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Session on
LearningStatisticstheEasyWay
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the session, the participants should be able to:
1. 1 Describe data using the common measures of central tendency; 2. Describe data in terms of their variability and skewness; and 3. Determine the most applicable measure of pp central tendency given different types of distribution.
2011 LearnStat Sessions 2 BUREAU OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT STATISTICS
OUTLINE
1. Measures of Central Tendency Mean Median Median Mode 2. 2 Measures of Dispersion 3. Skewness 4. 4 Types of Distribution
M Measures of Central Tendency u f n n y A. MEAN - commonly referred to as the average or arithmetic mean. - most widely used measure of central location.
of 13 Job Applicants
Applicant Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Total Age 30 28 25 35 25 34 20 19 26 18 17 16 25 318
BUREAU OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT STATISTICS
Age 16 17 18 19 20 25 25 25 26 28 30 34 35
BUREAU OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT STATISTICS
The median value is the middle most value in the data set.
Median age = 25
Age 16 17 18 19 20 25 25 26 26 6 28 30 34 35 35
BUREAU OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT STATISTICS
The median value is the sum of the two middle most values in the data n set divided by 2. Median age = 25 + 26 2 = 25.5
14
5 3 9 2 1 6
MEASURES OF DISPERSION Let us take 5 sets of observations Set 1: Set 2: Set 3: Set 4: Set 5: 45 45 44 41 44 45 46 45 43 45 47 46 46 48 48 48 48 49 48 49 50 50 51 55 49
x = 47
Questions remain unanswered even after getting the mean: How variable are the data sets? How do the values in each data set differ from each other? How are the values in each data set clustered or dispersed from each other?
2011 LearnStat Sessions 13 BUREAU OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT STATISTICS
Measures of Dispersion
-
group of analytical tools that describes the spread or variability of a data set set.
Importance of the measures of dispersion supplements an average or a measure of central tendency compares one group of data with another fd h h indicates how representative the average is. is
Range
Measures of Dispersion
Quartile Deviation Mean Absolute Deviation Variance/ Standard Deviation Coefficient of variation
Based on the position of an observation i a b ti in distribution Measures the dispersion around an average
SKEWNESS
describes the degree to which the data deviates from symmetry. when the distribution of the data is not symmetrical, it is said to be asymmetrical or skewed.
Symmetrical/Normal Distribution
Bell shaped distribution The mean, median and mode are all located at one point.
Observations are mostly concentrated towards the smaller values and there are some l d th extremely high values. Also called skewed to the right distribution
Income
Observations are mostly concentrated towards the larger values and there are some extremely low values. Al called skewed t th left Also ll d k d to the l ft distribution.
Considerations to be made when using the three most common measures of central tendency: mm m f y
Distribution Normal Level of Measurement Interval or Ratio Measure to Use Mean Other Considerations When further statistical calculations or mathematical manipulations are needed When all observations are considered in the computation When distribution has open-ended open ended intervals When interested in the most frequently occurring observation
BUREAU OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT STATISTICS
Skewed Skewed
Ordinal Nominal
Median Mode
If the first di it t b d th fi t digit to be dropped i l d is less th 5 than 5, round down. If the first digit to be dropped is greater than or equal to 5 round up 5, up.
Examples: E l
Round off 185.5 into a whole number: 186 185 5 Round off 185.468 into a whole number: 185 Round off 184.51 into a whole number: 185 184 51 Round off 2.0547 into one decimal place: 2.1 Round off 2.073 i t t R d ff 2 073 into two d im l places: 2 07 decimal l s: 2.07
More Examples:
1. M 1 Manual Computation l 2010 labor productivity (at constant 2000 prices) = (GDP/Employed)
2. Electronic Computation
In Microsoft Excel, you can use the following syntax: =round(value to be rounded off, number of decimal place to be retained) The value to be rounded off can be a single number or a formula to obtain a single number number. Example: Round off 275.689 into two decimal places: 275 689 =round(275.689, 2) = 275.69 2010 labor productivity at constant 2000 prices: p y p