Geodsia Aplicada Slide

*HRGVLD $SOLFDGD ,QWURGXmR
&RQFHLWR *HRGVLD D FLrQFLD TXH HVWXGD D &RQFHLWR *HRG IRUPD H DV GLPHQV}HV GD 7HUUD $ SDODYUD JHRGVLD WHP RULJHP JUHJD H VLJQLILFD JHRG VLD SDUWLFLRQDQGR D 7HUUD 7HUUD 2EMHWLYR 'HWHUPLQDU DWUDYV GH REVHUYD}HV DWUDY REVHUYD GH FDPSR D IRUPD H R WDPDQKR GD 7HUUD DV FRRUGHQDGDV GH SRQWRV GLPHQV}HV GH OLQKDV GD VXSHUIFLH WHUUHVWUH H DV YDULD}HV GR FDPSR GH VXSHUI YDULD JUDYLGDGH LQWHJUDQGRVH GLUHWDPHQWH FRP D LQWHJUDQGR JHRIVLFD JHRORJLD JHRGLQkPLFD H GLQkPLFD JHRI RUELWDO GH VDWOLWHV VDW
+LVWULFR
2 VHU KXPDQR VHQWLX QHFHVVLGDGH GH VH SRVLFLRQDU TXDQGR VH GHX R LQFLR GH VXDV SULPHLUDV YLDJHQV RX LQ VHMD WHU FRQKHFLPHQWR GR SRVLFLRQDPHQWR GR VHX GHVORFDPHQWR 1DYHJDU VLJQLILFD VDEHU RQGH VH HVWi H SDUD RQGH HVWi VH YDL RX VHMD VDEHU LU H YROWDU $ QDWXUH]D HVWi UHSOHWD GH H[HPSORV GH JUDQGHV HVWi QDYHJDGRUHV DYHV SHL[HV PDPtIHURV LQVHWRV PDPt HWF 2V UHFXUVRV GH TXH QHFHVVLWDP SDUD QDYHJDU GHSHQGHP GDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GD YLDJHP TXH FDUDFWHUt GHYHP UHDOL]DU DVVLP FRPR D GLVWkQFLD H R PHLR WHUUHVWUH DpUHR DTXiWLFR HWF Dp DTXi
+LVWULFR
6HMDP TXDLV IRUHP RV UHFXUVRV TXH R KRPHP GLVSRQKD SDUD D QDYHJDmR R FRQKHFLPHQWR GD IRUPD GD 7HUUD H D DGRmR GH XP UHIHUHQFLDO DGHTXDGR VmR IXQGDPHQWDLV )RUPDV 3DUD D 7HUUD
3LWJRUDV R 6HF $& DWULEXLX 7HUUD XP 3LW 6HF PRGHOR HVIpULFR DOHJDQGR UD]}HV GH FDUWHU HVIp FDU HVWWLFR H ILORVILFR HVW ILORV
+LVWULFR
$ULVWyWHOHV R 6HF $& DSUHVHQWRX RV SULPHLURV $ULVWy 6HF DUJXPHQWRV FLHQWILFRV HP SURO GHVWD IRUPD HVIpULFD FLHQW HVIp SDUD D 7HUUD
&DUWHU *UDYLWDFLRQDO $V SDUWFXODV WrP XPD WHQGrQFLD &DU SDUW QDWXUDO DVVHJXUDYD HOH GH FDLU SDUD R FHQWUR GR PXQGR XPD GLUHmR SDUD EDL[R 1HVWH PRYLPHQWR WRGDV DV SDUWHV GLUH FRPSHWHP HQWUH VL SDUD VH FRORFDUHP QD SDUWH PDLV EDL[D RV TXH DV OHYDP D VH FRPSULPLUHP QD IRUPD GH XPD EROD $ VRPEUD FLUFXODU GD 7HUUD QRV HFOLSVHV GH OXD D YDULDmR QR DVSHFWR GR FX HVWUHODGR FRP D YDULDmR GD YDULD F YDULD ODWLWXGH
+LVWULFR
1HZWRQ 6HF ;9,, 6HJXQGR HOH D IRUPD HVIULFD SDUD D 7HUUD HUD LQFRPSDWYHO FRP R PRYLPHQWR GH URWDmR GD 7HUUD (VWH PRYLPHQWR GHYLGR D IRUD FHQWUIXJD LPS}H XP DFKDWDPHQWR QRV SORV DEULQGR HQWmR D IDVH HOLSVRLGDO TXH GXURX PXLWR SRXFR VH FRPSDUDGD FRP D IDVH HVIULFD
+LVWULFR
0DWHPiWLFR DOHPmR &) *DXVV 6pFXOR 0DWHPi 6p ;9,,,;,; GHVFREULX TXH R PRGHOR ;9,,, PDWHPWLFR DGRWDGR SDUD D 7HUUD RX VHMD R PDWHP HOLSVLGH GH UHYROXmR QmR HUD DGHTXDGR HOLSV UHYROX 6XUJLX HQWmR XPD IRUPD OHYHPHQWH LUUHJXODU PDLV WDUGH GHQRPLQDGD GH JHyLGH JHy LGH (QWUHWDQWR FRPR UHIHUrQFLD SDUD D GHILQLmR GH GHILQL XP VLVWHPD GH FRRUGHQDGDV FRQWLQXDVH FRQWLQXD XWLOL]DQGR XP HOLSVLGH GH UHYROXmR HOLSV UHYROX
+LVWULFR
)L[DGD H DFHLWD D IRUPD GD 7HUUD RV PpWRGRV H WpFQLFDV GH Pp Wp SRVLFLRQDU XP SRQWR GD VXD VXSHUItFLH HP UHODomR D XP VXSHUIt UHODo UHIHUHQFLDO JDQKDUDP FDGD YH] PDLV LPSRUWkQFLD H SUHFLVmR 75,$1*8/$d(6 *(2'e6,&$6 VXUJLUDP HP JHUDO 75,$1*8/$d *(2'e TXDGULOiWHURV VXEGLYLGLGRV HP WULkQJXORV LQLFLDGDV QR TXDGULOi VpFXOR ;9,, QD )UDQoD H SDVVDUDP D WHU XP JUDQGH )UDQo GHVHQYROYLPHQWR 2EVHUYDo}HV DVWURQ{PLFDV H HYHQWXDOPHQWH 2EVHUYDo FRPSOHPHQWDGDV FRP DOJXPDV YDULDQWHV FRPR SROLJRQDLV HOHWU{QLFDV HODV VH FRQVWLWXtUDP GXUDQWH YiULRV VpFXORV FRQVWLWXt Yi Vp FRPR R ~QLFR PpWRGR GH GHWHUPLQDomR SUHFLVD GDV Pp GHWHUPLQDo SUHFLVD FRRUGHQDGDV HP SRQWRV YpUWLFHV GD VXSHUItFLH WHUUHVWUH Yp VXSHUIt
+LVWULFR
$ SDUWLU GD GFDGD GH VXUJLUDP PWRGRV GH G P REWHQmR GD SRVLmR VREUH D VXSHUIFLH REWHQ SRVL VXSHUI WHUUHVWUH DWUDYV GR XVR GH VDWOLWHV DUWLILFLDLV DWUDY VDW DODYDQFDGRV SHOR ODQDPHQWR GR SULPHLUR ODQ VDWOLWH DUWLILFLDO R 6387,1,. , GH RXWXEUR GH VDW 3ULPHLUR 6LVWHPD HP GHQRPLQDGR 6LVWHPD 1$9< 1$9,*$7,21 6$7(//,7( 6<67(0 1166 WDPEP FRQKHFLGR FRPR 75$16,7 WDPE 2XWURV 6LVWHPDV *36 */21$66 *$/,/(2
+,675,&2 *HRGVLD QR %UDVLO

