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Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. Revised Draft May 16, 2001
Table of Contents
Recommended Alternatives.................................................................................................1
Introduction................................................................................................................................ 1
Alternatives Recommended for Immediate Implementation ...................................................... 1
1. Alternate Release at S. Fork Rivanna Reservoir................................... 2
2. Water Conservation............................................................................... 4
3. Drought Management............................................................................ 5
4. Reduce Sediment Load into S. Fork Rivanna Reservoir ....................... 6
5. Four-foot Crest Controls...................................................................... 10
Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 34
Table of Contents i
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Appendices............................................................................................................................ 36
Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 41
Table of Contents ii
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Figures
Recommended Alternatives
Introduction
The following recommendations result from analysis of raw water
supply and demand in the Urban Service Area, along with the
investigation of possible alternatives to address the identified water
supply deficit. In keeping with federal and state regulatory
requirements, the strategy proposed in this chapter attempts to meet the
short and long-term water demand in the least environmentally intrusive
manner, taking into account overall environmental effects, costs,
logistics, technical feasibility, and overall project purposes. In some
cases, these interests can be best served by implementing partial
solutions over time, delaying environmental disturbance and
maintaining the maximum amount of flexibility to deal with changing
conditions. The recommended strategy involves improvements to the
efficiency of existing water resources – no wholly new physical additions
to the system are being proposed.
The short-term need for additional raw water in the Urban Service area
is acute. The Summary of Water Needs presented in the Analysis of
Alternatives indicates that demand now exceeds safe yield in the Urban
Service Area. This means that during the next severe drought the
Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority will have insufficient water
supplies to meet demand. Furthermore, the demand and supply
projections are currently diverging at a rate of 3 million gallons per day
(mgd) per decade, so that by 2010 the safe yield deficit will be
Recommended Alternatives 1
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Description of Alternative
When this study was begun, the study team was informed and
understood that SFRR was required as a regulatory matter to release at
least 8 mgd at all times. The safe yield of the reservoir was accordingly
calculated on that basis. Subsequent investigation has failed to identify
any such regulatory requirement, however. Accordingly, the current
yield of the reservoir is actually greater than that assumed in the supply
study. The difference amounts to 1.6 mgd, if the reservoir is assumed to
release at a rate of 8 mgd or at the rate of natural inflow to the reservoir,
whichever is less. In other words, when water flowing into SFRR
exceeds 8 mgd, a minimum of 8 mgd would be released; if inflow falls to
8 mgd or below, then the release would equal inflow.
Correcting the reservoir’s stated yield in this way indicates that the
immediate, apparent water deficit identified by the Demand Analysis and
Supply Analysis can be satisfied in the very short term by the SFRR.
Furthermore, there would likely be no practical consequence to restating
the reservoir’s yield in this way. The scenario would occur only on those
rare occasions when the water level falls below the top of the dam.
Anecdotal evidence suggests that this has happened only 2 or 3 times
since the dam was constructed in 1966. Furthermore, once a source of
additional supply is obtained, the RWSA could of course adopt or accept
a prescribed minimum release. Even if a severe drought should occur
before a new water source is brought on-line, the natural river flow
would simply be passed downstream without augmentation.
Recommended Alternatives 2
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Water Supply and Demand
22
20
18
Water Demand Projection (1997-2050)
16
Demand/Supply (MGD)
14
12
Water Demand (1973-1996)
10
8
Water Supply Projection
6
0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
Figure 1
Summary of Water Needs
22
20
18
Demand/Supply (MGD)
8
Water Supply Projection
6
0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
Figure 2
Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. Revised Draft May 16, 2001
Effectiveness
The revised release would provide 1.6 mgd in additional safe yield. It
could thus meet the needs of the Urban Service Area over the next 1-2
years, until a longer-term solution is available.
Practicability/Cost
The cost for this alternative is quite low at $386,000, for a unit cost of
$0.24/gallon. This accounts for installation of necessary gauges as well
as valving and controls at the SFRR dam. It may be possible to utilize
existing gauges, thereby lowering the total cost slightly – this potential
should be investigated.
Environmental
The revised release would actually be implemented only when a severe
drought occurs. At such times, the release from the reservoir would
equal the inflow to the reservoir. In other words, streamflows would be
at their natural levels during such droughts, rather than being
augmented from reservoir storage. The temporary nature of the revised
release, combined with the infrequency of its use (only during rare and
severe droughts), minimizes the impact to downstream flow. Figure 3
shows the flow exceedance curves for the South Fork Rivanna River
downstream of the dam, with and without this alternative. The curves
demonstrate the percentage of the time that flows exceed a given level.
As shown, the “w/o Project” line ends at 8 mgd, reflecting the
previously assumed required release, while the “w/ Alternate Reservoir
Release” line drops below 8 mgd. Except for the very highest
percentages, the flows are similar; for instance, river flows without the
project exceed 20 mgd roughly 93% of the time. With the project, river
flows exceed 20 mgd roughly 91% of the time. Furthermore, with the
project, flows drop below 8 mgd less than 1% of the time.
During design of the valving system, the potential for mixing surface
and bottom water, to optimize temperature and oxygen levels, should be
investigated.
Recommendation
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
0
10
w/o Projects (Existing Conditions)
Exceedance Percentage
w/ Alternate Reservoir Release
Figure 3
Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. Revised Draft May 16, 2001
2. Water Conservation
Description of Alternative
Effectiveness
Recommended Alternatives 4
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Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. Revised Draft May 16, 2001
Practicability/Cost
The cost for this alternative is estimated to be $2.5 million, excluding any
potential reduction in revenues due to lower sales. This amounts to an
overall unit cost of $19.23/gallon. However, the cost is attributable to
the public education component, while most of the yield is attributable
to plumbing changeout. This suggests the public education component
may not be cost-effective.
