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2.
II.
A. 1. a. b. 1. 2. c. d. 2. a. b. c. d. B. 1. 2. a. b. c. d. 3. a. b. 1. 2. 3. 4. 4. a. 1. 2. 3. 4. b. 1. 2. c. 1. 2.
III.
A. 1.
2. B. 1.
2. 3. 4. 5. C. 1. a. b. c. d. 2. a. b. c. 3. a.
b. 1. 2. 4. a. b. c. 5. D. 1. a. b. c. 1. 2. 2. a. b. c.
Most states and federal government disagree Supreme Court allows government to compel reporters to divulge information in court if it bears on a crime Myron Farber jailed for contempt Police search of newspaper office upheld Regulating broadcasting FCC licensing Seven years for radio Five years for television Stations must serve "community needs" Public service, other aspects can be regulated Recent movement to deregulate License renewal by postcard No hearing unless opposed Relaxation of rule enforcement Radio broadcasting deregulated the most Telecommunications Act of 1996 permits one company to own as many as eight stations in large markets (five in smaller ones) Results: Few large companies now own most of the big-market radio stations Greater variety of opinion on radio Other radio and television regulations Equal time rule Right-of-reply rule Political editorializing rule Fairness doctrine was abolished in 1987 Campaigning Equal time rule applies Equal access for all candidates Rates no higher than least expensive commercial rate Debates formerly had to include all candidates Reagan-Carter debate sponsored by LWV as a "news event" Now stations and networks can sponsor Efficiency in reaching voters Works well when market and district overlap Fails when they are not aligned More Senate than House candidates buy TV time
IV.
A. 1. a. b. 2. 3. a. b. B.
1. 2. 3. a. b. 4. a. b. 5. 6.
Conventions scheduled to accommodate television coverage Candidates win party nomination via media exposure, for example, Estes Kefauver Issues established by media attention Environment Consumer issues Issues that are important to citizens similar to those in media TV influences political agenda But people less likely to take media cues on matters that affect them personally Newspaper readers see bigger candidate differences than do TV viewers TV news affects popularity of presidents; commentaries have shortterm effect
V.
A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. B. 1. 2. a. b. c. 3. a. b.
VI.
A. 1. a. b. 2. 3. a. b. c. d. 4. a. 1. 2. b.
1. 2. 3. c. 5. a. b. c. 6. a. b. B. 1. a. b. c. 2. a. b. c. d. 3. a. b. c. d. 4. 5. 6. C. 1. 2. 3. a. b.
c. d. 4. a. b. D. 1. a. b.
Selection involves perception of what is important Liberal and conservative papers do different stories Increasing in number; reflect views of press more than experts or public Insider stories: not usually made public; motive problem Studies on effects of journalistic opinions Nuclear power: antinuclear slant School busing: probusing Media spin almost inevitable Insider stories raise questions of informant's motives From official background briefings of the past To critical inside stories of post-Watergate era Why do we have so many news leaks? Constitution: separation of powers Power is decentralized Branches of government compete Not illegal to print most secrets Adversarial nature of the press since Watergate Press and politicians distrust each other Media are eager to embarrass officials Competition for awards Spurred by Irangate: arms for hostages Cynicism created era of attack journalism Most people do not like this kind of news Cynicism of media mirrors public's increasing cynicism of media People believe media slant coverage Public support for idea of licensing journalists or fines to discourage biased reporting Public confidence in big business down and now media are big business Drive for market share forces media to use theme of corruption Increased use of negative advertising Sensationalism in the media Prior to 1980, sexual escapades of political figures not reported Since 1980, sex and politics extensively covered Reasons for change Sensationalism gets attention in a market of intense competition. Sensational stories are often cheaper than expert analysis and/or investigation of stories about policy or substantive issues. Journalists have become distrusting adversaries of government. Journalists are much more likely to rely on unnamed sources today and, as a result, are more easily manipulated. Impact of September 11 Public interest in national news Greater confidence and trust in news organizations Government constraints on journalists Reporters must strike a balance between Expression of views Retaining sources
2. 3. a. b. c. d. e.
Abundance of congressional staffers makes it easier Governmental tools to fight back Numerous press officers Press releases, canned news Leaks and background stories to favorites Bypass national press for local Presidential rewards and punishments for reporters based on their stories