2V SULPHLURV OHYDQWDPHQWRV JHRGVLFRV VXUJLUDP QR JHRG %UDVLO D SDUWLU GH QRYHPEUR GH DWUDYV GR UJmR DWUDY GHQRPLQDGR &RQVHOKR 1DFLRQDO GH *HRJUDILD VRE *HRJUDILD UHVSRQVDELOLGDGH GR SURIHVVRU $OO\ULR +XJXHQHF\ GH 0DWWRV 0DWWRV (VWHV SULPHLURV WUDEDOKRV VXUJLUDP SRUTXH LQPHUDV LQ FLGDGHV H YLODV GR %UDVLO QmR DSUHVHQWDYDP VXDV SRVL}HV JHRJUILFDV /DWLWXGH H /RQJLWXGH SDUD SRVL JHRJU DWXDOL]DmR GD &DUWD GR %UDVLO DR 0LOLRQVLPR DWXDOL]D 0LOLRQ LQLFLDOPHQWH GHILQLGD HP $ DWXDOL]DmR GD &DUWD GR %UDVLO VHULD QHFHVVULD SDUD DWXDOL]D QHFHVV HVWDEHOHFHU R 5HFHQVHDPHQWR *HUDO GR %UDVLO GH OHYDQWDPHQWRV HVWDWVWLFRV HVWDW
1R SHURGR HQWUH H HQJHQKHLURV GR &RQVHOKR 1DFLRQDO GHWHUPLQDUDP FRRUGHQDGDV HP FLGDGHV H YLODV GH GLIHUHQWHV XQLGDGHV GD )HGHUDmR (VWHV WUDEDOKRV IRUDP H[HFXWDGRV GHQWUR GD &DPSDQKD GH &RRUGHQDGDV $VWURQ{PLFDV GDV 6HGHV 0XQLFLSDLV
(P GH PDLR GH FRP D PHGLmR GD PHGL EDVH JHRGVLFD QDV SUR[LPLGDGHV GD FLGDGH GH JHRG *RLkQLD R ,%*( ,QVWLWXWR %UDVLOHLUR GH *HRJUDILD H (VWDWVWLFD LQLFLDYD R (VWDW HVWDEHOHFLPHQWR VLVWHPWLFR GD FRPSRQHQWH VLVWHP SODQLPpWULFD GR 6LVWHPD *HRGVLFR %UDVLOHLUR SODQLPp *HRG (P GH RXWXEUR GH R LQLFLR GD PHGLmR GD FRPSRQHQWH YHUWLFDO PHGL
2V WUDEDOKRV LGHDOL]DGRV H FRQGX]LGRV SHOR SURIHVVRU $OO\ULR +XJXHQHF\ GH 0DWWRV WLYHUDP FRQWLQXLGDGH DW RV GLDV DWXDLV DFRPSDQKDQGR RV DYDQRV WHFQROJLFRV HVWDEHOHFHQGRVH XP FRQMXQWR FRP FHUFD GH HVWDo}HV JHRGpVLFDV PDWHULDOL]DGDV QR WHUUHQR GDGRV GH
)RQWH ,%*( &DVWUR -U
'LYLVmR GD *HRGVLD
*HRGpVLD *HRPpWULFD FRPSUHHQGH R FRQMXQWR GH RSHUD}HV JHRPWULFDV UHDOL]DGDV VREUH D VXSHUIFLH WHUUHVWUH PHGL}HV DQJXODUHV PHGL}HV OLQHDUHV QLYHODPHQWRV DVVRFLDGDV D HVSDUVDV GHWHUPLQD}HV DVWURQ{PLFDV /DWLWXGH /RQJLWXGH H $]LPXWH
'LYLVmR GD *HRGVLD
*HRGpVLD )tVLFD FRPSUHHQGH R FRQMXQWR GH PHGL}HV JUDYLPWULFDV TXH SRGHP FRQGX]LU D XP FRQKHFLPHQWR GHWDOKDGR GR FDPSR JUDYLWDFLRQDO GD 7HUUD HVWXGD D GLUHmR H PDJQLWXGH GD IRUD TXH PDQWP RV FRUSRV QD VXSHUIFLH D DWPRVIHUD WHUUHVWUH
'LYLVmR GD *HRGVLD
&RP D D WHFQRORJLD *36 D GHWHUPLQDomR GR JHRLGH p GH JUDQGH LPSRUWkQFLD QR SRVLFLRQDPHQWR YHUWLFDO SRLV DV DOWLWXGHV GHILQLGDV QHVWH VLVWHPD GH SRVLFLRQDPHQWR HVWmR HP RXWUR UHIHUHQFLDO WULGLPHQVLRQDO 'HVWD IRUPD H[LVWH D QHFHVVLGDGH GH SURGX]LU XP PDSD JHRLGDO GH SUHFLVmR
'LYLVmR GD *HRGVLD
*HRGpVLD &HOHVWH HVWXGD R FRQMXQWR GH FRQKHFLPHQWRV QHFHVVULRV GHWHUPLQDmR GD SRVLmR GH SRQWRV VREUH D VXSHUIFLH WHUUHVWUH DWUDYV GR XVR GH VDWOLWHV DUWLILFLDLV
10
7LSRV GH 6XSHUIFLHV (VWXGDGDV HP *HRGVLD
([LVWHP WUrV VXSHUIFLHV TXH URWLQHLUDPHQWH HQYROYHP R JHRGHVLVWD RX TXH QHFHVVLWHP GH SRVLFLRQDPHQWR RX VHMD 6XSHUIFLH )VLFD 6XSHUIFLH (OLSVRLGD 6XSHUIFLH *HRLGDO
6XSHUItFLH )tVLFD 6) HVWD VXSHUIFLH 6XSHUIt )t VXSHUI OLPLWDGD DR UHOHYR WRSRJUILFR R ORFDO RQGH WRSRJU QRV HQFRQWUDPRV H H[HFXWDPRV WRGDV DV RSHUD}HV JHRGVLFDV RSHUD JHRG 6XSHUItFLH (OLSVRLGDO HVWD VXSHUIFLH 6XSHUIt (OLSVRLGDO VXSHUI OLPLWDQWH GH XP HOLSVLGH GH UHYROXmR ILJXUD HOLSV UHYROX PDWHPWLFD JHUDGD SHOD URWDmR GH XPD HOLSVH PDWHP URWD HP WRUQR GH VHX HL[R PHQRU D VXSHUIFLH DR VXSHUI ORQJR GR TXDO VmR UHDOL]DGRV RV FOFXORV F JHRGVLFRV JHRG
11
7LSRV GH (OLSVyLGHV
6XSHUItFLH JHRLGDO FRQFHLWXDOPHQWH PDLV FRPSOLFDGD H OLPLWD XPD IRUPD JHRPWULFD FKDPDGD JHLGH XPD VXSHUIFLH HTXLSRWHQFLDO TXH FRLQFLGH FRP R QYHO PGLR QmR SHUWXUEDGR GRV PDUHV
12

