Chap 15 Heat Exchangers

The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method 13-32C Tlm is called the log mean temperature difference, and is expressed as Tlm = where T1 = Th,in - Tc ,in T = Th ,in - Tc,out T2 = Th ,out - Tc,out T2 = Th ,out - Tc,in for parallel-flow heat exchangers and for counter-flow heat exchangers T1 T2 ln( T1 / T2 )

13-33C The temperature difference between the two fluids decreases from T1 at the inlet to T2 at the T + T2 outlet, and arithmetic mean temperature difference is defined as Tm = 1 . The logarithmic mean 2 temperature difference Tlm is obtained by tracing the actual temperature profile of the fluids along the heat exchanger, and is an exact representation of the average temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids. It truly reflects the exponential decay of the local temperature difference. The logarithmic mean temperature difference is always less than the arithmetic mean temperature. 13-34C Tlm cannot be greater than both T1 and T2 because Tln is always less than or equal to Tm (arithmetic mean) which can not be greater than both T1 and T2. 13-35C No, it cannot. When T1 is less than T2 the ratio of them must be less than one and the natural logarithms of the numbers which are less than 1 are negative. But the numerator is also negative in this case. When T1 is greater than T2, we obtain positive numbers at the both numerator and denominator. 13-36C In the parallel-flow heat exchangers the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at the same end, and the temperature of the hot fluid decreases and the temperature of the cold fluid increases along the heat exchanger. But the temperature of the cold fluid can never exceed that of the hot fluid. In case of the counter-flow heat exchangers the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger from the opposite ends and the outlet temperature of the cold fluid may exceed the outlet temperature of the hot fluid. 13-37C The Tlm will be greatest for double-pipe counter-flow heat exchangers. 13-38C The factor F is called as correction factor which depends on the geometry of the heat exchanger and the inlet and the outlet temperatures of the hot and cold fluid streams. It represents how closely a heat exchanger approximates a counter-flow heat exchanger in terms of its logarithmic mean temperature difference. F cannot be greater than unity.

13-19

Chap 15 Heat Exchangers 13-39C In this case it is not practical to use the LMTD method because it requires tedious iterations. Instead, the effectiveness-NTU method should be used. T1 T2 , ln( T1 / T2 ) correction factor from the figures, and finally the surface area of the heat exchanger from Q = UAFDTlm,cf 13-40C First heat transfer rate is determined from Q = mC p [Tin - Tout ] , Tln from Tlm =

13-41 Steam is condensed by cooling water in the condenser of a power plant. The mass flow rate of the cooling water and the rate of condensation are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant. Properties The heat of vaporization of water at 50C is given to be hfg = 2305 kJ/kg and specific heat of cold water at the average temperature of 22.5C is given to be Cp = 4180 J/kg.C. Analysis The temperature differences between the steam and the cooling water at the two ends of the condenser are

T1 = Th ,in Tc,out = 50 C 27 C = 23 C T2 = Th ,out Tc,in = 50 C 18 C = 32 C

and

Steam 50C 27C

Tlm =

T1 T2 23 32 = = 27.3 C ln( T1 / T2 ) ln(23 / 32)

18C Water 50C

Then the heat transfer rate in the condenser becomes Q = UAs Tlm = (2400 W/m 2 .C)(58 m 2 )(27.3C) = 3800 kW The mass flow rate of the cooling water and the rate of condensation of steam are determined from Q = [mC p (Tout Tin )] cooling water m cooling =
water

Q C p (Tout Tin )

3800 kJ/s = 101 kg/s (4.18 kJ/kg.C)(27C 18C)

Q 3800 kJ / s h Q = (m fg ) steam m steam = = = 1.65 kg / s hfg 2305 kJ / kg

13-20

Chap 15 Heat Exchangers 13-42 Water is heated in a double-pipe parallel-flow heat exchanger by geothermal water. The required length of tube is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant. Properties The specific heats of water and geothermal fluid are given to be 4.18 and 4.31 kJ/kg.C, respectively. Analysis The rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger is Q = [mC p (Tout Tin )]water = (0.2 kg / s)(4.18 kJ / kg. C)(60 C 25 C) = 29.26 kW Then the outlet temperature of the geothermal water is determined from Q 29.26 kW Q = [mC p (Tin Tout )] geot.water Tout = Tin = 140C = 117.4C mC p (0.3 kg/s)(4.31 kJ/kg.C) The logarithmic mean temperature difference is

