COUNTRY REPORT INDONESIA Overview of Organic Farming Activities in Indonesia: Networking, Research and Technology Husnain and Sri

Rochayati Introduction Adopting the Green Revolution (GR) technology that was introduced in the 1960s through the package of technology including the using of fertilizer had helped the country achieved rice self-sufficiency in 1984. The rice production and productivity had increased sharply from 3.7 million tons and 2.5 tons/ha, respectively, in 1968 to 8.2 million tons and 4.4 tons/ha, respectively, in 1984. However, the GR technology had also raised negative impact on human health and environment. By development of education and economics sectors, peoples awareness on the health and environment are rising and concept back to nature were became popular and as life style. In this paper, we discussed about several topics including netwoking of organic farming, progress of R&D focus on organic farming technology and specific technique applied in organic farming. The information provide in this paper was collected from authority and several non-governmental organization (NGO) that works on organic rice farming in Indonesia. Other information was summarized from focus group discussion, seminar and workshop on organic farming which were held in Indonesia Networking of Organic Farming in Indonesia Networking of Indonesia organic farming community has been growing since 1990s. The organic farming in Indonesia was introduced in 1984 by Bina Sarana Bakti (BSB) Foundation. The BSB is a training center for organic farmers. Most of the farmer, trainer and trader of organic farming in Indonesia were trained in BSB. In 1990, the first network of farmer and fishery group called STPN-HPS was found in Yogyakarta. Afterwards, the first Indonesian Organic Agriculture Network (JAKERPO) was also found in 1998 that supported by International Federation for Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM). Indonesian Organic Community (MAPORINA), a group consisting mostly of Ministry of Agriculture officers and those from the academe, was established in 2000. As of 2007, it has 14 branches, and focuses on research, consultation and development of organic farm models. In 2001, through active lobbying by MAPORINA, the Go Organic 2010 program was initiated by the Ministry of Agriculture. However, it was not successful due to the lack of support from

the Minister of Agriculture. In 2002, Indonesian Organic Alliance (IOA) was founded. It consisted of 45 organization members all over the country. BIOcert, the first national certification body, was developed by IOA. In 2003, Indonesian Organic Producer Association (APOI) was established by organic farmers to improve the quality and quantity of agricultural produce while conserving the environment. In the same year, the Organic Farming Development in Indonesia: Ministry of Agriculture established Organic Food Competent Authority (OKPO) (Fujimoto, 2008; Surono, 2007; Jahroh 2010). The networking of organic farming community in Indonesia as described in Table 1 Table 1. Institution, training center and certification, and producer of organic product Institution 1. Ministry of Agriculture Organic Food Competent Authority (OKPO) 2. Non-governmental organization (NGO) 3. Association of farmer communities Training Certification and Producer Commodity of horticulture, food crop, plantation 95 organic farm Location (West Sumatra, South Sulawesi, Riau, South Sumatra, Lampung West Java, Central Java, DIY, East Java, Bali, West Kalimantan, South Kalimantan,, South Sulawesi) Products: Salak (snack fruit), vegetables, mushroom, fermented food (tempe, tahu), fruits, coffee, cacao, pepper, tea, rice, peanuts, etc Commodity of animal husbandry, dairying & fisheries 4 farm Location (DKI Jakarta, East Java) Products: Chicken, chicken egg, shrimp, goat milk, yoghurt, honeybee Commodity of processed food 4 producers Location (DKI Jakarta) Coconut oil, herbal oil, other coconut products Product of bio pesticide and organic fertilizer 35 producers Location (DKI Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, East Java, DIY, West Sumatra) Products: Bio pesticide, organic fertilizer, compost