6XSHUItFLH (TXLSRWHQFLDO D VXSHUIFLH TXH 6XSHUIt VXSHUI XQH SRQWRV GH PHVPR SRWHQFLDO (QWUH DV LQILQLWDV VXSHUItFLHV HTXLSRWHQFLDLV VXSHUIt HTXLSRWHQFLDLV D TXH PLDV VH DSUR[LPD GR QYHO PGLR GRV Q P PDUHV FRUUHVSRQGHQWH DR JHLGH JH 2V FRUSRV YLQFXODGRV D 7HUUD DFKDPVH VXMHLWRV DFKDP D XPD IRUD TXH UHVXOWD GD IRUD GH DWUDmR H IRU IRU DWUD GD IRUD FHQWUIXJD GHFRUUHQWH GR PRYLPHQWR GH IRU FHQWU URWDmR GD 7HUUD URWD
13

: 94 : 3RWHQFLDO JUDYLWDFLRQDO 9 3RWHQFLDO GH DWUDomR 4 3RWHQFLDO FHQWUtIXJR
2QGH

D )tVLF 6XS
L
3 3
H RLG *H
H yLG OLSV (
14

3 SRQWR VREUH D VXSHUIFLH IVLFD $ UHWD TXH SDVVD SRU 3 SHUSHQGLFXODU DR JHLGH GHILQH D GLUHmR GH XPD OLQKD GH IRUD FKDPDGD YHUWLFDO Y $ UHWD TXH SDVVD SRU 3 SHUSHQGLFXODU DR HOLSVLGH GHILQH D GLUHmR GH XPD OLQKD GH IRUD FKDPDGD QRUPDO Q
L 2 kQJXOR TXH D YHUWLFDO IRUPD FRP D QRUPDO FKDPDGD GH GHIOH[mR GD YHUWLFDO RX kQJXOR YHUWLFDO GH GHVYLR GD YHUWLFDO YHUWLFDO + 2 FRPSULPHQWR PHGLGR HQWUH R SRQWR VREUH D VXSHUIFLH IVLFD 3 H R SRQWR 3 VREUH R VXSHUI I 3 JHLGH GHQRPLQDGR DOWLWXGH RUWRPpWULFD JH RUWRPpWULFD + $ DOWLWXGH RUWRPWULFD REWLGD DWUDYV GH RUWRP DWUDY QLYHODPHQWR JHRPWULFR DVVRFLDGR D JHRP JUDYLPHWULD JUDYLPHWULD
15
1 2 FRPSULPHQWR HQWUH R JHLGH H R HOLSVLGH PHGLGR VREUH D OLQKD GH IRUD Q GHQRPLQDGR RQGXODomR JHRLGDO 1 6HX FOFXOR REWLGR WUDGLFLRQDOPHQWH GD JHRGVLD IVLFD H KRMH SRGH VHU IHLWR WDPEP D SDUWLU GH REVHUYD}HV GH VDWOLWHV DUWLILFLDLV
2QGXODomR *HRLGDO
$ LQIRUPDomR JUDYLPpWULFD p LQIRUPDo JUDYLPp GH SULPRUGLDO LPSRUWkQFLD HP GLYHUVDV iUHDV WDLV FRPR JHRGpVLD HVWXGR GD IRUPD JHRGp GR JHRLGH JHRORJLD JHRLGH LQYHVWLJDomR GH HVWUXWXUDV LQYHVWLJDo JHROyJLFDV H JHRItVLFD JHROy JHRIt SURVSHFomR PLQHUDO SURVSHFo
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K $ DOWLWXGH JHRPWULFD K TXH D GLVWkQFLD H[LVWHQWH HQWUH R SRQWR 3 H R SRQWR 4 SRQWR QR HOLSVLGH GH UHYROXmR SRGH VHU PHGLGD XVDQGR D IUPXOD DSUR[LPDGD K1+
5HODomR (QWUH (OLSVyLGH H *HyLGH
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*HRPHWULD GR (OLSVLGH