T1 = Th ,in Tc,in = 140 C 25 C = 115 C T2 = Th ,out Tc,out = 117.4 C 60 C = 57.4 C

and Brine 140C

60C

Tlm =

T1 T2 115 57.4 = = 82.9 C ln( T1 / T2 ) ln(115 / 57.4)

The surface area of the heat exchanger is determined from Q = UAs Tlm As = Q 29.26 kW = = 0.642 m 2 2 UTlm (0.55 kW/m )(82.9C) As 0.642 m 2 = = 25.5 m D (0.008 m)

Water 25C

Then the length of the tube required becomes As = DL L =

13-21

Chap 15 Heat Exchangers 13-43 "!PROBLEM 13-43" "GIVEN" T_w_in=25 "[C]" T_w_out=60 "[C]" m_dot_w=0.2 "[kg/s]" C_p_w=4.18 "[kJ/kg-C]" T_geo_in=140 "C], parameter to be varied" m_dot_geo=0.3 "[kg/s], parameter to be varied" C_p_geo=4.31 "[kJ/kg-C]" D=0.008 "[m]" U=0.55 "[kW/m^2-C]" "ANALYSIS" Q_dot=m_dot_w*C_p_w*(T_w_out-T_w_in) Q_dot=m_dot_geo*C_p_geo*(T_geo_in-T_geo_out) DELTAT_1=T_geo_in-T_w_in DELTAT_2=T_geo_out-T_w_out DELTAT_lm=(DELTAT_1-DELTAT_2)/ln(DELTAT_1/DELTAT_2) Q_dot=U*A*DELTAT_lm A=pi*D*L Tgeo,in [C] 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 L [m] 53.73 46.81 41.62 37.56 34.27 31.54 29.24 27.26 25.54 24.04 22.7 21.51 20.45 19.48 18.61 17.81 17.08 16.4 15.78 15.21 14.67

13-22

Chap 15 Heat Exchangers

mgeo [kg/s] 0.1 0.125 0.15 0.175 0.2 0.225 0.25 0.275 0.3 0.325 0.35 0.375 0.4 0.425 0.45 0.475 0.5

L [m] 46.31 35.52 31.57 29.44 28.1 27.16 26.48 25.96 25.54 25.21 24.93 24.69 24.49 24.32 24.17 24.04 23.92

13-23

Chap 15 Heat Exchangers

55 50 45 40

L [m ]

35 30 25 20 15 10 100 120 140 160 180 200

T geo,in [C]
50 45 40

L [m ]

35 30 25 20 0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

m geo [kg/s]

13-24

Chap 15 Heat Exchangers 13-44E Glycerin is heated by hot water in a 1-shell pass and 8-tube passes heat exchanger. The rate of heat transfer for the cases of fouling and no fouling are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 Heat transfer coefficients and fouling factors are constant and uniform. 5 The thermal resistance of the inner tube is negligible since the tube is thin-walled and highly conductive. Properties The specific heats of glycerin and water are given to be 0.60 and 1.0 Btu/lbm.F, respectively. Analysis (a) The tubes are thin walled and thus we assume the inner surface area of the tube to be equal to the outer surface area. Then the heat transfer surface area of this heat exchanger becomes As = nDL = 8 (0.5 / 12 ft)(500 ft) = 523.6 ft 2 The temperature differences at the two ends of the heat exchanger are T1 = Th ,in Tc,out = 175F 140F = 35F T2 = Th ,out Tc,in = 120F 65F = 55F and Tlm,CF = T1 T2 35 55 = = 44.25F ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(35 / 55) Glycerin 65F 120F

The correction factor is t 2 t1 120 175 = = 0.5 T1 t1 65 175 F = 0.70 T T2 65 140 R= 1 = = 1.36 t 2 t1 120 175 P= In case of no fouling, the overall heat transfer coefficient is determined from U= 1 1 = = 3.7 Btu / h.ft 2 . F 1 1 1 1 + + hi ho 50 Btu / h.ft 2 . F 4 Btu / h. ft 2 . F 140F 175F
Hot Water