About 10 training centers About 11 certification bodies

Source: Ditjen P2HP, Indonesia Organic Alliance 2011

The Organic Food Competent Authority (OKPO) is responsible to provide regulations, monitoring, and education. Recently, OKPO initiate the national standard for organic products (SNI 01-6729-2002) and released 13 guidelines for organic farming technique and certification procedures, and using a logo for organic food. In terms of organic certification, 7 of 11 certification body have been accredited by National Accreditation Body of Indonesia (KAN) and verified by Indonesian Competent Authority of Organic Agriculture (OKPO) under the Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Indonesia as competent organic certifier body refer to KAN Guidance 901-2006 on Requirements For Operating Organic Certifier Body. Certification bodies are very important in order to ensure that production in accordance with the standard organic farming procedures, thus, protecting the consumers from deception. The roles of standardization and certification bodies are to improve quality management system of organic produce, increase market demand, support initiation of internal control system especially in small farmer groups, and increase product image on the market. At present, according to the directory of organic farming published by the Ministry of Agriculture, there are about 95 firms and farms producing organic products such as rice, fruits, vegetables, tea, herbs, medicinal plants, and 4 farms produced dairy products, 4 producers of organic processed food and 35 firms producing organic fertilizers and pesticides. All these firms and farms keep good networking with training institution, certification bodies and local and global market. Dissemination of organic farming There are several ways to educate farmers, and practicing of organic farming system such as (1) education and dissemination, and (2) commitment of stakeholders to support the development of organic farming in Indonesia. The development of organic farming rely on the dissemination. By experienced, currently all stake holders of organic farming, NGOs and government develop a linking network to provide all information about organic farming system, market and international trading. The event such as seminar, workshop, focus group discussion, organic fair trade and exhibition are held regularly as the communication forum for organic farming community. The local and national agricultural institution including university and research centers hosts the program. Beside, international events focus on organic farming is getting full attention.

Research on Organic Farming Researchs on organic farming were conducted by reseachers from research center under Ministry of Agriculture and Universities. Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD) is responsible for agricultural technology. Indonesian Soil Research Insitute is a research center under IAARD that conducted research on soil fertility, soil conservation, fertilizaion, and etc. Statistical information of organic farming Table 2. Areal of Organic Farming in Indonesia 2011 Organic farm area Certified (organic and conversion) Certification in process PAMOR-certified (PGS) uncertified organic agriculture areas Total (source: Indonesia Organic Alliance, 2011). The total area of organic farming in Indonesia in 2011 was 225.062,65 hectares, a decreased 5.77% from the previous year. Certified area was decreased from previous year about 13% (Figure 1). This decreasing due to about 32.16% of certified area of honey bee forest was discontinued in 2011. Some products were still in process of certification and not registered yet.
250000 6%) 200000 150000 100000 50000 Area(Ha) 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 409% 3% 10%

Area (Ha) 90.135,30 3,80 5,89 134.917,66 225.062,65

Figure 1. Percentage of organic farm areal in Indonesia from 2007 to 2011 (source: Indonesia Organic Alliance, 2011).