2 HOLSVLGH RULJLQULR GD ILJXUD JHRPWULFD HOLSV RULJLQ JHRP GHQRPLQDGD HOLSVH 'HILQLmR GH (OLSVH 'HILQL 6HMD QXP SODQR GRLV SRQWRV IL[RV ) H ) VHQGR TXH ) ) $ GLVWkQFLD HQWUH ) H ) ) F )) F $ HOLSVH R FRQMXQWR GH SRQWRV GR SODQR FXMD VRPD GDV GLVWkQFLDV D ) H ) FRQVWDQWH H LJXDO D D VHQGR TXH D ! F D

)) F GLVWkQFLD IRFDO 2 FHQWUR GD HOLSVH $$ D HL[R PDLRU ) H ) IRFRV GD HOLSVH %% E HL[R PHQRU 3URSULHGDGH )3 )3 FRQVWDQWH D
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19
)UPXOD JHUDO GD (OLSVH
[ ] + 2 =1 2 D E
2 2
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x y z + 2 + 2 =1 2 a c b
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(OLSVyLGH 7ULD[LDO (OLSVy
20
2 HOLSVLGH UHSUHVHQWDGR GLWR HVFDOHQR TXH QD OLWHUDWXUD JHRGVLFD GHQRPLQDGR HOLSVLGH WULD[LDO SRU FRQWHU WUrV HL[RV GHVLJXDLV D.E.F
2 HOLSVyLGH ELD[LDO RX HOLSVyLGH HOLSVy HOLSVy UHYROXomR REWLGR ID]HQGRVH D F UHYROXo ID]HQGR
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2 HOLSVyLGH GH UHYROXomR D EDVH SDUD D HOLSVy UHYROXo JHUDmR GH VLVWHPDV GH UHIHUrQFLD JHRGVLFRV JHUD JHRG SRLV D IyUPXOD PDWHPiWLFD GD 7HUUD PDWHPiWLFD 7HUUD 5RWDmR GH XPD VHPLHOLSVH JHUDWUL] HP WRUQR 5RWD VHPL GH XP GH VHXV HL[RV HL[R GH UHYROXmR UHYROX 6H HVWH HL[R IRU R PHQRU WHUHPRV XP HOLSVLGH HOLSV DFKDWDGR DFKDWDGR &DVR FRQWUULR VHU DORQJDGR FRQWU VHU DORQJDGR (P JHRGVLD LQWHUHVVDQRV R SULPHLUR FDVR JHRG LQWHUHVVD (OLSVyLGH $FKDWDGR (OLSVy

)UPXOD
SHOR IDWR GH D F GD IyUPXOD DQWHULRU H WHPVH GRLV HL[RV GLVWLQWRV D H E
x 2 + y2 z2 + 2 =1 a2 b
22
$V VH}HV SHUSHQGLFXODUHV DR HL[R GH UHYROXmR VmR FLUFXODUHV SDUDOHORV H HTXDGRU $V VH}HV SURGX]LGDV SHORV SODQRV TXH FRQWP R HL[R GH UHYROXmR VmR HOtSWLFDV PHULGLDQRV
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3DUD GHILQLUPRV XP HOLSVLGH GH UHYROXmR SRGHPRV ID]rOR GH GXDV IRUPDV RX VHMD

D H E VHPLHL[RV VHPL D H D VHPLHL[R PDLRU H DFKDWDPHQWR VHPL
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$FKDWDPHQWR
b , a
ab a
= 1
([FHQWULFLGDGH

D GLYHUJrQFLD GH XPD HOLSVH HP UHODmR D XPD FLUFXQIHUrQFLD FO F O e= 1 = 2 D ([FHQWULFLGDGH H a a

)2 )2 VHPLGLVWkQFLD IRFDO
a 2 b2 e = a2
2
e=
a 2 b2 a
b2 e = 1 2 a
2
,,
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([FHQWULFLGDGH
D ([FHQWULFLGDGH H
a 2 b2 b a 2 b2 e = b2
2
FO F O e= 1 = 2 = b b
a2 e = 2 1 b
2
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'H ,, WHPRV
b2 = 1 e2 a2
b = 1 e2 a
1 = (1 e 2 )1 / 2
= 1 1 e2
1 = 1 e2
(1 ) 2 = ((1 e 2 )1 / 2 ) 2
1 2. + 2 = (1 e 2 )
e 2 = 2. + 2
e 2 = 2. 2
e 2 = .(2 )
25
5HODmR HQWUH D ([FHQWULFLGDGH H D ([FHQWULFLGDGH

'H ,, WHPRV
(1 H 2 ).D 2 = E 2
6XEVWLWXLQGR HP ,,, WHPRV

D2 1 (1 H 2 ).D 2 H2 = H2 (1 H 2 )
H2 =
1 1 (1 H 2 )
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&OFXOR GH &RRUGHQDGDV &DUWHVLDQDV GH XP 3RQWR HP )XQmR GD /DWLWXGH *HRGVLFD &RRUGHQDGDV %LGLPHQVLRQDLV

0[] SRQWR VLWXDGR QD OLQKD PHULGLDQD SRU 0[] RQGH SDVVDPRV XPD UHWD WDQJHQWH 8PD UHWD QRUPDO D HVWD WDQJHQWH SHOR SRQWR 0 FRUWDUi R FRUWDUi HL[R SRODU QR SRQWR + H R HL[R HTXDWRULDO QR SRQWR ' 3RU GHVHQYROYLPHQWR PDWHPiWLFR WHPRV DV PDWHPi FRRUGHQDGDV [ H ] SRQWR 0 FRPR VHQGR
a . cos x= (1 H 2 . sen 2 )1 / 2
a . (1 - e 2 ). sen z= (1 H 2 . sen 2 )1 / 2
&OFXOR GH &RRUGHQDGDV &DUWHVLDQDV GH XP 3RQWR HP )XQmR GD /DWLWXGH *HRGVLFD &RRUGHQDGDV )XQ *HRG %LGLPHQVLRQDLV
= 31
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&OFXOR GH 1 *UDQGH 1RUPDO

x M(x,z) z Eq
sen(90 ) =
D. cos (1 H 2 . sen 2 )1 / 2 x N= = cos cos
x N
x = N. sen(90 )
x = N.cos
N=
a (1 - e . sen 2 )1 / 2
2
&OFXOR GH 1 3HTXHQD 1RUPDO

a.(1 - e 2 ). sen (1 H 2 . sen 2 )1 / 2 N= sen
sen = N=
z N
N=
z sen
a.(1 - e 2 ) (1 H 2 . sen 2 )1 / 2
1 = 1 .(1 H 2 )
28
5DLR GH &XUYDWXUD GD 6HmR 0HULGLDQD 5[] 5DLR GH &XUYDWXUD GD 6HmR 9HUWLFDO 5\]
5\] 1 = D (1 H .VHQ 2 )1 / 2
2
D(1 H 2 ) 5[] 0 = (1 H 2 .VHQ 2 ) 3 / 2
5DLR 0GLR GH &XUYDWXUD 5P
5P = 0 .1
5DLR GR 3DUDOHOR U
U=[= D. cos (1 H 2 .VHQ 2 )1 / 2
29

