Eric Stepanian Period 2

Chapter 13: Paths to Constitutionalism and Absolutism

Two Models of European Political Development pg 418 The cost of war increased due to changes in military organization, weapons, and tactics. Traditional resources of revenue could not handle the increase in growing costs of the military. The English monarchy threatened local politics and economics interest. The French monarchy made the nobility dependent upon the kings good will. A strong Protestant movement known as Puritanism arose in England and opposed the Stuart monarchy. In France both the king and the Catholic Church crushed opponents to Catholicism. In England, Parliament has bargained with the monarchy over political issues, created legislation and laws. In France the Estates General represented the people of France however after the 17th century they had no role in government. In both England and France, the nobility and large landowners were at the top of social hierarchy and sought to protect their privileges and local interest. In England a Parliamentary form of government was established to protect the highest class and to limit the power of the monarchy. In France the nobility concluded the best way to secure its interest was to support the monarchy. Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England pg 420 James I On the death of Queen Elizabeth, James I the son of Mary Stuart Queen of Scotts becomes King of England. King James advocated the divine right of the king- wants little interference from other political groups. Parliament can only meet when the king calls it into session. To acquire more money the king creates a new custom duty (tax) known as impositions older versions of this tax was called tonnage and poundage. Puritans- sought to purify, or reform, that church and establish a middle course between Roman Catholicism and the ideas of the Protestant reformers. They sought to eliminate elaborate religious ceremonies and to replace the hierarchical Episcopal system of church governance with a more representative Presbyterian form like Calvinist. Puritans wrote a set of grievances to the king called Millenary Petition. King responded at a religious conference in Hampton Court, declaring he would not accommodate the Puritans. However he did have the bible translated in 1611. Puritans decide to leave the country rather to reform to Anglican Church. They founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the Plymouth Colony in America. King James governed by favorites. Duke of Buckingham the kings lover controlled royal patronage and openly sold peerages and titles to the highest bidders. James foreign policy was peace which meant he would not have to call parliament for money and be dependent on their good will. Parliament wanted a war with Spain to increase their power and insure that England remains non-catholic Charles I pg 423 The son to King James I. England enters a war with Spain and parliament refuses to adequately fund it. In response Charles levies new tariffs and duties and attempts to collect discontinue taxes. He enters into a forced loan tax and those who refuse to pay go to jail. He has military troops quartered in private homes. 1628 Parliament was called into session, because the king needed more money for the war in Spain. Parliament was displeased with the king for his illegal tax collection and would only issue more money if the king agreed to recognize the Petition of Rights. This meant there would be no forced loans or taxation without consent of Parliament, no freeman would be imprisoned without free cause, and troops should not be quartered in private homes. To prevent Parliament from gaining more power Charles dissolves it and makes peace with France and Spain to conserve money. Parliament is not called

Eric Stepanian Period 2 again until 1640 when the war of Scotland occurs. Charles becomes creative in tax collecting by extending the scope of taxes. Ship Money was a tax collected for the purpose for naval protection of the coast; Charles extends the tax and has all of England paying the tax regardless if they live by the coast. Charles also sold titles to gain revenues; this practice would reduce the power of the older titles in local influence and social standing. Charles tries to impose religious conformity within England and Scotland by imposing on Scotland the English Episcopal system and prayer book. Scotts rebel unleashing a war. Charles calls Parliament into session. Parliament demands the king to redress a long list of political and religious grievances, before issuing money for the war. In response the king dissolves Parliament which becomes known as the Short Parliament (April- May 1640) The Long Parliament pg 424 Landowners and merchant class represented by Parliament were dissatisfied by the king politically and religiously. Parliament made it illegal to collect taxes that were not approved and Parliament made a law requiring them to be called at least every three years, and could not be dissolved without its consent. Parliament was divided on the issue of religion. Eruption of Civil War pg 425 Charles saw this as an opportunity to reassert his power. Parliament presents the king with Grand Remonstrance which is a 200 article summary against the crown. The King invades Parliament to arrest its leaders, who fled prior to his arrival. Parliament passes the Militia Ordinance which gave them the power to raise their own army. War lasted from August 1642-1646. Issues that were fought over- 1) Who should rule, King or Parliament 2) Would English religion be controlled by the king or adopt a decentralized system. Royals supporters were called Cavaliers the Parliament was known as Roundheads, because of their close-cropped hair. Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Republic pg 425 Parliament wins against the King for two reasons 1) Parliament allied its self with Scotland in 1643. Solemn League and Covenant an agreement with the Scots to a Presbyterian system of church government. 2) Oliver Cromwell becomes the leader of the Parliament army. Prides Purge Colonel Thomas Pride physically barred the Presbyterians from taking their seats in Parliament. As a result only 50 members were able to take there seats and vote, known as the Independent Rump Parliament. They tried and executed Charles. They also abolished the monarchy. 1649-1660 England was a Puritan republic. Parliament tries to disband Cromwells army; Cromwell retaliates and disbands Parliament and making him Lord Protector according to the Constitution Instrument of Government. 1658 Cromwell dies ending the military dictatorship, which was hated by Parliament and Protestants. Charles II and the Restoration of the Monarchy pg 427 Charles II restores England to the status quo of 1642 with a hereditary monarch on the throne, king decides when to call parliament and the Anglican Church is the Church of the land, however he believes in being tolerant to other religions. Parliament passes laws called Clarendon Code which excludes no Anglicans from religious and political life of the nation. Parliament reinstates the navigation act which requires all imports to be carried in English ships or in ships registered to the country from which the cargo originated from. This law dramatically affected the Dutch for its main industry was shipping. This caused a series of naval wars between Dutch and England. Treaty of Dover France and England formally allied against the Dutch. Declaration of Indulgences this law suspended all laws against Roman Catholics and Protestant nonconformist. Test Act- which required all officials of the crown, civil and military, to swear an oath against the doctrine of transubstantiation Charles dies in 1685 James II and Renewed Fears of a Catholic England pg 429