Several results of new research finding in organic farming Soil Chemical and Properties Setyorini et al (2009) reported that after three years, vegetable organic farm in West Java showing improvement in soil chemical and biological properties compared with conventional farm. Increasing nutrient content in soil obviously showed on pH, C-organic, P2O5, K2O, Ca and Mg. Soil biological properties improved indicated by increasing the population of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, rhizobium, azotobacter and penicillium in organic farm compared conventional farm. Nutrient Balance in Organic Farming System Understanding the net nutrient balance in a farming system is crucial in assessing the systems sustainability. Agus et al. (2009) quantified N, P and K balances under vegetable organic farming in a Eutric Hapludand in West Java, Indonesia in five planting seasons from 2005 to 2007. The results showed that the application of 20 t ha-1 barnyard manure per crop resulted in positive balances of N, P, and K, except in the second crops of 2006 where potassium balance were -25 to -11 kg ha-1 under the treatments involving cattle barnyard manure, because of low K content of these treatments and high K uptake by Chinese cabbage. Application of 20 to 25 t ha-1 of plant residue or 5 t ha-1 of Tithonia compost also resulted in a negative K balance. Soil available P increased significantly under 25 t ha-1 barnyard manure and that under chicken manure had the highest available P. Accordingly, chicken barnyard manure gave the highest crop yield because of relatively higher N, P and K contents. Plant residues gave the lowest yield due to the lowest nutrient content among all sources. In the long run, application of 25 t ha-1 cattle, goat, and horse manure or about 20 t ha-1 chicken manure is recommendable for sustaining the fertility of this Andisol for vegetable production. Study on Bio Pesticide to Support Organic Farming in Indonesia Arifin et al (2009) conducted research on eco-enzyme to support organic farming. Eco-enzyme is a fermentation product from daily kitchen wastes such as fruits and vegetables. It is biodegradable and environmentally safe. Based on the literature study, ecoenzyme contains acids (lactate and acetic). These fermentation products are performing high antimicrobial activity that can inhibit the microbial growth. Therefore, it can be utilized as biopesticides. The investigation on some suspected active compounds is still under studied. Eco-enzyme is economically cheap and highly available. However, the benefits of ecoenzyme is only little known by Indonesian farmers. By reducing the cost, it is expected that

the sustainability of organic farming can be increased thus that it can support the food security. The outcome of introduction of eco-enzyme to Indonesian organic farming system can reduce the production cost and make the organic products affordable to the people. Utilization of Chitosan as Bio Pesticide in Organic Farming Research conducted by Yanti et al. (2009). Chitosan can inhibit the growth of postharvest fungi. It has direct effect like can inhibit the growth of fungi through inhibit the germination of spore, change the morphology of the microorganism, induce enzyme that can use for defense. Chitosan can be spread to the postharvest fruit, vegetables, etc. and it is coated all the outer. They can survive till 14 days after the storage. Chitosan as an abundant by product of the crab and shrimp processing industries give beneficial to support sustainable organic agriculture. The role of chitosan not only as the coating in the outer of fruits and vegetables but also as plants defense booster. Because of that reason chitosan has a potential role to be developed as alternative biopesticide for postharvest plants. Socio Economic Analyses of Organic Rice Farming System Agus et al (2006) reported that there is no difference between rice farm operation with conventional system and organic farm system. The labors productivity on organic rice farm operation is 56.928, is still higher than labors income in experiments location. R/C ratios value is 1.81, rent ability value was 81% and about 45% in a month. R/C ratio higher than 1 means farmer get benefit from this system, while rent ability value 81% means from 1 US$, the benefit 0.81US$. Rent ability values were found much lower (45% per month) than bank interest for agricultural sector (1.5-2% per month). From this study, the conclusion is that organic rice farm operation is recommended to adopt by farmers. Farmer Practice on Organic Farming Vegetable crops Commonly, organic vegetables cultivate in upland with permanent bed sized 1 m x 10 m. The edge of planting bed was covered with grass to conserve the planting area and the bed. This grass have a function to decrease soil and water erosion and the residue can be used as compost. This bed sized is an ideal sized because it can easier the farmers while doing their activity such as land preparation, pest control (hand picking), and also harvesting. Vegetable plants usually are planted with two or three types of plant from different family in a bed. Selection of plant for combination in a bed should consider several things