6LVWHPDV GH 5HIHUrQFLD *HRGVLFRV
&RRUGHQDGDV *HRGpVLFDV *HRGp
&RRUGHQDGDV *HRGpVLFDV

$ UHWD QRUPDO DR HOLSVyLGH FRQGX]LGD D SDUWLU GR SRQWR 3 VREUH D 6XSHUItFLH )tVLFD 2 kQJXOR TXH HVVD QRUPDO IRUPD FRP D VXD SURMHomR HTXDWRULDO p D /DWLWXGH *HRGpVLFD * RX * GH TXDOTXHU SRQWR GD QRUPDO 3RGHPRV WDPEpP FRQVLGHUiOD FRPR D ODWLWXGH HOLSVyLGLFD GH 3
30
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61
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3W 3W

( 1 ( 1
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62
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6Q 6K 6K [ +P5P +P5P 2QGH6Q GLVWDQFLD JHRLGDO 2QGH6Q
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5P 01 0 5DLR GH &XUY 6HomR 0HULG &XUY 6Ho 0HULG 1 5DLR GH &XUY 'R R 9HUWLFDO &XUY
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63
63 6Q [ . RX 63 V [ . 6HQGR 6Q GLVWkQFLD *HRLGDO V GLVWkQFLD *HRGpVLFD RX (OLSVyLGLFD *HRGp (OLSVy . )DWRU GH HVFDOD SDUD UHGX]LU XPD GLVWDQFLD HOLSVRLGDO DR FLOLQGUR GD SURMHomR 870 SURMHo
.=
1 [cos .VHQ( 0 .& . )]2
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/DW 0pGLD R /DW 0p /RQ 0pGLD R /RQ 0p $OW 0pGLD P $OW 0p 'LVW +RUL] P 'LVW +RUL]
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64
3RGHVH 7UDQVIRUPDU GLUHWDPHQWH XPD GLVWDQFLD 3RGH KRUL]RQWDO 6K GLUHWDPHQWH SDUD D SODQR 870 6K XWLOL]DQGR D VHJXLQWH IyUPXOD Iy 63 6K [ .U 6K [ .U
PDV 63 6Q [ . ,JXDODQGR DV GXDV IyUPXODV WHPVH Iy WHP
7UDQVI 'H 'K ! 63 &RHILFLHQWH GH (VFDOD .U
H GHVWD IRUPD SRGHPRV FDOFXODU .U XWLOL]DQGR D VHJXLQWH IyUPXOD .U 6Q [ . 6K 6Q
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/DW 0pGLD R /RQ 0pGLD R $OW 0pGLD P 'LVW +RUL] P &DOFXODU .U 'LVWDQFLD 3ODQD 870
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65
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0
01
T12
21
2 0
01
T12
21
1
10 T10
12
10
1
T10 12
(a)
T12
(b)
T12
1
10 12
T10 10
T10
12
01
21
2 M.C.
01
21
(c)
Oeste
(d)
Leste
$]LPXWH 3ODQR 7

Caso (a) (b) (c) (d) Azimute T12 = T10 10 + + 12 T12 = T10 + 10 + 12 T12 = T10 + 10 + 12 T12 = T10 10 + + 12
66
&iOFXOR GD 5HGXomR $QJXODU

3DUD R FiOFXOR GD UHGXomR DQJXODU WHPVH D Fi UHGXo WHP VHJXLQWH IyUPXOD Iy 1 ( ( ;9,,, 2QGH 2QGH
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([ &iOFXOR GD 5HGXomR $QJXODU

( 6 01
10
12
6
12
10&
67
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( 1 ( 1 P P P P
([HPSOR GH &iOFXOR GD 5HGXomR $QJXODU
3W
;9,,, /DW /DW
R
7DEHOD
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68
'DGRV 1 ( H 1 H ( &DOFXODU
&RRUGHQDGDV 3ODQDV 870 3UREOHPD ,QYHUVR
V GLVWkQFLD JHRGpVLFD HQWUH DV HVWDo}HV JHRGp HVWDo H 7 H 7 D]LPXWHV SODQRV H UHGXo}HV DQJXODUHV UHGXo $ H $ D]LPXWHV JHGpVLFRV JHGp
&iOFXOR GH VGLVW *HRGpVLFD

PDV V NP 6 6DEHQGR TXH

SRUWDQWR V 6.
= 1 2 + ( 2
69
3W ( 1 3W ( 1

([HPSOR GH &iOFXOR GD 'LVW *HRGpVLFD

P P P P
V 6. /DWLWXGH 0pGLD R ;9,,,

([HPSOR GH &iOFXOR GD 'LVW *HRGpVLFD

1 2 2 T $% = (T $ + T $ .T% + T% ) . 0 = 0,9996 3 T $ = 0,000001.( $ T% = 0,000001.( %
( $ = 500.000,0 ( $ ( % = 500.000,0 ( %
. = . 0 .(1 + ;9,,, .T $% + 0,00003.T $% )

2
;9,,, > 7DEHOD [ $UJXPHQWR > /DW.0pGLD( P )]
;9,,, =
1 + H 2 . cos 2 P 1 . 2 .1012 2.1 2 .0
1 > *U.1RUPDO
70
&DOFXOR GR $]LPXWH 3ODQR 7

N E Quad Azimute T 180o -T 180o +T 360o -T
+ +
+ + -
1o 2o 3o 4o
7 = arctan
( 1
&iOFXOR GR $] *HRGpVLFR $ RX $