Environmental
Recommendation
3. Drought Management
Description of Alternative
Recommended Alternatives 5
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Effectiveness
Practicability/Cost
Environmental
No negative environmental effects of drought management were
identified, apart from loss of vegetation that may result from restrictions
on outdoor water use (lawn watering) during droughts.
Recommendation
Description of Alternative
Recommended Alternatives 6
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! “Upland BMPs
Stormwater treatment via BMP is required for all new
development; BMPs are discussed in the Interim Design
Manual. Though the County’s keystone pollutant is
phosphorus, BMPs normally capture sediment in an effort to
remove bound phosphate. Multipliers in the procedure for
calculating the phosphorus removal requirement lead to higher
removal requirements in the water supply watersheds than in
other areas.
! Stream Buffers
Stream buffers are a special case of BMP. Stream buffers are
required in Albemarle County Code using the Virginia
Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act as the enabling legislation.
In the SFRR watershed, buffers are required around both
perennial and intermittent streams (as delineated by County
staff) on all development sites. This program is most
forcefully applied to new development. Buffers on previously
developed sites are addressed through education and
enforcement of violations. Twenty five feet buffers and
conservation plans are required on cropland bordering
perennial streams. For pasture land, County and Soil and
Water Conservation District staff feel that the Agricultural
Stewardship Act is a more effective way to correct “bad actor”
situations. For forestry practices, the County’s ordinance
exempts silvicultural operations as long as forestry BMPs are
followed. There is also a state law, administered by the
Department of Forestry, which addresses “bad actor” cases.
Recommended Alternatives 7
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Effectiveness
Forebays
Recommended Alternatives 8
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Stream Restoration
Practicability/Cost
Forebays
Stream Restoration
Environmental
Forebays
Recommended Alternatives 9
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Stream Restoration
Recommendation
All practical efforts to reduce sediment inputs to S. Fork Rivanna
Reservoir should continue, as they might prolong the useful life of the
reservoir and obviate future dredging. Accordingly, we recommend this
alternative be pursued immediately as a supportive measure, and that its
effects be monitored. We also recommend that additional measures, such
as stream bank restoration, construction of reservoir forebays, and an
enhanced riparian buffer program should be investigated further, even
though their effectiveness cannot be quantified at this time. Additional
studies (for instance to assess the potential for stream bank restoration)
and periodic bathymetric surveys would help to determine whether the
strong sediment control program currently in place could effectively be
enhanced.
Description of Alternative
This alternative would involve installation of an inflatable bladder on the
SFRR dam, in order to increase the reservoir pool height by 4’, thereby
adding storage capacity to the reservoir. A similar bladder was recently
installed on the Sugar Hollow dam. Previous dam stability analyses
indicated that the SFRR dam with 4’ crest controls would comply with
Virginia dam safety regulations. This alternative will likely require some
land acquisition, although the exact amount is uncertain and will require
additional investigation. For the purposes of this analysis, it is assumed
that up to 100 acres would be required. Also, replacement of the Route
676 bridge over Ivy Creek may be required. We have consulted with
VDOT but do not yet have definitive information as to whether the
bridge must be replaced or how the associated costs might be allocated.
The raised pool level would impact the location of any proposed
sediment forebays, and their exact location would require site specific
analysis.
Effectiveness
Practicability/Cost
This alternative has a relatively low base cost of $2.26 million, for a unit
cost of $0.32/gallon. It makes use of existing water treatment and
transmission facilities and extends the useful life of the existing S. Fork
Rivanna Reservoir. These cost figures assume no land purchase or
bridge replacement.
During the initial investigations into this alternative, it was assumed that
the City of Charlottesville owned property to an elevation of 387’ –
adequate for the proposed 386’ pool level. It now appears that this may
not be the case in all sections of the reservoir, particularly in the upper
reaches of the SFRR. Given the uncertainty of the extent of City
ownership, it appears likely that some property acquisition will be
required. Although the exact amount could only be determined by
extensive field surveys, we estimate the amount to be approximately 100
acres. This estimate is based on examination of topographic maps, as
well as anecdotal evidence. The number is subject to the limitations of
the topographic maps and their associated scale and topographic
interval. Nevertheless, we believe this to be a reasonable estimate of the
order of magnitude of the likely acreage. Using a land value of $13,000
per acre, this would increase the cost of the alternative by roughly $1.3
million. This per acre figure is somewhat higher than the average land
value used for other alternatives, reflecting the potentially higher value
of property fronting on the reservoir. Additional purchases of land for
flood easements would not in general be required, since the bladder
allows for control of the water level, and would be deflated accordingly
in the event of a flood.
Should replacement of the Ivy Creek bridge be required, the cost of the
alternative would increase by approximately $2 million. The estimated
land purchase and the bridge replacement would therefore increase total
cost to roughly $5.6 million, for a unit cost of $0.80/gallon. These costs
are still relatively low in comparison to other alternatives.
Recommended Alternatives 11
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Environmental
If the regulatory process should require mitigation for the full 18 acres,
the cost of this alternative would increase, as discussed above.
Alternatively, it is possible that this alternative will not require a permit
and associated regulatory oversight, thereby lowering the mitigation
cost.
Figure 4 shows the flow exceedance curves with and without the project.
As can be seen, river flows without the project exceed 20 mgd roughly
93% of the time. With the project, river flows exceed 20 mgd roughly
89% of the time. With the project, flows do not fall below 8 mgd,
reflecting the proposed establishment of an 8 mgd constant minimum
release from SFRR.