Then the rate of heat transfer becomes Q = UAs FTlm,CF = (3.7 Btu/h.ft 2 .F)(523.6 ft 2 )(0.70)(44.25F) = 60,000 Btu/h (b) The thermal resistance of the heat exchanger with a fouling factor is R= = R fi 1 1 + + hi Ai Ai ho Ao 1
2 2

(50 Btu / h.ft . F)(523.6 ft ) = 0.0005195 h. F / Btu

0.002 h.ft 2 . F / Btu 523.6 ft

2

1 (4 Btu / h.ft . F)(523.6 ft 2 )

2

The overall heat transfer coefficient in this case is 1 1 1 R= U= = = 3.68 Btu/h.ft 2 .F UAs RAs (0.0005195 h.F/Btu)(523.6 ft 2 ) Then rate of heat transfer becomes Q = UAs FTlm,CF = (3.68 Btu/h.ft 2 .F)(523.6 ft 2 )(0.70)(44.25F) = 59,680 Btu/h 13-45 During an experiment, the inlet and exit temperatures of water and oil and the mass flow rate of water are measured. The overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inner surface area is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to

13-25

Chap 15 Heat Exchangers the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 Fluid properties are constant. Properties The specific heats of water and oil are given to be 4180 and 2150 J/kg.C, respectively. Analysis The rate of heat transfer from the oil to the water is Q = [mC p (Tout Tin )]water = (5 kg / s)(4.18 kJ / kg. C)(55 C 20 C) = 731.5 kW The heat transfer area on the tube side is Ai = nDi L = 24 (0.012 m)(2 m) = 1.8 m 2 The logarithmic mean temperature difference for counter-flow arrangement and the correction factor F are Oil 120C

55C

T1 = Th ,in Tc,out = 120 C 55 C = 65 C T2 = Th ,out Tc,in = 45 C 20 C = 25 C Tlm,CF =

P=

T1 T2 65 25 = = 419 C . ln( T1 / T2 ) ln(65 / 25)

24 tubes 145C

20C Water 5 kg/s

t 2 t1 55 20 = = 0.35 T1 t1 120 20 F = 0.70 T1 T2 120 45 R= = = 2.14 t 2 t1 55 20 Then the overall heat transfer coefficient becomes Q = U i Ai FTlm,CF U i =

Q 731.5 kW = = 13.9 kW/m 2 .C Ai FTlm,CF (1.8 m 2 )(0.70)(41.9C)

13-26

Chap 15 Heat Exchangers 13-46 Ethylene glycol is cooled by water in a double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger. The rate of heat transfer, the mass flow rate of water, and the heat transfer surface area on the inner side of the tubes are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant. Properties The specific heats of water and ethylene glycol are given to be 4.18 and 2.56 kJ/kg.C, respectively. Analysis (a) The rate of heat transfer is Q = [mC p (Tin Tout )] glycol = (3.5 kg/s)(2.56 kJ/kg.C)(80C 40C) = 358.4 kW (b) The rate of heat transfer from water must be equal to the rate of heat transfer to the glycol. Then, Q = [mC p (Tout Tin )] water m water = = Q C p (Tout Tin ) Hot Glycol 80C 3.5 kg/s 55C Cold Water 20C

40C

358.4 kJ/s = 2.45 kg/s (4.18 kJ/kg.C)(55C 20C)

(c) The temperature differences at the two ends of the heat exchanger are

T1 = Th ,in Tc,out = 80 C 55 C = 25 C T2 = Th ,out Tc,in = 40 C 20 C = 20 C

and

Tlm =

T1 T2 25 20 = = 22.4 C ln( T1 / T2 ) ln(25 / 20)

Q 358.4 kW = = 64.0 m 2 U i Tlm (0.25 kW/m 2 .C)(22.4C)

Then the heat transfer surface area becomes Q = U i Ai Tlm Ai =

13-27

Chap 15 Heat Exchangers 13-47 Water is heated by steam in a double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger. The required length of the tubes is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant. Properties The specific heat of water is given to be 4.18 kJ/kg.C. The heat of condensation of steam at 120C is given to be 2203 kJ/kg. Analysis The rate of heat transfer is Q = [mC p (Tout Tin )] water = (3 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(80C 17C) = 790.02 kW The logarithmic mean temperature difference is Water 17C 3 kg/s 80C Steam 120C