(a) (b)
T01
10
T 01 A10 A01 0
1 T 10
A01
01
0
10
0
1 A10 T10
01
Equador
T01 A01 0
01
T 01
10
1
T10
1
A10
1
T10
A01
10
A10
01 0
(c) M.C.
(d)
71
&iOFXOR GR $] *HRGpVLFR

Caso (a) (b) (c) (d) Azimute A01 = T01 + 180 01 0 A10 = T10 180 + 10 1 A01 = T01 + 180 01 + 0 A10 = T10 180 + 10 + 1 A01 = T01 + 180 + 01 + 0 A10 = T10 180 10 + 1 A01 = T01 + 180+ 01 0 A10 = T10 180 10 1
3DUD RV WUDEDOKRV GH JHRUUHIHUHQFLDPHQWR GH LPyYHLV UXUDLV RXWUD LPy H[LJrQFLD GD 1RUPD GR ,1&5$ GL] UHVSHLWR D GHWHUPLQDomR GD GHWHUPLQDo &RQYHUJrQFLD 0HULGLDQD 3ODQD TXH p GLYHUJrQFLD HQWUH 1RUWH 9HUGDGHLUR 19 H R 1RUWH GH 4XDGUtFXOD 14 19 4XDGUt 14 $ SDUWLU GH 19 WHPVH R D]LPXWH YHUGDGHLUR GHILQLGR QRV OHYDQWDPHQWRV WHP WRSRJUiILFRV SRU DVWURQRPLD GH FDPSR H[ GLVWDQFLDV ]HQLWDLV DEVROXWDV WRSRJUi DEVROXWDV
&RQYHUJrQFLD 0HULGLDQD 3ODQD
$ SDUWLU GH 14 WHPVH R D]LPXWH SODQR 870 GHILQLGR D SDUWLU GDV 14 WHP FRRUGHQDGDV 1 H ( GR VLVWHPD 870 2 19 SRGH VHU FRQVLGHUDGR DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH FRP VHQGR LJXDO DR 1RUWH 1RUWH *HRGpVLFR 1* SRLV D YDULDomR HQWUH HOHV p SHTXHQD H SRGH VHU *HRGp 1* YDULDo GHVFRQVLGHUDGD H FRP LVWR WHPVH 19 # 1* /HPEUDQGR TXH R 1RUWH WHP 1* 9HUGDGHLUR HVWi UHODFLRQDGR DR JHyLGH IRUPD ItVLFD SDUD D 7HUUD H R HVWi JHy It 1RUWH *HRGpVLFR HVWi UHODFLRQDGR DR (OLSVyLGH IRUPD PDWHPiWLFD *HRGp HVWi (OLSVy PDWHPi SDUD D 7HUUD
72

$ 1RUPD GH *HRUUHIHUHQFLDPHQWR GR ,1&5$ H[LJH TXH VH WHQKD HP SODQWD R GHILQLomR GH 14 19 H WDPEpP D FRQYHUJrQFLD PHULGLDQD SODQD QRUPDOPHQWH GR FHQWUR GD SODQWD FRP LVWR HQWmR p QHFHVViULR VHX FiOFXOR

(
14 1*
1 01
12

10&
73

3RGHVH FDOFXODU D FRQYHUJrQFLD PHULGLDQD GH GXDV IRUPDV SHODV FRRUGHQDGDV 870 1( RX SHODV FRRUGHQDGDV JHRJUiILFDV $ WtWXOR GH H[HPSOR YDPRV H[HFXWDU RV FiOFXORV SHODV FRRUGHQDGDV JHRJUiILFDV 2EVHUYDomR $ FRQYHUJrQFLD SODQD p GH FDUiWHU SRQWXDO PHULGLDQD

( P 1 P &RRUG *HRGpVLFDV R &RRUG *HRGp R ;,,S ;,,,S &S 870
([HPSOR GH &iOFXOR 3RQWR
74
&RQYHUJrQFLD 0HULGLDQD 3ODQD HP )XQomR GDV &RRUG *HRGpVLFDV

= ;,, . S + ;,,, . S 3 + &5 . S 5 RQGH : S = 0,0001."
" = (0& )" VHQ 21".VHQ . cos 2 (1 + 3.H2 . cos 2 + 2.H4 . cos 4 ).1012 3 VHQ 41".VHQ . cos 4 ( 2 tan 2 ).10 20 &5 = 15 (D 2 E 2 )1/ 2 H= E para o sistema SAD69 : a = 6.378.160,0 m; b = 6.356.774,719 m ;,,, = ;,, = VHQ .10 4

|RR |
S H ;,, ;,,, &

VHQR VHQ RX &HQWUDO
R QHJDWLYR SRLV HVWi D OHVWH GR 0HULGLDQR HVWi
&RP LVWR SRU H[HPSOR $]LPXWH 3ODQR870 3ODQR
R
$]LPXWH 9HUGDGHLUR FRQWDGR D SDUWLU GR QRUWH
R
75
&RQYHUJrQFLD 0HULGLDQD 3ODQD HP )XQomR GDV &RRUG 3ODQDV 870

= ;9 .T ;9, .T 3 + )5.T 5
'HWHUP /DW :
%0 =
L=0
0 =
L +1
L
1 1 . .0
1 .0
1 = 10.000.000 1 ( + .6 .)
+1 =
1 .( % + . sin(2 ) . sin( 4. ) + . sin(6. ) . sin(8. ) + . sin(10. ))

L L L L L
,WHUDU DWp TXH +1 =

L L
PN 2 1
2 A12 s12 A21 1 1
76
'DGRV ! H &RRUGHQDGDV JHRGpVLFDV GD HVWDomR JHRGp HVWDo ! $ $]LPXWH JHRGpVLFR GD GLUHomR JHRGp GLUHo ! V GLVWkQFLD JHRGpVLFD HQWUH DV HVWDo}HV H JHRGp HVWDo &DOFXODU H $ ! !
&RRUGHQDGDV *HRGpVLFDV 3UREOHPD 'LUHWR
$
$ R
2EVHUYDomR $]LPXWH FRQWDGR D SDUWLU GR 1RUWH 2EVHUYDo
&DOFXOR GD ODWLWXGH M
= %.V. cos $] &.V 2 . sen 2 $] (.K.V 2 . sen 2 $]