Recommendation
We recommend that RWSA immediately pursue design and preparation
for installation of 4’ crest controls. This alternative would provide
significant water supply into the middle of the planning period, is cost-
effective, and has limited environmental impacts that may be effectively
offset.
Recommended Alternatives 12
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Flow Exceedance Curve for South Fork Rivanna Reservoir Downstream of Dam
Downstream Flow (mgd) Period of Record: Oct.1,1929-Sept.30, 1999
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
0
10
w/o Projects (Existing Conditions)
Exceedance Percentage
w/ Crest Control
Figure 4
Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. Revised Draft May 16, 2001
Two alternatives – using Chris Greene Lake for water supply purposes
and dredging of SFRR – appear to offer the most promise, while others
appear not to be part of a practicable solution based on analysis to date
of effectiveness, costs, and environmental impacts. The following
sections assess and offer recommendations with respect to each of these
remaining alternatives.
1. Dredging
Description of Alternative
The dredging alternative consists of removing and disposing of some or
all of the accumulated sediment in the upper and middle reaches of the
SFRR. The reservoir is currently losing storage capacity due to siltation
at a rate of approximately 13 million gallons per year, and this
alternative includes two options for addressing this issue and increasing
the long-term safe yield of the reservoir.
Effectiveness
Practicability/Cost
Additional research performed concerning this alternative subsequent to
our prior evaluation has included contacting several additional dredging
contractors to solicit cost estimates. This investigation uncovered a wide
range of possible costs; the original estimate in the Alternatives
Evaluation is within that range.
Recommended Alternatives 13
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Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. Revised Draft May 16, 2001
This scenario uses an average value for dredging cost per cubic yard,
and assumes that a single upland site could be purchased and developed
for this purpose. As such, this represents the low end of the possible cost
range. The appropriate site would consist of roughly 180 acres, and
contain ravine topography with limited wetlands. Construction would
be limited to earthen dams at the head and foot of the spoil site, utilizing
steep slopes to contain the bulk of the material. Given the topography in
the vicinity of the reservoir, several such sites could be available.
! Land purchase…………………………………$275,000
! Dredge/dry/haul @ $17 per cubic yard…….$52.2 million
! Improvements to WTP………………………..$3 million
! SUBTOTAL…………………………………….$55.5 million
! Eng., legal, admin. fees 15%…………….……$8.3 million
! Contingencies 20%…………………………….$11.1 million
! TOTAL……………………………………….…$74.9 million
Recommended Alternatives 14
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Each of these scenarios assumes that the spoil material must be disposed
of. If a beneficial use could be found for some or all of the material, costs
could be reduced accordingly. In fact, depending on the use, grant
funding may be available to assist with total cost. The amount of grant
funding available could be very limited, however, and account for only a
small portion of total project cost. Furthermore, given the large amount
of material in question, finding beneficial uses for a substantial portion
could prove difficult.
Environmental
Loss of upland farm land or wooded habitat would also result from this
alternative.
Recommendation
Recommended Alternatives 15
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Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. Revised Draft May 16, 2001
dredging. This alternative offers the potential to increase safe yield over
the longer-term, but has a higher unit cost and greater environmental
impacts than the alternatives recommended herein for immediate
implementation.
Description of Alternative
This alternative is similar to the 4’ crest controls discussed above, but
would raise the reservoir pool level by 8’. This action would require
more extensive land purchases and would definitely require bridge
replacement.
Effectiveness
The 8’ crest controls would provide 11 mgd in additional safe yield in
2050.
Practicability/Cost
Environmental
This alternative would impact approximately 39 acres of wetlands, of
which 13 have developed around the reservoir perimeter and could be
expected to be replaced by wetlands forming at the new pool level.
Accordingly, the 8’ crest controls involve permanent impacts to 26 acres
of wetlands. The cost analysis presumes that mitigation would be
provided for these impacts.
Recommendation
This alternative provides significant safe yield to meet the water supply
needs of the Urban Service Area. However, it has a higher unit cost and
greater wetland impacts than the 4’ version, as well as potential impacts
to the James spinymussel. Accordingly, this alternative is not
recommended as a component of the water supply solution at this time.
Recommended Alternatives 16
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Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. Revised Draft May 16, 2001
Description of Alternative
Effectiveness
Practicability/Cost
Environmental
Recommendation
Description of Alternative
Effectiveness
The various drawdowns provide additional safe yield as follows:
Practicability/Cost
The total costs for 0.5’ option is low, while the other variations are
moderate to relatively high in comparison to other alternatives:
! 0.5’ - $500,000
! 5’ - $12.8 million
! 10’ - $15.5 million
! 15’ - $17.8 million
! 20’ – $20.1 million
Recommended Alternatives 18
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Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. Revised Draft May 16, 2001
As drawdown levels increase above the 0.5’ option, the unit cost and
total project cost increases substantially, because of the improvements
necessary to treat the additional volume of water at the North Fork plant,
which currently has only 2 mgd of treatment capacity. For the 20’
option, these improvements would cost $13.25 million (66% of the 20.1
million total). In contrast, the 4’ crest control alternative would utilize
existing capacity at the South Fork treatment plant. Although using
Chris Greene Lake for water supply may not be cost-effective at this
time, some version of this alternative may become attractive in the
future, depending upon whether and to what extent demand in the
northern portion of the Urban Service Area increases in the future.
Environmental
One of the primary issues with the drawdown alternatives is the impact
to recreation (fishing, swimming, and boating) and fish stocks at Chris
Greene Lake. According to the Virginia Department of Game and Inland
Fisheries, paid attendance at the lake is approximately 20,000 people per
year. This figure does not account for full attendance, because the fees
are only in effect for a certain part of the year, and then only during
Recommended Alternatives 19
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certain hours of the day. DGIF has further indicated that drawdowns in
excess of 5’-7’ could result in severe predation of that year’s fish fry,
resulting in significant decline of the year’s stock.
