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J.Soil.Nature.
2 (2):01-04 (July 2008)
BIODYNAMIC MANAGEMENT IN SODIC SOILS

A. A. ANSARI1 AND S. A. ISMAIL2
1
Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Guyana, Turkeyen campus, Georgetown, Guyana, South America, 2Managing Director, Ecoscience Research Foundation, 98, Baaz Nagar, 3/621 East Coast Road, Chennai, India Accepted for publication: March 20, 2008
ABSTRACT Ansari A. A. and Ismail S. A. 2008. Biodynamic Management in Sodic Soils. J .Soil .Nature. 2(2): 01-04 Experiments were conducted during the year 1999, at Shivri farm of Uttar Pradesh Sudhar Nigam, Lucknow (India) to assess the utility and importance of cow horn in the preparation of cow horn manure (BD 500) in sodic soils. It was observed that the preparation (cow dung) harvested after a period of 6 months from the cow horn was significantly better in terms of physical, chemical and biological properties when compared with the preparation (cow dung) harvested from bull horn, buffalo horn and mud pot. The BD-500 harvested from the pits had a heavy texture with the characteristics of soil. Biodynamic management could be another promising technology that could be employed in bioremediation process of problematic soils.
Key words: Sustainable development, biodynamic methods, soil fertility, compost
INTRODUCTION Large extents of land in India are affected by salinity and alkalinity due to major degradation processes like salinization, water logging, chemical impairment and desertification (Dagar and Singh, 1994; Dagar et al., 1994). Sodic soil does not contain any significant amount of soluble salts. The detrimental effects these soils have on plants are not only due to the toxicity of Na+, HCO3- and OH- ions but also due to reduced water infiltration and aeration. The concept of biodynamic agriculture that aims to produce well balanced plant growth and sustainable soil fertility, by improving the soil structure and nutrient availability, is based on the work of Steiner (1924). It basically involves preparations from ingredients like cow manure, quartz and herbs, which when used on the soil in the form of compost or liquid manure increases the biological activity in the soil. Biodynamic system involves the addition of compost, green manure, crop rotation and bio-control of pests and diseases. In comparison with the conventional methods, biodynamically managed soils have better physical, chemical and biological properties like soil texture, porosity, water holding capacity and organic matter. Higher microbial activity and earthworm population are also characteristic features of biodynamically managed soils. Biodynamic technology is an eco-friendly technology that has proved to be very effective in farming practices in New Zealand and Europe, and is gradually being accepted in India. MATERIAL AND METHOD Experiments were carried out during the year 1999, at Shivri farm of Uttar Pradesh Sudhar Nigam, Lucknow, to explore the significance of biodyanmic preparation-500 (BD-500) as compost inoculum in sodic soils. Usually, biodynamic preparation is prepared in cow horn but the reasons for the required necessity are incomplete. Moreover cow horn being a scarcity in certain parts of India an attempt was made to study the process in cow horn, bull horn, buffalo horn and mud pot. The details are given below: 1. 2. 3. 4. Cow Horn Bull Horn Buffalo Horn Mud pot [CWH] [BLH] [BFH] [MDP]
Three pits of size 1m x 1m x 0.4m each were dug. All the above materials were filled with fresh cow dung obtained from healthy lactating cows and were placed in the pit in vertical position. These were covered with garden soil followed by FYM and hay. Finally, the pit was filled with soil and covered with jute bag kept moist by watering. These were buried for a period of six months and were lifted from the pit after 180 days. The cattle dung filled in each of the material was subjected to microbial analysis (total heterotrophs, nitrogen fixing bacteria Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter, and total fungi). These were also subjected to physical and chemical analysis (pH, Electrical Conductivity, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, ferrous and copper). Plots each 140m2 (7m x 20m) were marked for trial (in triplicate), for cultivation of paddy and wheat. The treatments were as follows:
