Drug (Opiates) Alfentanil (Alfenta) Buprenorphine (Suboxone) Butorphanol Codeine Diacetylmorphine (Heroin) Dihydrocodeine Diphenoxylate Fentanyl (Duragesic) Hydrocodone

(Vicodin) Hydromorphone Ketobemidone Meperidine (Demerol) Methadone Morphine Oxycodone (OxyContin) Oxymorphone Pentazocine (Fortral) Remifentanil Sufentanil Tramadol

Oral 43% 22% 5-17% 90% 35% 20% 90% 50% 70% 30-35% 34% 30-43% 84% 20-40% 60-87% 10-15% 20% N/A N/A 68%-72%

Intranasal 65% 48.20% 60-70% N/A 44%-61% N/A N/A 89% N/A 53% N/A 80%-85% N/A 25-30% 45%-70% 43% N/A N/A 78% 32.40%

Rectal N/A 54% N/A 90% 55% N/A N/A N/A 70%-80% 33%-50% 44% N/A 76% 36-71% 61-67% 50.70% N/A N/A N/A 77%

Intramuscular Intravenous 92% 90%-100% N/A N/A 85% 85% N/A 85% N/A 85% 85% 80%-85% 85% 100% 90% 90% N/A N/A N/A 90% 100% 100% 100% N/A 100% 100% N/A 100% N/A 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

Half-Life Notes 1.5-2 hours 12-44 hours 4-7 Hours 2.5-3 hours > 10 mins 4 hours 12-14 hours 3-12 hours 4-8 hours 2-3 hours 2.25- 2.45 hours 3-4 hours 24-36 hours 2-3 hours 3-4.5 hours 8 hours 2-3 hours 1-21 minutes 265 minutes 5-7 hours Fentanyl Analogue - Used for anaesthesia in surgery Sublingual 40% -Semi-synthetic opioid - used to treat opioid addiction in higher dosages (>2 mg) Used primarily for migraines as an intranasal spray Intravenous administration should be avoided, as it could result in anaphylaxis and dangerous pulmonary edema Also known as diamorphine, is an opiate analgesic synthesized by adding two acetyl groups to the molecule morphine. A semi-synthetic opioid analgesic. Due to it's simularity to Codeine, IV should be avoided An opioid agonist used for the treatment of diarrhea. Oral administration only. Transdermal 92% -Fentanyl is approximately 100 times more potent than morphine. Intravenous administration should be avoided, as it could result in anaphylaxis and dangerous pulmonary edema A synonym for dihydromorphinone. Brand names - Palladone, Dilaudid A powerful opioid analgesic. It is available as tablets, suppositories and injection fluid. Delivered as a hydrochloride salt in tablets, as a syrup, or by IM subcutaneous or IV injection. A synthetic opioid. It is used medically as an analgesic and an anti-addictivefor use by patients with opioid dependency. Morphine is regarded as the gold standard, or benchmark, of opioid analgesics used to relieve severe or agonizing pain and suffering. Oxycodone is an analgesic medication synthesized from poppy-derived thebaine. 14-Hydroxydihydromorphinone is a powerful semi-synthetic opioid analgesic. Side effects are similar to those of morphine, but pentazocine may be more likely to cause hallucinations and other psychotomimetic effects. A potent ultra short-acting synthetic opioid analgesic, given during surgery as an adjunct to an anaesthetic A short acting synthetic opioid analgesic, approximately 5 to 10 times more potent than, fentanyl. Also given as a anaesthetic. Tramadol is used similarly to codeine, to treat moderate to severe pain.

Opiate Antagonists Naloxone Naltrexone

Oral 2%-4% 5%-40%

Intranasal

Rectal

Intramuscular Intravenous 100% 100%

Half-Life Notes 1-1.5 hours Naloxone is a drug used to counter the effects of opiate overdose, for example heroin or morphine overdose. 4 hours An opioid receptor antagonist used primarily in the management of alcohol dependence and opioid dependence.

Drug (Benzodiazepines) Alprazolam Bromazepam Cinolazepam Clobazam Clorazepate Chlordiazepoxide Clonazepam Diazepam Estazolam Lorazepam Midazolam Flurazepam Temazepam Quazepam

Oral Intranasal 80-90% 84% 90%-100% 90% 91% 100% 90% 85%-100% 93% 85%-90% 78% 36%-40% 55% 83% 96% 29%-35%

Rectal

Intramuscular Intravenous

Other

90%-95% 93%

Half-Life 9-20 hours 10-20 hours 9 hours 18 hours 36-100 hours 14-100 hours

Notes

10-24 hours 90% 40-250 hours 8-20 hours 39 hours