The frequency of these events would be roughly once per decade. The
durations of the drawdowns are shown in Figures 5-8.
Recommendation
Given the higher costs, smaller yield, and negative impacts to fish stocks
and recreational amenities associated with higher drawdowns and
yields, implementation of 4’ crest controls is a better candidate for
immediate implementation than using Chris Greene Lake. Immediate
implementation of the 5’ drawdown version of this alternative would
involve much greater costs and provide only about 15 years of additional
supply. That is insufficient time to fully assess reservoir sedimentation
rates and controls, and the alternative would do nothing to extend the
Recommended Alternatives 20
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Chris Greene Lake Water Levels Based on Drawdown Up To 5 Feet
Water Stage(ft) (Record Period: 10/01/1929-12/31/1989)
423.5
423.0
422.5
422.0 35 Days below 423 Feet
421.5 Minimum 1 Day Level of 421.80 Feet
421.0
420.5
65 Days below 423 Feet
420.0
164 Days below 423 Feet 18 Days below 420 Feet
419.5 Minimum 1 Day Level of 418.20 Feet
56 Days below 420 Feet
419.0 Minimum 1 Day Level of 418.80 Feet
418.5
418.0
10/1/29 10/1/34 10/1/39 10/1/44 10/1/49 10/1/54 10/1/59
423.5
423.0
422.5
422.0 59 Days below 423 Feet
Minimum 1 Day Level of 422.20 Feet
421.5
421.0 51 Days below 423 Feet
420.5 Minimum 1 Day Level of 421.00 Feet
420.0
419.5
419.0
418.5
418.0
1/1/60 1/1/65 1/1/70 1/1/75 1/1/80 1/1/85
Figure 5
Chris Greene Lake Water Levels Based on Drawdown Up To 10 Feet
Water Stage(ft) (Period of Record: Oct.1, 1929-Dec.31, 1989)
423.5
422.5
95 Days below 423 Ft
421.5
39 Days below 420 Ft
420.5 Minimum 1 Day Level of 417.6 Ft
419.5 38 Days below 423 Ft
Minimum 1 Day Level
418.5
of 422.0 Ft
417.5 75 Days below 423 Ft
416.5 113 Days below 423 Ft 36 Days below 420 Ft
Minimum 1 Day Level of 420.2 Ft Minimum 1 Day Level of 413.0 Ft
415.5
414.5
242 Days below 423 Ft
413.5 190 Days below 420 Ft
412.5 Minimum 1 Day Level of 413.0 Ft
10/1/29 10/1/34 10/1/39 10/1/44 10/1/49 10/1/54 10/1/59
423.5
422.5
421.5 47 Days below 423 Ft
Minimum 1 Day Level of 422.20 Ft
420.5
419.5
63 Days below 423 Ft
418.5
24 Days below 420 Ft
417.5 Minimum 1 Day Level of 417.3 Ft
416.5
1/1/60 1/1/65 1/1/70 1/1/75 1/1/80 1/1/85
Figure 6
Chris Greene Lake Water Levels Based on Drawdown Up To 15 Feet
Water Stage(ft) (Period of Record: Oct.1, 1929-Dec.31, 1989)
422.5
420.5
418.5
416.5
79 Days below 423 Ft 44 Days Below 423 Ft
414.5 38 Days below 420 Ft Minimum 1 Day Level
412.5 Minimum 1 Day Level of 415.2 Ft of 220.90 Ft
424.5
422.5
420.5
418.5
410.5
408.5
1/1/60 1/1/65 1/1/70 1/1/75 1/1/80 1/1/85
Figure 7
Chris Greene Lake Water Levels Based on Drawdown Up To 20 Feet
Water Stage(ft) (Period of Record: Oct.1, 1929-Dec.31, 1989)
422.5
420.5
418.5
416.5
79 Days below 423 Ft 44 Days Below 423 Ft
414.5 52 Days below 420 Ft 11 Days Below 420 Ft
412.5 Minimum 1 Day Level of 411.6 Ft Minimum 1 Day Level
of 203.90 Ft
410.5 80 Days below 423 Feet
408.5 229 Days below 423 Ft 61 Days below 420 Feet
212 Days below 420 Ft 20 Days below 410 Feet
406.5
105 Days below 410 Ft Minimum 1 Day Level of 403.9 Feet
404.5 Minimum 1 Day Level of 403.3 Ft
402.5
10/1/29 10/1/34 10/1/39 10/1/44 10/1/49 10/1/54 10/1/59
424.5
422.5
420.5
418.5
90 Days below 423 Ft 90 Days below 423 Ft
416.5 Minimum 1 Day Level of 420.0 Ft 50 Days below 420 Ft
414.5
Minimum 1 Day Level of 410.6 Ft
412.5
410.5
408.5
1/1/60 1/1/65 1/1/70 1/1/75 1/1/80 1/1/85
Figure 8
Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. Revised Draft May 16, 2001
Description of Alternative
Effectiveness
This alternative would provide no increase in safe yield due to lack of
storage capacity in the lake during non-drought conditions and lack of
sufficient flow in the North Fork Rivanna River during those times when
storage is available.
Practicability/Cost
No costs were developed, due to unfeasibility.
Environmental
This alternative would have minimal environmental impacts.
Recommendation
Because it would provide no safe yield, we recommend that this
alternative not be included as part of a practicable solution.