2008 Green World Foundation (GWF)
J. Soil. Nature. 2(2): July 2008
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Control Farm yard manure Chemical fertilizers Biodynamic preparation-500 Vermicompost Vermicompost + Biodynamic preparation-500
[C] [FYM] [CHE] [BD] [VC] [VCBD]
Composite soil samples were taken from the trial plots at pre-sowing stage and post-harvesting stage and were subjected to chemical analysis (pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon and sodicity). On harvest of crop, after 100 days, grain yield (kg/ha) was recorded. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Total heterotrophs was maximum in preparation [BFH] followed by [BLH] and [CWH]. Nitrosomonas was maximum in preparation [CWH] followed by [MDP] and [BLH]. Nitrobacter was maximum in preparation [BLH] followed by [CWH]. Total fungi was maximum in preparation [CWH] followed by [MDP] (Table 1). pH of the preparations [CWH], [BFH] and [MDP] were observed to be 6.04, 6.22 and 6.28 (in the acidic range), whereas that of [BLH] was 7.48 (in the alkaline range). The electrical conductivity was 1.44 dSm-1 in [BLH] followed by 3.72 dSm-1 in [BFH] and 3.82 dSm-1 in [MDP] (Table 1). The organic carbon was 15.19% in preparation [CWH] followed by 13.55% in [BFH] and 13.15% in [BLH]. Total phosphate was 630 ppm in preparation [MDP] followed by 627.2 ppm in [CWH] and 604.8 ppm in [BFH]. Total potassium was 5043 ppm in preparation [MDP] followed by 5033 ppm in [BFH] and 1808 ppm in [BLH] (Table 1). The quantity of calcium was 3699 ppm in preparation [CWH] followed by 3607 ppm in [BFH] and 2903 ppm in [MDP]. Copper was observed to be 12.3 ppm in [BLH] followed by 6.1 ppm in [MDP] and 5.5 ppm in [BFH]. Ferrous was 51.3 ppm in preparation [CWH] followed by 49.0 ppm in [BFH] and 47.3 ppm in [BLH]. Magnesium was observed to be 4823 ppm in preparation [CWH] followed by 4421 ppm in [BFH] and 4355 ppm in [BLH]. Manganese was 81.5 ppm in preparations [BLH] followed by 77.8 ppm in [BFH] and 71.1 ppm in [CWH]. Zinc was 63.7 ppm in preparation [BLH] followed by 47.4 ppm in [CWH] and 46.8 ppm in [BFH] (Table 1). Statistical analysis based on the composite index of various preparations indicates that [CWH] preparation is qualitatively better for soil application as a soil enhancer (Table 2).It is evident from table 3 that there is considerable decrease in pH , EC, sodicity suggesting bio-remediation and qualitative improvement of sodic soil, in plots amended with [BD], [VC] and [VCBD]. Maximum wheat yield of 1.8295 tonnes per hectare was recorded in plots amended with [VCBD] while the yield of paddy was maximum of 1.603 tonnes per hectare in plots amended with [VCBD] (Table 4). Table 1. Nutrient analysis of biodynamic preparations (Chemical and microbial characteristics)
S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Name of the parameter pH EC (dSm-1) OC (%) N (ppm) P (ppm) K (ppm) Ca+2 (ppm) Cu+2 (ppm) Fe+2 (ppm) Mg+2 (ppm) Mn+2 (ppm) Zn+2 (ppm) Heterotrophs (CFU) Nitrosomonas (CFU) Nitrobacter (CFU) Fungi (CFU) CWH 6.04 4.82 15.19 370.7 627.2 995 3699 4.9 51.3 4823 71.1 47.4 1.8x105 16x103 1.9x103 8.7x104 Preparations BLH BFH 7.48 6.22 1.44 3.72 13.15 13.55 198.9 382.2 554.9 604.8 1808 5033 1561 3607 12.3 5.5 47.3 49.0 4355 4421 81.5 77.8 63.7 46.8 2.5x105 4.0x105 3 3.0x10 0.2x103 3 4.2x10 0.5x103 0 0 MDP 6.28 3.82 11.32 401.4 630.0 5043 2903 6.1 17.4 3830 48.2 32.0 1.4x105 4.0x103 0.5x103 9.0x103
Biodynamic Management in Sodic Soils
Table 2. Composite index of biodynamic preparations based on chemical and microbial characteristics
Preparations pH Electrical Conductivity Organic Carbon Nitrogen Phosphate Potassium Calcium Copper Ferrous Magnesium Manganese Zinc Heterotrophs Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter Fungi Composite index Rank CWH 1 4 1 3 2 4 1 4 1 1 4 2 3 1 2 1 35 1 BLH 3 1 3 4 4 3 4 1 3 3 1 1 2 3 1 3 40 3 BFH 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 1 4 3 3 38 2 MDP 4 3 4 1 1 1 3 2 6 4 3 4 4 2 3 2 47 4
Table 3. Soil chemical analysis

