bai-b3n lurln 30. Cashier k6t-chia unrufiui 31 . Filrn fiirn fidru 32. Golf g5cp 33. Stapler sa-dt6p-bp5n nudrJrfln 34. Technique r6k-dk rrnf,n 35. Clutch k6at or k6t nnrr, nfrr, 36. Card E6at nrin 37. Guide (tour guide) g6i tnri 38. Sex seK rxnx .u 39" Wine waat L?u 40. Soup stip qil
noe{v,l
ct
Sample Sentences
A.
B.
New technology has been adapted to this technique. vrnlulndtvr:i'[dqn rirur'lfitil r vrn fl n d tek-noo-loo-yii mii diai tiuk nam maa cfr6i gip r6k-nik nii.
u
44
C.
D.
rolrnr srhfi nd fi'iltiu er.:pir ari; k5c soo-daa si-bpaa-g6t-0fii gip waai deeng
duai
ki.
E.
orf, r uCIoidlrif,
Eurgl
oir
frsr
rsBN 1-887521-26-7
llilfl[]llllllilruilll ufiutfiil