such as: 1) intercropping in one bed with defferent plant age, 2) characteristic of plant, make sure to plant several different family, 3) plant pest repellent, one plant become pest repellent for other plants, and 4) selecting the plant must consider nutrients requirement. Organic farming also applied inviro valo technic, that means a bed for cultivation of main plant and legume, for example combination of corn and legume. This technique was known increased soil nutrients availability. The land is also need a rest at least two months after used for production for three years to recover its fertility (resting the land). Plant pattern that common to use is leaves vegetables, parsnip vegetables, and fruits vegetables. Type of vegetables that cultivated among farmers are relatively same, consists of leave vegetables (green spinach, red spinach, Ipomoea reptans, Brassica rapa convar, Lactuca sativa, Welsh onion etc), fruit vegetables (chilli, eggplant, tomato, cucumber, etc), and parsnip vegetables (potatoe, cassava, carrot, radish, etc). To fulfill nutrient requirements for plant, organic farming only use organic fertilizer that derived from manure and plant residue. Commonly, farmers also have livestock and then they can utilize the manure (solid or urine waste). To prevent and control pest and diseases attack, farmer use plant pest repellent (bio pesticide) when hand picking is no longer effective. Bio Pesticide can be made from The plant that can be used as biopesticide are Vicia faba L, Andropogon nardus, Toona sinensis (Adr.Juss) M. J. Roemer, etc. Organic Rice Farming Technology Some advantages by doing rice organic farming are 1) increasing plant growth and number of rice seedling specially after 3 years, 2) increasing plant strengthen on facing pest and disease attack, 3) increasing soil fertility, and also the taste of organic rice is more taste than conventional rice. Up to now, farmers have difficulties to find organic rice seeds. In organic farming cultivation, status of rice seed must pure organic. Usually farmers plant local seed such as local variety rice of Sintanur, Red rice, and Pandan wangi rice. Mostly, they get seeds by cultivated by their own but some farmers buy seeds from agriculture store. Soil tillage in organic farming commonly similar as like conventional farming, that is ploughing using tractor. Soil tillage is done two times until land is ready to use. In

cultivating organic rice farming, we applied System of Rice Intensification (SRI). This system using young seed (5 -12 old day) and plant one seed in one hole. Plant spacing that they used is 25 cm x 25 cm and 30 cm x 30 cm. System of Rice Intensification (SRI) were very water saving, because this system applied intermittent irrigation. Farmer usually applies about 6-12 ton/ha/planting season cow manure compost as fertilizer. The compost spread over the soil after second tillage. In order to control pest and disease attack using hand picking or using bio-pesticide if necessary. References Agus FX, Suyono, Hermawan R. 2006. The suitable analyses of rice farm operation on organic farming system in Bantul Regency. Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Pertanian Vol. 2 No 2. Alliansi Organic Indonesia. 2011. Statistics of Organic Farming in Indonesia. Arifin L.W, Argya Syambarkah, Hanna Sutsuga Purbasari, Rizkita Ria, Vita Ayu Puspita. 2009. Introduction of eco-enzyme to support organic farming in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Food and Agro-Industry. 2009, Special Issue, S356-S359 Available online at www.ajofai.info Fahmuddin Agus, Diah Setyorini, Wiwik Hartatik, Sang-Min Lee, Jwa-Kyung Sung, and JaeHoon Shin. 2009. Nutrient Balance and Vegetable Crop Production as Affected by Different Sources of Organic Fertilizers. Korean Journal of Soil Science Fertilizer. 42 (1). 1-13 (2009) Fujimoto, A. 2008. Promoting Organic Farming in Japan, Symposium and Field Day of Organic Farming on 25 November 2008, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia. Jahroh S. 2010. Organic Farming Development in Indonesia: Lessons Learned From Organic Farming In West Java And North Sumatra. In proceeding of ISDA 2010 (Montpellier, June 28-30, 2010 1). Available at Setyorini D, Wiwik H, Widati. 2007. Project Report of Organic Farming. Indonesian Soil Research Institute. Puslittanak. Badan Litbang Pertanian. Surono, J. and J. Indro. 2007. Country Case Study of Indonesia, Regional Conference on Organic Agriculture in Asia 12-15 December 2007, Bangkok, Thailand. Yanti D.V. Prima Triwahyu Nugroho2, Riska Aprisa2 and Erik Mulyana2. 2009. The potential of chitosan as alternative biopesticide for postharvest plants. As. J. Food AgInd. 2009, Special Issue, S241-S248. Available online at www.ajofai.info