Amendments [C] [FYM] [CHE] [BD] [VC] [VCBD] Decrease in pH -0.20 0.25 0.10 0.40 0.40 0.30 Decrease in EC -0.28 -0.22 -0.28 0.14 0.02 0.09 Increase in OC % -0.18 -0.01 -0.11 0.09 0.30 0.30 Decrease in Sodicity -10.15 10.84 7.96 7.17 29.72 33.82
Table 4. Grain yield (tonnes /ha) (Mean + SD)

Amendments [C] [FYM] [CHE] [BD] [VC] [VCBD] T. aestivum (Wheat) 1.113+0.001 1.314+0.049 1.558+0.265 1.123+0.079 1.677+0.028 1.8295+0.001 O. sativa (Paddy) 0.913+0.002 1.038+0.052 1.310+0.479 1.229+0.532 1.510+0.052 1.603+0.248
Concern about the environment and the economic and social impacts of chemical or conventional agriculture has led to many thinking groups seeking alternative practices that will make agriculture more suitable. Biodynamic farming practices and systems have shown promise in mitigating some of the detrimental effects of chemical-dependent, conventional agriculture on the environment (Reganold et al. 1993). Unlike the other organic farming methods, biodynamic farming practices require eight specific preparations, made from cow manure, silica and various herbs, to enhance soil quality and plant life (Carpenter et al., 2000). Experiments were conducted to assess the utility and importance of cow horn in the preparation of cow horn manure (BD-500). It was observed that the preparation (cow dung) harvested after a period of 6 months from the cow horn was significantly better in terms of physical, chemical and biological properties when compared with the preparation (cow dung) harvested from bull horn, buffalo horn and mud pot. This correlates with the earlier works of Pfeiffer (1983) that BD-500 in cow horn has increased levels of micronutrients like calcuim, copper, magnesium, manganese thus stimulate soil micro-life with increase in microflora and humus-forming bacteria. BD-500 harvested from the pits had a heavy texture with the characteristics of soil. The fermentation process within the cow horn created a very fine humus-like material, which when sprayed on the land in small quantities caused a
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definite improvement in soil structure, humus formation, populations of microbes, earthworm activity, supporting deeper root penetration and strong, upright growth in plants (Ismail, 1995; Procter, 1997). Experiments have been carried out to prepare BD-500 in cow horns at Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Viswa Vibyala Agricultural University, at Indore, India during 1996 by Shri TGK Menon, and his team (Procter, 1997). Subsequently, trials conducted to study the effect of BD-500 on soil and crops, showed considerable improvement in soil structure, better root development and plant growth with BD-500 application compared with the effects of conventional chemical fertiliser application (Procter, 1997). It correlates with the present investigations carried out. REFERENCES Carpenter, B, L., Kennedy, A. C. and Reganold, J. P. 2000. Organic and biodynamic management: effects on soil biology. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 64: 1651-1659 Dagar, J. C. and Singh, N. T. 1994. Agroforestry options in the reclamation of problem soils. In: Tree and tree farming. (Thampan, P. K. ed.), Peekay Tree Crops Development Foundation, Cochin. pp: 63-103 Dagar, J. C., Singh, N. T. and Singh, G. 1994. Agroforestry options for degraded and problematic soils in India. In: Agroforestry systems for sustainable land use. (Singh, P., Pathak, P. S. and Roy, M. M. eds.), Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. pp: 96-120 Ismail, S. A. 1995. Earthworms in soil fertility management. In: Organic agriculture (Thampan, K. eds.), Peekay Tree Crops Development Foundation, Cochin, India. pp: 77-100 Pfeiffer, E. 1983. Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening. Spring Valley, Mercury Press, NY. Procter, P. 1997. Grasp the Nettle: making biodynamic farming and gardening work. Random House N Z, Ltd. 175 pp Reganold, J. P., Palmer, A. S., Lockhart, J. C. and Macgrogor, A. N. 1993. Soil Quality and Financial Performance of Biodynamic and Conventional Farms in New Zealand. Science. 260: 344-349. Steiner, R. 1984. Agriculture. The Biodynamic Agriculture Association, London.
