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Caleb Lanford November 24, 2012 ENGL 1101 Mr. Borrero

Source 1 1. MLA Citation: Harris, Paul. "Native Americans Find Their Voice." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 21 Mar. 2009. Web. 07 Nov. 2012. <http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/22/native-americans-preservelanguage-america>. 2. Annotation: In the article, Native Americans Find Their Voice, Harris described how multiple Native American Tribes were striving to save their language from becoming extinct. The Native American Tribes are taking multiple steps to help preserve their dying speech. The steps include the following; initially, opening up schools all across the United States of America that strictly speak their tribal language, additionally, publishing different texts, whether they are books, CDs, etc., that include their language, finally, they are even offering incentives to parents who will enroll their children into these schools and take them to different events that Native Americans hold.

3. Key Quotes: "We tell these parents to follow their little ones around and expose them to as much Comanche as possible," said Ronald Red Elk, a leader of the The Comanche Language and Cultural Preservation Committee (CLCPC).

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"It is an identity matter for our tribe. It is the glue that holds our entire culture together. Without it, we are not Comanche," said Red Elk.

4. Evaluation: I would rate this source a 8 out of 10. The article was both bias and weak because it only gave insights on a small number of Native American Tribes. This article was unique because it was the only newspaper/website that I used and it stressed the importance of the Native American Language.

Source 2 1. MLA Citation Hurtado, Albert L., and Wilma Mankiller. Reflections on American Indian History: Honoring the Past, Building a Future. Norman: University of Oklahoma, 2008. Print. 2. Annotation In Reflections on American Indian History: Honoring the Past, Building the future, Hurtado and Mankiller used multiple essays and lectures from different Native American Scholars to explain the ways in which history continues to influence contemporary Native American Life. The five premier scholars in American Indian history include: Colin G. Calloway, R. David Edmunds, Laurence M. Hauptman, Peter Iverson, and their tribal leader, Brenda J. Child. They each assisted with an essay, a lecture or both. They used these texts to demonstrate how if you can recognize your past, you have the key in finding solutions to the problems that Native Americans are currently facing today.

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3. Key Quotes It is hard to see the future with tears in your eyes (Hurtado xviii). With no tears in our eyes, we accept our responsibility to make sure those who come after us will always know what it means to be descendants of the original people of this land called America (Hurtado xix).

4. Evaluation On a scale of 1 to 10, I would give this source an 8. This fact that this book is composed of strictly Native American works can be both a strength and a weakness. It is strong because the Native Americans probably know more about their culture than anyone else and it is weak because it is bias by only containing pieces of work produced from strictly Native Americans.

Source 3 1. MLA Citation: Jennings, Francis. The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest. Chapel Hill: Published for the Institute of Early American History and Culture by the University of North Carolina, 1975. Print. 2. Annotation: In this book, Francis Jennings retells the story of American colonization as an invasion of territory. The traditional history of early America portays the colonies as a transplantation of European culture to a new continent in which Native Americans were assigned the role of foil whose main contribution was to stimulate the energy and originality of European

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dispossessors. Jennings rejects this ideology and examines the relationships between Europeans and Indians from a far more critical point of view. Shorn of old mythology and rationalizations, Puritan actions are seen in the cold light of material interest and naked expansion. 3. Key Quotes: Powwow was an Algonquin term, pauwau or pauau, which referred to a gathering of medicine men and spiritual leaders. Pauwauing referring to a religious ceremony, usually one of curing. In the 1800's the European explorers, observing these religious gatherings and dances, mispronounced the word as powwow (Jennings, 241).

4. Evaluation: I would rate this book a 9 out of 10 because it was very helpful. I did not find anything weak about it and it strongly discussed the history of Native Americans. This book source was unique from the others because it covered the topic of a powwow in great detail.

Source 4 1. MLA Citation Kosambi, Damodar D. An Introduction to the Study of Indian History. Bombay: Popular Book Depot, 1956. Print.

2. Annotation

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In An Introduction To The Study Of Indian History, Kosambi expressed diversity of the structures that are Feudal between India and Europe in strict detail. In this book, he gave a thorough explanation of the Feudalism types that came into force; in this case there were two: Feudalism from above and later, and Feudalsim from below. According to Kosambis assumption of this work, it took place due the mission for complete power the means of production, was correct.

3. Key Quotes none

4. Evaluation I would give this book a 5 out of 10. This book was unique from my other book sources because it did not include a preface. Source 5 1. MLA Citation Philips, Susan Urmston. The Invisible Culture: Communication in Classroom and Community on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation. New York: Longman, 1983. Print. 2. Annotation In The Invisibile Culture: Communication in Classroom and Community on the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Philips recorded multiple observations and ideas that she discovered while conducting her ethnography. Her main reason for carrying out her ethnography was to see cultural differences in the use of language were possibly a contributor to the hardships that the Indian children faced while in school. After gaining

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research, she came to the conclusion that children of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation are socialized in their early years (preschool) into methods of organizing the transmission of verbal messages that are different from those of the Anglo-middle class children culturally.

3. Key Quotes At Warm Springs people try to verbally convince others to take particular actions, try to give them advice, or make them listen, but they avoid punitive action if advice is not taken (Philips).

4. Evaluation I would give it a 7 out of 10. This source was unique because it in itself was an actual ethnography. The strength of this source is that it has given me another way in which I can approach my own ethnography.