Eric Stepanian Period 2 James II 1685-1688 He repealed the Test Act and appointed Catholics to high positions alienating parliament. 1687 he issues the Declaration of Indulgences which suspends all religious test and permits free worship. Parliament worried about having the King declare England Catholic they unite. James second wife gives birth to a Catholic son the heir to the English throne causing fear within Parliament. James older daughter is married to William III of Orange in the Netherlands who Parliament hoped would gain the throne if James never had a male heir. The Glorious Revolution pg 429 William of Orange and his wife the daughter to James were asked by Parliament to invade England. James flees to France when William III shows with his army. Parliament declares the throne vacant and proclaims Mary and William the new monarchy in 1689. William agrees to recognize a Bill of Rights that limits the powers of the monarchy and guarantees the civil liberties of the English privilege classes, except it prohibits Catholics from occupying the English throne. Toleration Act of 1689 permitted worship by all Protestants but outlawed Roman Catholics and anti-Trinitarians. Act of Settlement- in 1701 this bill provides for the English crown to go to James II second daughter and her children, however if the daughter dies after her children then the throne would go to Germany to the House of Hanover. George I of Germany becomes King of England. John Locke writes Second Treaties of Government 1690 describes the relationship of the king and his people as a bilateral contract. If the king breaks the contract the people have the right to rebel. Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France 430 Louis XIV subjected his people at home to one king, one law, one faith. Louis would support the nobles local authority and in return the nobles would support his central royal authority. Henry IV and Sully pg 431 Henry Navarre 1589-1610 Henry sought to curtail the privileges of the French nobility by targeting governors, and regional parlements. Royal civil servants known as intendants goals were to prevent abuses from the sale of royal offices that had the right to collect revenues, sell licenses, or carry out other smaller forms of administration. Corvee was a royal labor tax that created a national force of drafted workers who were employed to improve roads and facilitate internal travel. Henry assassinated in 1610 Louis XIII and Richelieu pg 431 Henrys 9 year old son becomes king with his mom Marie de Medicis becoming regent. Treaty of Fontainebleau 1611 was a 10 year mutual defense pact with Spain; it also arranged for the marriage of Louis XIII and a Spanish princess and a marriage between Elizabeth her daughter with the heir to the Spanish throne. Cardinal Richelieu 1585-1642 becomes the kings chief advisor. Richelieu pursued a strongly anti Habsburg policy. He also tries to limit Spains power over France by supporting Protestants in foreign countries. Treaty of the Pyrenees 1659 seals peace between France and Spain. Richelieu campaigns against the Huguenots. Peace of Alais 1629 shortened the Edict of Nantes by denying Protestants the right to maintain garrisoned cities, separate political organizations, and independent law courts. Richelieus policies created strong resentment of the monarchy by the nobility and wealthy commercial groups. Young Louis XIV and Mazarin pg 432 Louis becomes king in 1643 at the age of 5, is mother Anne of Austria places the power of government in the hands of Cardinal Mazarin. Mazarin continues Richelieus policy creating more resentment. A series of widespread rebellions break out known as Fronde. Nobility and townspeople sought to reverse