J.Soil.Nature. 2 (2):05-08 (July 2008)
FORMULATION OF PRINT PASTE USING NATURAL AND INDIGENOUS THICKENER- MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) STARCH GUM
M. SHAHIDULLAH, H.U. AHMED, M. M. UDDIN, A. HALIM AND M. M. ANWER Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Manikmia Aveniue, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh Accepted for publication: May 12, 2008 ABSTRACT Shahidullah M., Ahmed H.U., Uddin M. M., Halim A. and Anwer M. M. 2008. Formulation of Print Paste Using Natural and Indigenous Thickener- Maize (Zea mays L.) Starch Gum. J .Soil .Nature. 2(2): 05-08 The experiment was conducted in the Laboratory of Fibre Chemistry, Physics and Testing Department of Bangladesh Jute Research Institute Head Quarter, Dhaka during 2005-06 to investigate the possibility of maize starch gum to be used as natural and indigenous thickener. Maize starch gum a natural, cheap and indigenous starchy material was used as thickener in preparing textile printing paste. The prepared jute and cotton fabrics were printed with a definite amount of dye along with different percentages of maize starch, sodium alginate and their mixture and other necessary auxiliaries. The print quality was assessed in terms of sharpness ranking, washing fastness and rubbing fastness. Experimental observations showed that maize starch gum can be successfully used in textile printing of jute and cotton fabrics as indigenous and natural thickener which is friendly to environment.
Key words: Maize starch gum, alginate, screen printing, reactive dye, sharpness ranking, washing and rubbing fastness
INTRODUCTION The origins of presently used natural and synthetic thickening agents are known. Natural polymer is soluble or dispersible in water solvent to produce viscose pastes. Sources of polysaccharides and plant seeds, e.g. guar gum, sea weed, e.g. alginate, plant gum exudates, e.g. gum arabic, jhingun gum and gum tragacanth etc. (Miles, 1981; Shahidullah, 2004-05; Whitler, 1973; Hambay, 1949) is used as textile printing. Sodium alginate, as a salt of alginic acid (carbohydrate component of brown sea weeds), possesses a unique position among all thickeners producing soft and brilliant prints specially when reactive dyes are used (Shenai, 1985). Sodium alginates are readily soluble and the extent of interaction with the reactive dyes is negligible. With excessive use of reactive dyes in textile printing, sodium alginate has now become scarce and expensive. The brown sea-weed is not also available in abundance, because in the chief producing countries around the North Sea, the oil boom has made the labour cost very high. Sodium alginate is not readily available in our country (Gularjani, 1979). High price, scarceness of natural thickeners and the increase demand of thickeners stimulate the search of locally available materials suitable to use as an alternative to the traditional thickeners (Miah et al., 1993). The main objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of maize starch gum to be used as natural and indigenous thickener. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experiments bleached jute fabrics (15X13 - 150" - 9 oz/36") and white cotton fabrics (long cloth) were used and the experiment was conducted in the Laboratory of Fibre Chemistry, Physics and Testing Department of Bangladesh Jute Research Institute Head Quarter, Dhaka during 2005-06. Procion orange MX-2R an ICI product (ICI Reactive orange 4), sodium alginate, maize starch gum, urea, resist salt (lodigol) and soda ash were used as dyes and chemicals. The white cotton fabrics (long cloth) were first desized by conventional method. Then the bleached jute and desized white cotton fabrics were padded in a solution of soda ash (2%) on a padding mangle to 100% pickup and 70% pickup respectively and then dried on air. The fabrics were then calendared and made ready for printing. Maize starch gum is a thickener obtained from the maize powder collected from local market. Natural and indigenous thickener maize starch powder was mixed with required amount of water and stirred with heating until a homogeneous mass was produced. Several recipes of print pastes were made using alginate and maize powder in combination or single as thickener at different proportions. The pastes were prepared by adding the components gradually with constant stirring until a homogenous print paste was produced. The prepared jute and cotton fabrics were printed by hand screen. The passage of squeeze was made twice for jute and once for cotton fabric. The squeeze angle and squeeze pressure were maintained same in all cases.