Description of Alternative
This alternative involves conveying water from Beaver Creek Reservoir
to the Mechums River to supplement flows to the SFRR during severe
drought conditions.
Recommended Alternatives 21
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Effectiveness
This alternative is not effective, because water demand in the Crozet area
is expected to utilize the entire safe yield of Beaver Creek by 2050.
Furthermore, the ability to capture a significant portion of any in-stream
release is uncertain, and would depend on stream characteristics.
Specifically, during drought conditions, when this alternative would be
needed, the receiving streams could be sufficiently dry that a significant
portion of the release would be lost to infiltration. The only method of
documenting this possibility is field-testing during such drought
conditions.
Practicability/Cost
Environmental
Minimal environmental impacts would result from implementation of
this alternative.
Recommendation
Description of Alternative
Effectiveness
This alternative would provide only 0.1 mgd in additional safe yield as
of 2050.
Recommended Alternatives 22
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Practicability/Cost
Dredging the reservoir would be accomplished at a cost of $4.9 million.
Environmental
The one-time dredging event described herein would impact
approximately 2 acres of wetlands, as well as limited areas of shallow
water habitat. Furthermore, temporary water quality impacts could be
expected, as described in the SFRR dredging section.
Recommendation
Despite limited environmental impacts, the high unit cost and minimal
yield of this alternative lead us to recommend that it is not part of a
practicable solution at this time.
Description of Alternative
Effectiveness
Practicability/Cost
Environmental
Recommended Alternatives 23
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Recommendation
9. Indirect Reuse
Description of Alternative
Effectiveness
Practicability/Cost
Refining the cost estimate for this alternative is complicated by the fact
that the state has no guidance in place for the level of water treatment
and quality that would be required; reuse permits are analyzed on a
case-by-case basis. Based on the best available information, the
Alternatives Analysis assigns to the Mechums River option a cost of $56
million and an annual operating cost of $150,000, which includes energy
costs (it should be noted that potential energy costs were considered for
all alternatives). Applicable figures for the Moorman’s option are $69
million and $280,000 annual operating.
Recommended Alternatives 24
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Environmental
The James spinymussel has been identified in the Mechums River in the
vicinity of the proposed project. Because this alternative would be
utilized only during severe droughts, and would maintain normal
streamflows, it is unclear whether effects on the James spinymussel
would be positive, negative, or neutral.
Recommended Alternatives 25
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Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. Revised Draft May 16, 2001
Recommendation
Indirect reuse would provide substantial and reliable safe yield adequate
to meet long term demand. Its costs, however, are high and also
uncertain, and the alternative involves potential impacts to endangered
species. Furthermore, the option may not be allowed at all by the
Virginia Department of Health. We recommend that indirect reuse not
be considered part of a practicable solution at this time.
Description of Alternative
The growth management alternative involves modification of Albemarle
County’s current growth management policies, which have been shown
effective in meeting their goal of directing the majority of new residential
development into the Urban Service Area. Changes to these policies
would likely displace growth into the surrounding rural areas, given the
limited growth management authority granted to local governments, in
addition to property rights issues and political/economic realities.
Effectiveness
Practicability/Cost
Recommended Alternatives 26
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Environmental
If development were dispersed into the rural areas of the County by
policies restricting growth within the Urban Service Area, that displaced
development would utilize private wells and septic systems.
Futhermore, secondary impacts would include construction and
maintenance of infrastructure improvements to roads and utilities.
Transportation and safety impacts would include longer trips for school
buses and commuters, as well as increased time for delivery of
emergency services and public transportation.
Recommendation
Description of
Alternative
Effectiveness
Recommended Alternatives 27
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Practicability/Cost
Since additional measures would not be effective, no additional costs
have been calculated.
Environmental
Recommendation
Because ACSA and the City currently have effective leak detection
programs, additional measures would not be effective. We therefore
recommend that this alternative is not part of a practicable solution.
1. Groundwater
Description of
Alternative
Effectiveness
Because of geological conditions, aquifer storage and recovery appears to
be technically unfeasible in the Charlottesville-Albemarle area.
Conventional withdrawal of groundwater from 15 wells would provide
0.1 mgd in additional safe yield.
Practicability/Cost
Given the unfeasibility of aquifer storage and recovery, no costs were
calculated. Installation of 15 wells conveys a cost of $1.2 million, at a
very high unit cost of $12/gallon.
Recommended Alternatives 28
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Environmental
Due to unfeasibility, environmental review of aquifer storage and
recovery was not necessary. The impacts of conventional withdrawal
would be minimal.
Recommendation
2. Reservoirs
Description of Alternative
Effectiveness
Practicability/Cost
The reservoirs range in cost from $26 million to $118 million. They have
relatively high unit costs ranging from $3.96/gallon to $14.22/gallon.
Environmental
All of the reservoir options involve residential displacements, impacts to
cultural resources, and wetland impacts ranging from 52 acres to 144
acres.
Recommendation
Although the reservoir alternatives would provide significant safe yield,
they all involve residential displacements, impacts to cultural resources,
and wetland impacts. Also, they have relatively high to very high unit
Recommended Alternatives 29
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Description of Alternative
Effectiveness
This alternative would provide 15 mgd in additional safe yield as of
2050.
Practicability/Cost
The James River withdrawal would cost approximately $72 million. The
unit cost for this alternative is $4.80/gallon, relatively high compared to
the other alternatives.