T1 = Th ,in Tc,out = 120 C 80 C = 40 C T2 = Th ,in Tc,in = 120 C 17 C = 103 C

Tlm =

T1 T2 40 103 = = 66.6 C ln( T1 / T2 ) ln(40 / 103)

Q 790.02 kW = = 7.9 m 2 U i Tlm (15 kW / m2 . C)(66.6 C) .

The heat transfer surface area is Q = U i Ai Tlm Ai =

Then the length of tube required becomes Ai = Di L L = Ai 7.9 m 2 = = 100.6 m Di (0.025 m)

13-28

Chap 15 Heat Exchangers 13-48 Oil is cooled by water in a thin-walled double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger. The overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant. 6 The thermal resistance of the inner tube is negligible since the tube is thin-walled and highly conductive. Properties The specific heats of water and oil are given to be 4.18 and 2.20 kJ/kg.C, respectively. Analysis The rate of heat transfer from the water to the oil is Q = [mC p (Tin Tout )] oil = (2 kg/s)(2.2 kJ/kg.C)(150C 40C) = 484 kW The outlet temperature of the water is determined from Q Q = [mC p (Tout Tin )]water Tout = Tin + mC p = 22 C + The logarithmic mean temperature difference is 484 kW = 99.2 C (15 kg / s)(4.18 kJ / kg. C) . Cold water 22C 1.5 kg/s Hot oil 150C 2 kg/s

T1 = Th ,in Tc,out = 150 C 99.2 C = 50.8 C T2 = Th ,out Tc,in = 40 C 22 C = 18 C

Tlm =

T1 T2 50.8 18 = = 316 C . ln( T1 / T2 ) ln(50.8 / 18)

Then the overall heat transfer coefficient becomes U= Q 484 kW = = 32.5 kW/m 2 .C As Tlm (0.025 m )(6 m)(31.6C)

13-29

Chap 15 Heat Exchangers 13-49 "!PROBLEM 13-49" "GIVEN" T_oil_in=150 "[C]" T_oil_out=40 "[C], parameter to be varied" m_dot_oil=2 "[kg/s]" C_p_oil=2.20 "[kJ/kg-C]" "T_w_in=22 [C], parameter to be varied" m_dot_w=1.5 "[kg/s]" C_p_w=4.18 "[kJ/kg-C]" D=0.025 "[m]" L=6 "[m]" "ANALYSIS" Q_dot=m_dot_oil*C_p_oil*(T_oil_in-T_oil_out) Q_dot=m_dot_w*C_p_w*(T_w_out-T_w_in) DELTAT_1=T_oil_in-T_w_out DELTAT_2=T_oil_out-T_w_in DELTAT_lm=(DELTAT_1-DELTAT_2)/ln(DELTAT_1/DELTAT_2) Q_dot=U*A*DELTAT_lm A=pi*D*L Toil,out [C] 30 32.5 35 37.5 40 42.5 45 47.5 50 52.5 55 57.5 60 62.5 65 67.5 70 U [kW/m2-C] 53.22 45.94 40.43 36.07 32.49 29.48 26.9 24.67 22.7 20.96 19.4 18 16.73 15.57 14.51 13.53 12.63

13-30

Chap 15 Heat Exchangers

Tw,in [C] 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

U [kW/m2-C] 20.7 21.15 21.61 22.09 22.6 23.13 23.69 24.28 24.9 25.55 26.24 26.97 27.75 28.58 29.46 30.4 31.4 32.49 33.65 34.92 36.29

13-31

Chap 15 Heat Exchangers

55 50 45 40

U [kW /m -C]

35 30 25 20 15 10 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

T oil,out [C]
38 36 34 32

U [kW /m -C]

30 28 26 24 22 20 5 9 13 17 21 25

T w ,in [C]

13-32

Chap 15 Heat Exchangers 13-50 The inlet and outlet temperatures of the cold and hot fluids in a double-pipe heat exchanger are given. It is to be determined whether this is a parallel-flow or counter-flow heat exchanger. Analysis In parallel-flow heat exchangers, the temperature of the cold water can never exceed that of the hot fluid. In this case Tcold out = 50C which is greater than Thot out = 45C. Therefore this must be a counterflow heat exchanger.