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Fixation was carried out through curing for 2-3 minutes at 130oC. A thorough cold water rinse was given to the printed fabrics. The printed fabrics were then washed with 5g/l soap solution at 60-70oC for 20 minutes so that the hydrolyzed dyes were removed from inside the fabrics and cold rinse completed the washing. The fabrics were dried in air and then calendared. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The composition of the different print pastes used in the experiment were mentioned in Table 1 and the print quality was assessed in terms of (i) sharpness ranking (ii) washing fastness of ISO test no. 3 and (iii) rubbing fastness were mentioned in Table . Sharpness of the prints were assessed by visual observation of spreading of color and expressed by a grey scale 1-5 in decreasing order for spreading of color which had the following meanings: 5= Excellent, 4 = good, 3 = fair, 2 = poor and 1 = very poor. Washing fastness test of ISO test no. 3 was carried out for each print (washed in 5 parts soap, 2 parts soda ash per 1000 parts at 60oC for 30 minutes) using grey scale (Clark, 1974; Trotman, 1968). Rubbing fastness of the prints was measured by abrasion of dry and wet cotton fabrics on printed fabrics by Crock Meter and the amount of colour taken by above cotton fabrics was determined with the assessment of rubbing fastness by the grey scale (Standard Methods, 1978). Table 1. Composition of different print paste
Paste no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Thickening agent (%) Sodium alginate 2 3 4 3 4 Maize starch 8 10 10 10 12 12 12 5 5 5 Procion orange MX- 2R dye in (%) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Auxiliaries (%) Water holding agent urea 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Spread resisting agent Lodigol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fixing agent sodium bicarbonate 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Water
2 2 2
83 82 81 92 83 77 75 85 77 73 83 75 79 88 80
Formulation of Print Paste Using Natural and Indigenous Thickener- Maize (Zea mays L.) Starch Gum
Table 2. Sharpness ranking, washing and rubbing fastness properties of the printed jute fabrics
Jute fabrics Paste no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Sharpness ranking 2 4 5 2 1 2 3-4 2 1 4 2 1-2 3-4 2 2 Washing fastness 2-3 4 4-5 3 3 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 4 3 3 3-4 3-4 3 Rubbing fastness Dry staining Wet staining 4 3 4 3 5 3-4 3 3 3-4 3-4 3 4 4-5 3 3-4 3 3 2-3 4 3-4 4 3-4 3-4 3 4 3 3 2-3 4 3
N.B: 5 = Excellent, 4 = Good, 3 = Fair, 2 = Poor, 1 = Very Poor.
Table 3. Sharpness ranking, washing and rubbing fastness properties of the printed cotton fabrics
Paste no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Sharpness ranking 2-3 5 5 2 1-2 2-3 4-5 2 1-2 5 2 2 4-5 2 1-2 Cotton fabrics Washing fastness 3-4 4-5 4-5 4 4 3-4 4-5 4 4 4-5 4 4 4-5 3-4 3-4 Rubbing fastness Dry staining Wet staining 5 3-4 5 4 5 4 4 3-4 4 3-4 4 3-4 4-5 4 4 3 4 3-4 5 4-5 4 3-4 3-4 3 5 4 4 3-4 4 3-4
It was observed from the Table 2 and Table 3 that when 3 and 4 percentages of alginate (paste no. 2, 3), maize starch gum (paste no. 7&10) and the combination of alginate and maize starch gum (paste no.13) were incorporated with urea, lodigol and sodium bicarbonate the prints showed good-excellent sharpness properties, whereas 2 percentage of alginate (paste no.1), 8 percentage maize starch gum (paste no.6) produced the poorfair sharpness of prints for both jute and cotton fabrics. The 3 percentage of sodium alginate gum (paste no.4) and 10 and 12 percentage of maize starch gum (paste no. 8 and 11) and the combination of alginate and maize starch (paste no. 14) without water holding agent urea gave poor sharpness.