Environmental
Recommendation
Recommended Alternatives 30
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Flow Exceedance Curve for James River at Scottsville
(RWSA Withdrawal 15 mgd)
Flow (mgd) Period of Record: Oct.1, 1924-Sept.30, 1999
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
RWSA Withdrawal
No RWSA Withdrawal
0
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
0
10
Exceedance Percentage Figure 9
Flow Exceedance Curve for James River at Scottsville
(RWSA Withdrawal 15 MGD and Power Plant Withdrawal 8 MGD)
Flow (mgd) Period of Record: Oct.1, 1924-Sept.30, 1999
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
RWSA and Power Plant Withdrawal
No Withdrawal
0
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
0
10
Exceedance Percentage Figure 10
Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. Revised Draft May 16, 2001
Description of Alternative
Effectiveness
This alternative would provide additional safe yield of 4.7 mgd in 2050.
Practicability/Cost
This alternative would cost approximately $18 million. The unit cost is
$3.83/gallon.
Environmental
Pipeline construction would impact approximately 2 acres of wetlands,
for which mitigation would be included.
Recommendation
The Rivanna River withdrawal has a relatively high unit cost, and raises
public health concerns (as expressed by the VDH). We recommend that
it not be considered part of a practicable solution at this time.
Description of Alternative
Recommended Alternatives 31
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Flow from Service Area
supplied by South Fork &
Observatory WTPs (20 MGD)
Rivanna River
Flow (20 MGD)
LEGEND:
Discharge
Pipeline
Wastewater Treatment Plant N
Rivanna River
Flow (25 MGD)
Glenmore
(2 MGD)
LEGEND:
Discharge WTP
Pipeline withdrawal (7 MGD) WWTP
Wastewater Treatment Plant N discharge
Water Treatment Plant
Rivanna River Flow (20 MGD) (2 MGD)
Effectiveness
This alternative would provide limited safe yield of 0.2 mgd, and only
when droughts occur in successive years.
Practicability/Cost
Environmental
Recommendation
This alternative provides extremely limited yield, has a high unit cost,
and involves potential impacts to the James spinymussel. Accordingly,
We recommend that it not be considered part of a practicable solution at
this time.
6. Regional Cooperation
Description of Alternative
Regional cooperation involves a joint project to meet the needs of the
Urban Service Area and the needs of nearby water suppliers. Based on
investigations described in the Analysis of Alternatives, the best prospect
appears to the Rapidan Service Authority. To cooperate with that
agency, a water main would be constructed along U.S. Route 29 to
Greene County.
Effectiveness
This alternative actually results in a demand increase of 3 mgd through
2050, thereby exacerbating the projected water deficit.
Recommended Alternatives 32
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Practicability/Cost
The cost of the water main is estimated at $3.1 million.
Environmental
Recommendation
7. No-Action
Description of Alternative
Effectiveness
The No-Action alternative would result in failure of the public water
system to meet either existing or future water demand. Safe yield would
fall to 4.6 mgd in 2050, while demand increased to approximately 20
mgd.
Practicability/Cost
The No-Action alternative is considered impracticable owing to the
socioeconomic impacts, public health and safety implications, and legal
and political responsibilities of local governments.
Recommendation
Recommended Alternatives 33
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Conclusions
The evidence and recommendations presented above point to a strategy
that will provide needed water supply, both immediately and into the
future, while allowing RWSA to maintain maximum flexibility in
implementing long-term improvements. The focus on demand
management, sedimentation control, enhancement of existing water
resource development, and reliance on existing treatment capacity offer
an environmentally sensitive, cost-effective approach.
Use of Chris Greene Lake for water supply would not provide sufficient
safe yield to allow the time necessary for monitoring of sedimentation
and conservation. It would require planning for implementation of other
alternatives within about 10 years. Second, its costs are order-of-
magnitude greater than the costs of crest controls, in part because of the
logistical difficulties and additional infrastructure improvements
required to treat and transport the water. Third, use of Chris Greene
Lake for any substantial yield would have significant negative effects on
a regional recreational resource that may be difficult to offset.
In order to determine the appropriate release from the SFRR that could
be implemented in conjunction with the 4’ crest controls, additional
analysis of flow levels and safe yield impacts has been performed since
publication of the Analysis of Alternatives. The results are shown in
Figures 13 and 14.
Figure 13 shows the flow exceedance curves for the South Fork Rivanna
River downstream of the dam with releases including the proposed 8
mgd minimum and also ranging from 8 mgd or inflow to 32 mgd or
inflow. These data represent variations of the revised release scenario,
utilizing a release trigger level, at which point the release volume would
equal inflow to the reservoir. As can be seen, except at very high
percentage frequencies, the various scenarios are not significantly
different in terms of downstream flow. The various releases would
result in similar downstream flows roughly 83% of the time. The
horizontal sections of the alternate release lines show the brief periods of
time during which constant “trigger” releases would be maintained,
before releases equaled inflow. The proposed scenario is the only case in
which flows do not drop below 8 mgd.
Recommended Alternatives 34
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Recommended Alternatives 35
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Flow Exceedance Curve for South Fork Rivanna Reservoir Downstream of Dam
Downstream Flow (mgd) Period of Record: Oct.1,1929-Sept.30, 1999
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
Crest Control w/ 8 mgd Constant Release
Crest Control w/ 8 mgd Alternate Release
20
Crest Control w/ 12 mgd Alternate Release
Crest Control w/ 16 mgd Alternate Release
10 Crest Control w/ 32 mgd Alternate Release
92
94
96
98
0
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
10
Exceedance Percentage
Figure 13
Safe Yield of South Fork Rivanna Reservoir w/ 4’ Crest Control and Alternate Releases
Safe Yield (mgd)
8
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Alternate Release (mgd) Figure 14
Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. Revised Draft May 16, 2001
Appendices
Among the initial efforts as part of this study are tasks to: (1) estimate the
current and future safe yield of the existing raw water supply system
and, (2) project future water demand through the year 2050. A
comparison of safe yield and demand projections will enable the RWSA
to better understand whether and when it may face a water deficit, and
the magnitude of any such deficit. Subsequent studies will include an
analysis of alternatives to address any water deficit. Alternatives to be
evaluated will include, but will not necessarily be limited to, new
sources of supply, water conservation programs, demand control
measures, and options to restore or increase the safe yield of existing
sources.