13-33

Chap 15 Heat Exchangers 13-51 Cold water is heated by hot water in a double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger. The rate of heat transfer and the heat transfer surface area of the heat exchanger are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant. 6 The thermal resistance of the inner tube is negligible since the tube is thin-walled and highly conductive. Properties The specific heats of cold and hot water are given to be 4.18 and 4.19 kJ/kg.C, respectively. Analysis The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger is Q = [mC p (Tout Tin )] cold water = (0.25 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(45C 15C) = 31.35 kW The outlet temperature of the hot water is determined from Q 31.35 kW Q = [mC p (Tin Tout )] hot water Tout = Tin = 100C = 97.5C mC p (3 kg/s)(4.19 kJ/kg.C) The temperature differences at the two ends of the heat exchanger are Hot water 100C 3 kg/s Cold Water 15C 0.25 kg/s

T1 = Th ,in Tc,out = 100 C 45 C = 55 C T2 = Th ,out Tc,in = 97.5 C 15 C = 82.5 C

and

Tlm =

T1 T2 55 82.5 = = 67.8 C ln( T1 / T2 ) ln(55 / 82.5)

Q 31.35 kW = = 0.382 m 2 2 UTlm (1.210 kW/m .C)(67.8C)

Then the surface area of this heat exchanger becomes Q = UAs Tlm As =

13-34

Chap 15 Heat Exchangers 13-52 Engine oil is heated by condensing steam in a condenser. The rate of heat transfer and the length of the tube required are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant. 6 The thermal resistance of the inner tube is negligible since the tube is thin-walled and highly conductive. Properties The specific heat of engine oil is given to be 2.1 kJ/kg.C. The heat of condensation of steam at 130C is given to be 2174 kJ/kg. Analysis The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger is Q = [mC p (Tout Tin )] oil = (0.3 kg/s)(2.1 kJ/kg.C)(60C 20C) = 25.2 kW The temperature differences at the two ends of the heat exchanger are

T1 = Th ,in Tc,out = 130 C 60 C = 70 C T2 = Th ,out Tc,in = 130 C 20 C = 110 C

and

Steam 130C Oil 20C 0.3 kg/s 60C

Tlm =

T1 T2 70 110 = = 88.5 C ln( T1 / T2 ) ln(70 / 110)

The surface area is As = Q 25.2 kW = = 0.44 m 2 UTlm (0.65 kW/m 2 .C)(88.5C) As 0.44 m 2 = = 7.0 m D (0.02 m)

Then the length of the tube required becomes As = DL L =

13-35

Chap 15 Heat Exchangers 13-53E Water is heated by geothermal water in a double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger. The mass flow rate of each fluid and the total thermal resistance of the heat exchanger are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 There is no fouling. 5 Fluid properties are constant. Properties The specific heats of water and geothermal fluid are given to be 1.0 and 1.03 Btu/lbm.F, respectively. Analysis The mass flow rate of each fluid are determined from Q = [mC p (Tout Tin )] water m water = Q C p (Tout Tin ) = 30 Btu/s = 0.5 lbm/s (1.0 Btu/lbm.F)(200F 140F)

Q = [mC p (Tout Tin )] geo. water m geo. water = Q C p (Tout Tin ) = 30 Btu/s = 0.224 lbm/s (1.03 Btu/lbm.F)(310F 180F) Cold Water 140F Hot brine Tlm = Then Q 30 Btu/s Q = UAs Tlm UAs = = = 0.4335 Btu/s. o F Tlm 69.20F 1 1 1 U= R = = = 2.31 s.F/Btu RAs UAs 0.4336 Btu/s.F T1 T2 110 40 = = 69.20F ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(110 / 40) 310F 180F

The temperature differences at the two ends of the heat exchanger are T1 = Th,in Tc,out = 310F 200F = 110F T2 = Th,out Tc,in = 180F 140F = 40F and

13-36