HP TXH K %VFRV$]
'
77
&DOFXOR GD ODWLWXGH O
V. sen $] = $2 cos 2
2 tQGLFH QR FRHILFLHQWH $ p SDUD OHPEUDU DR FDOFXOLVWD TXH R DUJXPHQWR SDUD R FiOFXOR p D Fi ODWLWXGH GR VHJXQGR SRQWR
&iOFXOR GR &RQWUD$]LPXWH
$
$ R
VHQ P . + ( ) 3 .)P cos( ) 2
P =
1 + 2 2
2 1 = 2 2
RQGH p D FRQYHUJrQFLD PHULGLDQD HP VHJXQGR GH DUFR
= 2 1
(em segundos de arco)
78
$ SDUWLU GDV FRRUGHQDGDV JHRGpVLFDV GH GRLV SRQWRV JHRGp FRQKHFLGDV SRGHVH FDOFXODU D GLVWDQFLD JHRGpVLFD HP SRGH JHRGp RV GRLV SRQWRV DVVLP FRPR R D]LPXWH H R FRQWUD FRQWUD D]LPXWH (VWH SUREOHPD p FRPXP QRV GLDV GH KRMH FRP R XVR FDGD YH] PDLV IUHTHQWH GR VLVWHPD *36 RQGH VH IUHT OHYDQWD XP SRQWR H XPD PLUD GRLV SRQWRV GH FRRUGHQDGDV GHILQLGDV DSyV R OHYDQWDPHQWR 2 D]LPXWH DSy JHRGpVLFR SRGH VHU XWLOL]DGR SDUD R FiOFXOR GR D]LPXWH JHRGp Fi SODQR 870 DVVLP FRPR DV FRRUGHQDGDV JHRGpVLFDV VmR JHRGp XWLOL]DGDV SDUD VH FDOFXODU DV FRRUGHQDGDV 1 H ( FRRUGHQDGDV SODQDV 870
&RRUGHQDGDV *HRGpVLFDV 3UREOHPD ,QYHUVR

'DGRV &DOFXODU H H V $] H $]
Y
PN
2 1
2
s12 2
79
&iOFXOR GH ; H <
; =
<=
.cos 2 $2
1 + '1 .( ) 2 + .(1 . ; 2 + &1 . ; 2 %1
&iOFXOR GR $]LPXWH *HRGpVLFR
tan $12 =
QHVWH FDVR SDUD R FiOFXOR ILQDO GR D]LPXWH GHYHVH ID]HU R HVWXGR GH VLQDO GH ; H <
; <
80
&iOFXOR GD GLVWkQFLD JHRGpVLFD V
V=
; 2 +< 2
$ $ R RQGH p FRQYHUJrQFLD PHULGLDQD
&iOFXOR GR FRQWUDD]LPXWH $
&RHILFLHQWHV GH 3XLVVDQW
$=
&=
1 1 . sen 1
'=
%=
1 0 . sen 1
tan 2 01 . sen 1
3.H 2 . sen cos . sen 1 2(1 H 2 sen 2 )
1 + 3 tan 2 (= 61 2
sen . cos 2 . sen 2 1 )= 12
81
&RUUHomR GR kQJXOR D]LPXWDO

H 2 cos 2 $ . sen 2 $] $% +% = 2 1 $ sen 1
5HGXo}HV GRV YDORUHV REVHUYDGRV
&RUUHo}HV D VHUHP LQWURGX]LGDV QD GLVWkQFLD 2XWUDV (TXDo}HV
5HGXomR DR KRUL]RQWH 'LVWDQFLD ,QFOLQDGD ! 'LVW +RUL] UHGX]LGD
'K
'K
'L FRV RQGH p R kQJXOR YHUWLFDO 2X 'L VHQ] RQGH ] p R kQJXOR ]HQLWDO
82
5HGXomR DR KRUL]RQWH
$ GLVWkQFLD PHGLGD HOHWURQLFDPHQWH VRIUH XPD FRUUHomR GD UHIUDomR DWPRVIpULFD H[HFXWDGD DXWRPDWLFDPHQWH QR HTXLSDPHQWR GHVGH TXH RV SDUkPHWURV SDUD WDO VHMDP LQWURGX]LGRV SUHVVmR DWPRVIpULFD WHPSHUDWXUD XPLGDGH
5HGXomR DR HOLSVyLGH
'XDV (WDSDV
5HGXomR D &RUGD 5HGXo 5HGXomR DR $UFR 5HGXo
83
D 5HGXomR D FRUGD
Dh H Dc
D 5HGXomR D FRUGD
+ ++ DOWLWXGH PpGLD HQWUH RV GRLV SRQWRV
5 7HRUHPD GH (XOHU DUJXPHQWR SDUD 5 ! /DWLWXGH 0pGLD
1 cos 2 $] sen 2 $] = + 5 0 1
84
D 5HGXomR D FRUGD
'K 5 + + = 'F 5
5.'K 'F = 5++
3RUWDQWR
5HGXomR DR DUFR
'J 'F
'F 3 'J = 'F + 24 5 2
85
7UDQVIRUPDomR GH &RRUGHQDGDV *HRGpVLFDV HP 3ODQDV 870 H 9LFH 9HUVD