This report summarizes the results of a raw water safe yield review of
the existing RWSA Urban Service Area system as it has historically
operated. This system includes the (1) Rivanna Reservoir, (2) Sugar
Hollow/Ragged Mountain Reservoir system, and (3) North Fork
Rivanna River Intake. For purposes of this analysis, “safe yield” is
defined as the maximum raw water yield that can be supplied
consistently over the long term. It is estimated by examining hydrologic
data for as long a time period as possible and then calculating the
probable maximum yield of the raw water supply resource during the
most severe drought, also referred to as the “critical period”.
Previous safe yield estimates conducted for the same water supplies
used differing techniques and drought periods to estimate safe yield.
For example, the recent Urban Area Raw Water Management Plan (Black
& Veatch, 1995) used synthesized flow records simulating the period
1942 - 1991, and particularly the drought of 1954 to estimate the yield of
the Rivanna Reservoir. The Report on Water Works System
Charlottesville, Virginia (Polglaze & Basenberg, 1959) used the 1930
drought to predict the safe yield for the Rivanna Reservoir. The Safe
Yield of Municipal Surface Water Supply Systems in Virginia Planning
Bulletin #335 (Virginia State Water Control Board, March 1985) used the
Appendices 36
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The estimated safe yield of the water supply system is currently 11.9 to
12.6 mgd. This range in safe yield results from uncertainty regarding the
1930 safe yield of the Sugar Hollow/Ragged Mountain system. As
siltation reduces storage volume in the reservoirs, this safe yield will
decrease over time. Safe yield for the system in Year 2050 is estimated to
be 4.5 mgd to 4.8 mgd. Current and future safe yield estimates for the
existing raw water supply system and for each component of the system
are summarized below.
Appendices 37
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This study concludes, using all four approaches and the best available
data, that demand can be expected to continue to rise from its current
level to the design year 2050. In addition, it was found that each of the
approaches results in total demand estimates that correlate well with the
other approaches used. Total demand estimates fall within a range of
approximately 20 percent. While these demand estimates result in a
range of values, the study does not conclude that any one approach
results in a better projection than any other approach. As a result, the
study comes to the overall conclusion that total water demand in the
year 2050 will range between 18MGD and 21MGD.
Appendices 38
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Appendices 39
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RIVANNA WATER SEWER AUTHORITY
WATER SUPPLY ALTERNATIVES MATRIX
INCREASE IN ESTIMATED ANNUAL UNIT COST POTENTIAL # OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS TO PREVIOUSLY PREVIOUSLY APPROXIMATE
ALTERNATIVE 2050 SAFE YIELD COST ($) O&M COST ($) ($/g)* RESIDENTIAL IDENTIFIED CULTURAL RESOURCES IDENTIFIED T & E WETLAND IMPACTS
(mgd) DISPLACEMENTS STRUCTURES ARCHAEOLOGICAL SPECIES in vicinity (Acres)
Alternate Release
Scenarios at South
Fork Rivanna Reservoir 1.6 $ 386,000 n/a $0.24 0 0 0 0 minimal
Pumpback to Mechums
River 15 $ 56,000,000 $ 150,000 $3.73 0 unknown unknown James spinymussel 2
Pumpback to Moormans
River 15 $ 69,000,000 $ 280,000 $4.60 0 unknown unknown James spinymussel 5
*Unit cost based only on capital cost per gallon.
Does not include effects of annual operations and maintenance costs.
\\WILLVA\PROJECTS\30502\SHEETS\3Alternmatrix.xls\Sheet1
RIVANNA WATER SEWER AUTHORITY
WATER SUPPLY ALTERNATIVES MATRIX
REDUCTION ESTIMATED ANNUAL UNIT COST POTENTIAL # OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS TO PREVIOUSLY PREVIOUSLY APPROXIMATE
ALTERNATIVE IN COST ($) O&M COST ($/g)* RESIDENTIAL IDENTIFIED CULTURAL RESOURCES IDENTIFIED T & E WETLAND IMPACTS
DEMAND (mgd) DISPLACEMENTS STRUCTURES ARCHAEOLOGICAL SPECIES in vicinity (Acres)
Water Conservation
--Plumbing Changeout 1.13 0 n/a 0 0 0 0 0 0
--Pricing Structure 0.13 unknown n/a n/a 0 0 0 0 0
--Comm./Industrial 0.28 0 n/a 0 0 0 0 0 0
--Landscaping/Xeriscaping 0 n/a n/a n/a 0 0 0 0 0
--Education 0.13 $ 2,500,000 n/a $19.23 0 0 0 0 0
--System Pressure Reduction 0 n/a n/a n/a 0 0 0 0 0
Growth
Management 1.7 unknown n/a n/a 0 0 0 0 0
Drought Management
Demand Side 1.4 $ 250,000 n/a $0.18 0 0 0 0 0
Drought Management
Supply Side 1 unknown n/a n/a 0 0 0 0 0
\\WILLVA\PROJECTS\30502\SHEETS\3Alternmatrix.xls\Sheet2
RIVANNA WATER SEWER AUTHORITY
WATER SUPPLY ALTERNATIVES MATRIX
INCREASE IN ESTIMATED ANNUAL UNIT COST POTENTIAL # OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS TO PREVIOUSLY PREVIOUSLY APPROXIMATE
ALTERNATIVE 2050 SAFE YIELD COST ($) O&M COST ($) ($/gallon)* RESIDENTIAL IDENTIFIED CULTURAL RESOURCES IDENTIFIED T & E WETLAND IMPACTS
(mgd) DISPLACEMENTS STRUCTURES ARCHAEOLOGICAL SPECIES in vicinity (Acres)
Aquifer Storage
& Recovery 0 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
Conventional Withdrawal of
Groundwater 0.1 $ 1,200,000 n/a $12 0 0 0 0 0
Construct Dam on