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It was also observed that the 4 percentage sodium alginate gum (paste no. 5), 10 and 12 percentage of maize starch gum (paste no.9 and 12) and the combination of sodium alginate and maize starch gum (paste no.15) without fixing agent sodium bicarbonate showed poor to very poor sharpness. Therefore required sharpness was not found without water holding agent urea and fixing agent sodium bicarbonate. The reason for obtaining excellent sharpness in the prints was that the urea molecules hold some of the water very strongly which helped in dissolution of dyes and sodium bicarbonate also helped in the fixation of dyes in the materials. The washing fastness properties of both the jute and cotton printed fabrics were fair to excellent. The rubbing fastness of the printed fabrics was fair to excellent. But dry staining is better than those of wet staining. There was no difference between the jute and cotton prints were observed in the sharpness, washing fastness and rubbing fastness for a particular paste used. So, it can be concluded that maize starch gum or mixture of maize starch gum and alginate gum can be successfully used in the printing of jute and cotton fabrics as indigenous and natural thickener which is environment friendly. CONCLUTION Bangladesh has special interest for getting maize starch as locally available materials in our country. It is an indigenous natural and available starch can be used easily as a substitute of synthetic thickener. The prepared jute and cotton fabrics were printed with a definite amount of dye along with different percentages of maize starch, sodium alginate and their mixture and other necessary auxiliaries. The sharpness ranking, washing and rubbing fastness properties of the samples were observed. The paste no. 2, 3, 7, 10 and 13 showed good to excellent sharpness ranking and washing and rubbing fastness properties gave well to excellent. So, it can be concluded that maize starch gum or mixture of maize starch gum and alginate can be successfully used in the textile printing of jute and cotton fabrics as indigenous and natural thickener. REFERENCES Clark, W. 1974. An Introduction to Textile Printing. 4th Edition, Butterworth & Co. Ltd., London, U.K., 69-70. Gularjani, M. I. 1979. Textile Printing Second Annual Sympossium of I.I.T., Delhi, 82 Hambay, S. D. 1949. The American Cotton Hand Book, Jhon Wiley and Sons, New York, USA, 2(3), 888889 Miah, A. S., A.B.M. Abdullah, S. M. Badier Rahman and Hemaytuddin Ahmed. 1993. Formulation of printing pastes using carboxymethyl cellulose and microcrystalline cellulose as thickener. B.J.Jute Fib. Res. 18(1&2), 47-53 Miles, L.W.C. 1981. Textile Printing, H. Chartesworth & Co. Ltd., 239-251 Shahidullah, M., 2004-2005. Preparation of print paste using natural and indigenous thickener Jhingan (Lannea coromandelia) gum. B.J.Jute Fib. Res. 25 (1-4), 26-30 Shenai, V. A. 1985. Technology of Textile Processing, Sevak Publication, Bombay, India. Vol. 4, 2nd Edn, 102-103 Standard Methods for the Determination of the Colour Fastness of Textiles and Leather. 1978. SDC Publication, 4th Edn, London, U.K. Trotman, E. R. 1968. Textile scouring and bleaching, Griffin, London, U.K. Whitler, D. 1973. Industrial Gums, 2nd Edition, London Academy Press, U.K, 54
STUDIES ON THE PHYSICO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM HYPO CHLORATE TREATED JUTE FIBER
M. HOSSEN, M. BEGUM A. HALIM, A. KHATTON AND A. K. MOLLAH Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Manik Mia Avenue, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh Accepted for publication: May 12, 2008 ABSTRACT Hossen M., Begum M., Halim A., Khatton A. and Mollah A. K. 2008. Studies on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Sodium Hypo Chlorate Treated Jute Fiber. J .Soil .Nature. 2(2): 09-12 The experiment was conducted in the Laboratory of Fibre Chemistry, Physics and Testing Department of Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI), Head Quarter, Dhaka during 2006 and 2007. For the improvement of physico-mechanical properties of jute fibre, some chemical treatments were taken using sodium hypo chlorate. The physico-mechanical properties of chemically modified jute fibre such as bundle strength, fineness/ diameter, brightness, whiteness, tex etc. were studied. By increasing brightness, whiteness and decreasing bundle strength, diameter/ fineness, tex of modified jute sample became more soft than original sample. Yarn quality of modified jute fibre was more similar with cotton sample than that of control jute sample.