870 1(
! &RRUG *HGpVLFDV
&RRUG *HGpVLFDV
! 870 1(
870 UHSUHVHQWDomR SODQD GR HOLSVyLGH WHUUHVWUH UHSUHVHQWDo HOLSVy TXH DGRWD D SURMHomR FRQIRUPH GH *DXVV SURMHo PDQWpP D IRUPD RX VHMD FRQVHUYD RV kQJXORV PDQWp GDV ILJXUDV UHSUHVHQWDGDV 3URMHomR FLOtQGULFD 870 FRQVLVWH HP HQYROYHU R 3URMHo FLOt HOLSVyLGH WHUUHVWUH FRP XP FLOLQGUR VHFDQWH HOLSVy WUDQVYHUVR DR HL[R SRODU GR JORER WHUUHVWUH ID]HQGR FRP TXH R FLOLQGUR WHQKD XP UDLR PHQRU GR TXH R UDLR PpGLR WHUUHVWUH Pp
7UDQVIRUPDomR GH &RRUGHQDGDV
86
(VSHFLILFDo}HV
3URMHomR FRQIRUPH GH *DXVV 3URMHo 'LYLVmR GD 7HUUD HP IXVRV GH GH DPSOLWXGH FRQWDGRV D SDUWLU GR DQWLPHULGLDQR GH DQWL *UHHQZLFK WRWDOL]DQGR ]RQDV HVWDEHOHFHQGRVH SDUD FDGD ]RQD XP HVWDEHOHFHQGR PHULGLDQR FHQWUDO SDUD D UHJLmR GH *RLkQLD R PHULGLDQR FHQWUDO HTXLYDOH D : )DWRU GH UHGXomR GD HVFDOD XWLOL]DGR SDUD UHGXo UHGX]LU GHIRUPDo}HV . GHIRUPDo
/DWLWXGH Pi[LPD GH WUDEDOKR LJXDO j Pi (L[RV FDUWHVLDQRV RUWRJRQDLV WUDQVIRUPDGDV GR PHULGLDQR FHQWUDO H GR HTXDGRU 5HSUHVHQWDomR GDV FRRUGHQDGDV SODQRUHWDQJXODUHV 5HSUHVHQWDo SODQR SHODV OHWUDV 1 H ( UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH UHSUHVHQWDGR DV RUGHQDGDV H DV DEVFLVVDV +6 WHUUHVWUH FRP YDORUHV VHPSUH SRVLWLYRV
1
RUGHQDGDV GHYHP VHU VRPDGRV GH PHWURV DEVFLVVDV GH PHWURV (
1
(
87
&RRUGHQDGDV *HRGpVLFDV SDUD &RRUGHQDGDV 3ODQDV 870

N 1 = I + II p 2 + III p 4 + (A ) p 6 6
( = ,9 S 9 S + (% ) S
*HRGpVLFDV SDUD 3ODQDV 870
I = S"K 0
S" = a (1 - e 2 ) ( $
. 1 1 1 1 1 % sen 2 + & sen 4 ' sen 6 + ( sen 8 ) sen10 ) 180 2 4 6 8 10
$ & (

[
[
% )
'
[
[

88

1 sen cos sen 2 1 II = K 0 10 8 2
III = sen 4 1 1 sen cos 3 (5 tan 2 + 9 e 2 cos 2 + 4 e 4 cos 4 ) K 0 1016 24
IV = 1 cos sen1 .K 0 10 4

A = 6 sen 6 1 1 sen cos 5 (61 58 tan 2 + tan 4 + 270 e 2 cos 2 330 e 2 VHQ 2 ) K 0 10 24 720
B = 5
sen 5 1 1 cos 5 ( 5 18 tan 2 + tan 4 + 14 e 2 cos 2 58 e 2 VHQ 2 ) K 0 10 20 120
p = 0,0001 ( - MC)
e = .( 2 )
2 2
D2 H2 H = 2 1 = E 1 H2
89
3ODQDV 870 SDUD *HRGpVLFDV

= 9,, .T 2 + 9,,, .T 4 ' 6 .T 6
= 0
= ,; .T ; .T 3 + ( 5 .T 5
T = 0,000001 .(
( = &WH (
&WH
P
90

'HWHUPLQDomR GH M $ PHGLGD p GHWHUPLQDGD SRU XP SURFHVVR LWHUDWLYR 3DUD L WHPVH N

%0 = K0
3DUD L
WHPVH
1 =
1 %R
&iOFXOR GH 3URFHVVR ,WHUDWLYR

+1 =
L
1 ( % 0 + .sen 2 .sen 4 + .sen 6 .sen8 + .sen10 )

L L L L L

[
[

91

VII = 1 tan (1 + H2 . cos 2 ). 2 1012 2 2.1 .VHQ1" .0
VIII =
tan (5 + 3. tan 2 +6.H2 cos 2 6.H2 .sen 2 3.H4 . cos 4 9.H4 . cos 2 . 2 ) sen 24.1 4 .VHQ1" 1 4 10 24 .0

'
tan (61 + 90. tan 2 +45. tan 4 +107.H2 . cos 2 162.H2 .VHQ 2 45.H2 . tan 2 . 2 ) VHQ 720.1 6 .VHQ1" 1 6 10 36
sec 1 IX = 10 6 1 .VHQ1" . 0
92

X=
( 5 =
1 sec (1 + 2. tan 2 + H2 . cos 2 ) 3 1018 6.1 3 .VHQ1" .0
sec 1 (5 + 28. tan 2 +24. tan 4 +6.H2 . cos 2 +8.H2 .VHQ 2 ) 5 10 30 5 120.1 .VHQ1" .0
0pWRGRV GH SRVLFLRQDPHQWR KRUL]RQWDO
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93
7ULDQJXODomR
$ WULDQJXODomR HUD R PpWRGR PDLV FOiVVLFR H WULDQJXODo Pp FOi SUHFLVR GH REWHQomR GH FRRUGHQDGDV REWHQo JHRGpVLFDV SODQLPpWULFD JHRGp SODQLPp WULFD 'HWHUPLQDomR GH FRRUGHQDGDV SHOD UHVROXomR 'HWHUPLQDo UHVROXo GH ILJXUDV JHRPpWULFDV REWLGDV D SDUWLU GH JHRPp WULkQJXORV MXVWDSRVWRV RX VREUHSRVWRV IRUPDGRV DWUDYpV GD PHGLomR GRV kQJXORV DWUDYp PHGLo VXEWHQGLGRV SRU FDGD YpUWLFH Yp
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7ULDQJXODomR
94
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&DOFXODU 1 ( 7 H

'D ILJXUD DQWHULRU WHPRV TXH

3DUD GLVWkQFLDV LQIHULRUHV D NP SRGHPRV FRQVLGHUDU 6 HQWmR

&iOFXOR GD 7UDQVIRUPDGD GD GLVWkQFLD JHRGpVLFD 6

V [ . 6 ! 7UDQVIRUPDGD GD 'LVW HRGpVLFD V 'LVW HRGp

&iOFXOR GD 'LVWDQFLD 6 ! ) &RRUGHQDGDV *HRGpVLFDV

([HPSORV GH &RHI 'H (VFDOD .

)XVR ! 0& &DOFXOH . SDUD

&iOFXOR GD 'LVWDQFLD 6 ! )(1 &RRUGHQDGDV 870