Buck Mountain Creek 14.4 $ 57,000,000 not significant $3.96 1 6 0 James spinymussel 59
Construct Dam on
Preddy Creek 6.4 $ 91,000,000 not significant $14.22 6 7 0 0 77
Construct Dam on
Moormans River 11.6 $ 106,000,000 not significant $9.14 22 14 1 0 68
Construct Dam on
North Fork Rivanna River 15.4 $ 79,000,000 not significant $5.13 2 3 4 James spinymussel 72
Construct Dam on
Mechums River
Near Lake Albemarle 13.3 $ 68,000,000 not significant $5.11 21 15 2 James spinymussel 144
Construct Dam on
Mechums River
Near Midway 5.6 $ 26,000,000 not significant $4.64 6 6 0 James spinymussel 52
Construct Dam on
Buck Island Creek 15 $ 118,000,000 not significant $7.87 14 6 0 0 103
Rivanna River
Withdrawal 4.7 $ 18,000,000 not significant $3.83 0 unknown unknown 0 2
Mechums River
Withdrawal 0.2 $ 850,000 not significant $4.25 0 unknown unknown James spinymussel minimal
INCREASE ESTIMATED ANNUAL UNIT COST POTENTIAL # OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS TO PREVIOUSLY PREVIOUSLY APPROXIMATE
ALTERNATIVE IN COST ($) O&M COST ($) ($/g)* RESIDENTIAL IDENTIFIED CULTURAL RESOURCES IDENTIFIED T & E WETLAND IMPACTS
DEMAND (mgd) DISPLACEMENTS STRUCTURES ARCHAEOLOGICAL SPECIES in vicinity (Acres)
Regional
Cooperation 3 $ 3,100,000 n/a n/a 0 unknown unknown 0 minimal
REDUCTION ESTIMATED ANNUAL UNIT COST POTENTIAL # OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS TO PREVIOUSLY PREVIOUSLY APPROXIMATE
ALTERNATIVE IN COST ($) O&M COST ($) ($/g)* RESIDENTIAL IDENTIFIED CULTURAL RESOURCES IDENTIFIED T & E WETLAND IMPACTS
SAFE YIELD (mgd) DISPLACEMENTS STRUCTURES ARCHAEOLOGICAL SPECIES in vicinity (Acres)
No-Action 7.7 n/a n/a n/a 0 0 0 0 0
*Unit cost based only on capital cost per gallon.
Does not include effects of annual operations and maintenance costs.
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Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. Revised Draft May 16, 2001
This memorandum is written to document information collected regarding the Upper Occoquan
Sewage Authority (UOSA) Reclamation Plant which may be applicable to the Rivanna Water and
Sewer Authority’s current planning study. The information was provided by Glen Palen of
CH2M Hill, which has been involved in a number of the plant expansions including the current
one. Glen provided the following information:
1. The plant has been built and expanded in a number of different construction projects. The
projects have included Project 15, Project 27, Project 32, and Project 54 (on-going). The
number for each project represents the capacity of the plant after completion of the project.
2. Since the initial construction of the plant, the treatment process has basically been unchanged
with the exception of modifications for biological nutrient removal (BNR). The treatment
process consists of primary treatment, secondary treatment, high lime (pH) treatment (for
disinfection), recarbonation, media filtration, GAC adsorption, media filtration (for removal
of GAC fines), chlorination, and dechlorination. Modifications for BNR were made in one of
the more recent projects.
3. The selection of this treatment process was based on the objective of meeting the initial
discharge permit requirements (established in the 1970s), which include the following limits:
TSS < 1 mg/L; COD < 10 mg/L; MBAS < 0.1 mg/L; turbidity < 0.5 NTU; and coliform <
2/100 ml. These limits have not been changed since inception of the plant. There are also
two nutrient level limits: TKN < 1 mg/L; phosphorus < 0.1 mg/L.
4. The current project (Project 54) is an expansion of the plant from 32 MGD to 54 MGD, and it
consists primarily of the addition of “mirror-image”process units to provide increased
capacity (no significant modifications are being made to existing units). The estimated
construction cost of this project is somewhere in the range of $200 to $250 million, or
roughly on the order of $10/gpd capacity. This cost includes all of the treatment processes in
both the liquid and solids trains. Information was not collected to indicate how this cost
breaks down between the different process units. However, based on our experience for this
size plant, a figure of somewhere in the range of $1/gpd to $3/gpd would probably be
consistent with the current UOSA project costs for the addition of unit processes which are
not currently part of the Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority’s WWTP ( i.e., tertiary
processes such as high lime treatment, recarbonation, media filtration, and GAC adsorption).
5. It should be noted that the original permit for the UOSA facility was established under then
prevailing water quality criteria, and it has not been changed because of statutory provisions.
Significant changes in drinking water regulations (particularly related to concerns over
pathogenic protozoans such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium) since that time could influence
the Virginia Department of Health’s opinion of the appropriateness of a similar permit for the
Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority.
Appendices 40
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Bibliography
Bibliography 41
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