Key words: Jute fibre, physico-mechanical properties, bundle strength, breaking twist, whiteness, brightness
INTRODUCTION Jute is a textile fibre next to cotton. Fore diversified textile uses, it has the ability to be blended with other natural/ synthetic fibres. As the demand of natural comfort about jute fibre like cotton fibre will be fulfilled by chemical modification of jute fibre. By treating jute fibre with caustic soda (Woollenization) fibre became crimp, soft, pliable and appearance is improved as wool like appearance which is suitable to be spun with wool (Rahman and Kamaluddin, 1995), liquid ammonia has a similar effect on jute (Sukur et al., 1979) as well as the characteristics of improving flame resistance when treated with flame proofing agents (Hossain et al., 1980). Jute is very coarse in nature. For this defect jute fibre alone can not be used in the preparation of good quality blankets and carpets (Booth, 1976). Due to this it has been tried to bleach/ chemically modify the jute fiber to get good dyeing property. Considering overall properties of bleached jute fiber it was found that hypo chlorite peroxide combination set is better than that of hypo chlorite combination set (Salam et al., 1977). In untreated jute fibre dye can be used only on the thick jute fabric but not in the fine jute fabrics. So the modification of jute fibre to get the nearest cotton properties with very cheap and easy way is our main interest. Jute fabric/ yarn was modified by chemical treatments using ethylene glycol (EG), diethylene glycol (DEG), Polyethylene glycol (PEG) of two varieties and poly alcohol in the presence off Al2(SO4)3 as the catalyst employing a pad-dry-cure technique. Modification of jute by optimum dose of PVA prior degradation with NaIO4 produces the most improved and balanced effects including notable improvements in tenacity and elongation at break and hence in resilience, feel, and texture and substantial are lowering in hairiness, bending length and fiber shedding character. Difference in the surface modification of the jute fibers could be brought effects by use of different glycolic/ polyol modifying agents which was revealed by scanning electron micrographs. After treating with sodium hydroxide the thermal characteristics such as crystallinity index, reactivity and surface morphology of untreated and chemically fibers have been studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (WAXRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), respectively by Leonard and Ansell (2002). Changes in textile related properties of jute fiber consequent to its treatment with plain water, steam, dilute aqueous NaOH solution and different oxidizing agents such as H2O2, K2S2O8 and NaIO4 was studied under specified conditions and found promising textile related properties in respect of energy efficiency and fiber droppage during carding, trouble-free spinning (zero to low end breakage rate), yarn structure (packing fraction and structural irregularities) and yarn properties like tenacity, initial modulus, flexural rigidity, quality ration and work of rupture (Ghosh et al., 2004).The present work was undertaken to study the physico-mechanical change of chemically modified jute fibre for diversified textile uses like cotton. MATERIALS AND METHODS The jute fibre of BW-1 was collected from the experimental plot of BJRI and the experiment was conducted in the Laboratory of Fibre Chemistry, Physics and Testing Department of Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Head Quarter, Dhaka during 2006 and 2007. The middle portion of the collected BW-1 was cut off with a length of 5 cm and roughly cleaned manually. Neither combing nor the scouring was done. The cleaned jute was chemically modified by mechanical agitation in Sodium hypo chlorate (Na (OCl)3) for 15 minutes at different concentration.