Eric Stepanian Period 2 the trend of a growing absolute monarchy and to preserve local autonomy. Louis flees the country for a short while, until he is asked to return. Nobility were unable to govern themselves effectively. The Years of Louis XIVs Personal Rule pg 432 Mazarin dies and Louis does not appoint another chief administer. Louis used propaganda to show the public of his great achievements. Louis also allowed local governments to retain most of their power. Any laws or taxations that might affect the local region Louis consulted with the local parlements. However he did clash with the Parlements of Paris, so he curtails their power, local parlements also dislike the Parlements of Paris. King by Divine Right pg 433 Bishop Jacques-Benigne Bossuet a political theorist who believes the rights of the French king and the church against the pope in appointments and taxation. Versailles pg 433 The permanent residence of Louis after 1682, and is located on the outskirts of Paris. Louis uses the court life to have nobles ask for their favors. Suppression of Jansenists pg 434 Louis believed that political unity and stability required religious conformity. Jansenism believed that original sin had so corrupted humankind that individuals could do nothing good nor secure their own salvation without divine grace. Movement started by Cornelius Jansen, and was in conflict with the teachings of the Jesuits. 1660 Louis permitted the Sacram Sedem 1656 to be enforced which banned the Jansenism from France. Government Geared for Warfare pg 435 By 1660 France was superior to any other European nation in administrative bureaucracy, armed forces, and national unity. Three French ministers established and supported Louis great war machine: Colbert, Louvois, and Vauban Colbert and the French Economy Jean-Baptiste Colbert 1619-1683 was the controller general of finances. Colbert economic policy was carefully regulating the flow of imports and exports create new industries, and public works. He also cut down on administrative positions, reduced the number of tax-exempt nobles, and increased taxes on peasants. Mercantilism is when governmental control was exercised over industry and trade in accordance with the theory that national strength is increased by a preponderance of exports over imports. Louvois, Vauban, and the French Military Louvois is the war minister from 1677-1691. Louvois instituted good salaries and improved discipline, making soldering a respected position. Introduced a system of promotion by merit Sebastien Vauban perfected the arts of fortifying and besieging towns. He devised a system of trench warfare Louiss Early Wars pg 436 War of Devotion 1667-1668 fought over Louiss claim to the Spanish Belgium provinces. He believed his wife should have inherited properties on the death of her father the Spanish King. England, Sweden,

Eric Stepanian Period 2 and the united provinces of Holland form a triple alliance to compel Louis to back off from the territory and sign the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1668. Invasion of the Netherlands pg 437 Treaty of Dover 1670 England and France becomes allies against the Dutch thus weakening the Triple Alliance and allows Louis to invade the Netherlands in 1672. During the battle France gains control over the Mediterranean. The Peace of Nijmwegen ended the hostilities of the second war. United Netherlands retain all of its territory Revocation of the Edict of Nantes pg 437 Louis launched a campaign against the Huguenots in a determined effort to unify France religiously. Banned Huguenots from government office, excluded them from certain professions such as printing and medicine. Louis used taxes to encourage converting to Catholicism. In October 1685 Edict of Nantes was revoked, resulting into the closure of schools and churches. Louiss Later Wars map on 438 The League of Augsburg created in 1686 to resist French expansion into Germany, it includes England, Spain, Sweden, the United Providences, and the electorates of Bavaria, Saxony, and the palatinate. Peace of Ryswick signed in September 1697 secured Hollands borders and stopped Louis expansion into Germany. War of the Spanish Succession: Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt pg 441 November 1 1700 the king of Spain Charles II dies. Louis and the Australian emperor Leopold had claims to the Spanish inheritance through their grandsons. The throne should go to Louis grandson because his grandmother was the oldest daughter; however she renounced her right to the throne when she signed the Treaty of Pyrenees 1659. Charles II leaves his empire to Phillip of Anjou Louiss grandson, upsetting the balance of power. Phillip moves to Madrid Spain and becomes Phillip V king of Spain. Louis attacks Flounders again, but this time in the name of Spain. September 1701, England, Holland, and the Holly Roman Empire formed the Grand Alliance to counter Louis territorial goals. 1701, the 13 year war of the Spanish Succession begins. France goes to war with a weakened army, archaic weapons, and a weak economy France loses the majority of battles against England who is superior in weapons, money, and generals. 1713 Frances signed an armistice with England at Utrecht which concluded hostilities. It confirmed Phillip as king of Spain but gave Gibraltar and the island of Minorca to England Louis XIVs Legacy pg 442 Louis XIV had left a mixed legacy on France. France had been deprived of its natural resources and was brought death and destruction throughout the land because of the wars Louis XIV had brought. A period of peace would help recover France but the wars had put France in a financial crisis, which would have made it difficult for systems of self-government to develop. Louis XIVs rule had mainly focused on state action, instead of national unity. He had affected classical European state action majorly.