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After that the mixed chemical with jute was heated for 15 minutes at 400C, 500C and 600C for each concentration of the chemical. During the chemical modification it is very important that, if the time of temperature is increased the chemically modified jute becomes bristle. The jute is naturally quite brown color, which is not desired for color sensitive materials. Jute can be used for dark color representative. Thats why (Na(OCl)3) is used for its bleaching quality. The next step was soaking. The chemically modified jute was then soaked for 24 hours in two ways. One is by using acetic acid (CH3COOH) and other is by Glycerin. After that the soaked jute was washed by distilled water. To observe the washing treatment in case of soaking by acetic acid (CH3COOH) the litmus paper was used. If the litmus paper became red the washing treatment was not proper because the soaking was done by acetic acid. In case of glycerin the chemically modified jute became oily, which could be removed by washing 5/6 times. At last the chemically modified jute is dried at room temperature. To solve the slight change of the room temperature the whole process was done in a closed airtight room. Bundle Strength The bundle character is helpful for measuring the strength of the fibre (Meredith, 1945). Bundle Strength is expressed in Pressley Index (PI lb/mg or PI kg/mg) which was determined by Pressley Fibre Bundle Strength Tester using zero gauge length. The flat bundle of fibre approximately 6.35 mm ( 1 inch) in width was held by a pair of
clamps. All protruding ends were shared off with a sharp razor. Tension was applied to separate the clamps and there by rapture the fibre. After breaking, the bundle was taken off from the clamps and weighted by a precision balance Pressley Index was calculated from the ratio of breaking load (lbs) and bundle weight (mg) of the test specimen. BreakingLoad (lb / kg ) Pr essleyIndex( PI ) = BundleWeight (mg ) Linear density/ Count The linear density is the weight of 1 km length of materials in gram which is called tex (Lyons, 1963). The linear density was determined by cut middle method (Ali, 1993) following the below formula. 590.5 Tex = CottonCoun t Breaking Twist angle If the fibre is twisted far enough, it will eventually rupture. The number of turns to rupture is inversely proportional to the fibre diameter. The twist angle through which the outer layer is shared and is given by
tan = L / rbd
Where,
= Breaking twist angle(0) L= Test length of fibre in cm rb= No. of twists to rupture the fibre d= Diameter of fibre
Fineness Wira fibre fineness meter (Anderson, 1954) was used to determine the fineness (diameter) of fibre in micron. In this apparatus air was sucked through a cylindrical bundle of fibre 7.62 cm long and 8.38 cm diameter. The resistance to air flow was indicated in a flow meter which was calibrated in terms of fibre diameter in micron. On switching the machine the position of the float was read which indicated the diameter of the fibre in micron. Whiteness and Brightness Brightness and whiteness of the fibre was determined by Photo Volt Meter using green and blue filters. The brightness and whiteness of the top specimen under test and were then read of as a percentage of white contents and glitters of the standard. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The different physical properties of the chemically modified jute were tested in the laboratory of Physics, Chemistry and Testing department of BJRI. The tested properties were brightness (%), whiteness (%), fineness (micron) or diameter by microscopic method, bundle strength (lb/mg), breaking twist per inch and count in tex furnished in Table 1and Table 2. 10
Studies on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Sodium Hypo Chlorate Treated Jute Fiber
Table-1: The Bundle Strength of the chemically modified jute

Jute Sample no. 4A 4B 4C 4D 5A 5B 5C 5D 6A 6B 6C 6D Control Temperature Concentration of Na(OCl)3 (ppm) 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 Top portion of fibre 10.34 08.13 10.53 09.44 07.65 08.27 09.03 08.66 07.63 08.88 09.17 06.91 11.47 Bundle Strength (lb/mg) Middle Bottom portion portion of fibre of fibre 9.52 9.11 7.26 8.67 9.23 8.81 9.86 9.25 7.78 6.62 9.33 9.20 9.16 8.60 8.81 8.60 7.74 9.53 9.02 7.88 8.82 8.99 6.59 7.11 12.05 8.96 Whole fibre 9.25 8.47 9.16 9.42 7.84 8.83 10.63 9.18 7.65 8.05 8.64 7.45 8.84 Mean 9.555 8.112 9.352 9.156 7.473 9.076 9.355 8.926 8.138 8.170 8.905 7.015 10.33 SD 0.55 0.54 0.64 0.22 0.57 0.56 0.60 0.39 0.93 0.81 0.23 0.36 1.67 CV% 5.76 6.67 6.83 2.43 7.68 6.12 9.44 4.33 11.42 9.96 2.55 5.14 16.16
400C
50 0C
60 0C
Table-2: Other Physico- mechanical properties of the chemically modified jute fiber
Jute Sample no. 4A 4B 4C 4D 5A 5B 5C 5D 6A 6B 6C 6D Control Temperature 400C Concentration of Na(OCl)3 (ppm) 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 Count (tex) 1.78 1.86 2.12 1.82 1.65 1.78 1.72 1.80 2.32 2.02 1.80 1.96 3.12 Mean Whiteness (%) 32.43 36.46 43.42 38.56 37.97 43.83 46.78 41.95 40.49 44.76 47.14 44.01 32.54 Mean Brightness (%) 53.56 50.32 61.11 49.31 53.56 57.2 61.11 56.58 57.7 60.25 62.24 61.86 49.92 Fineness/ Diameter () 25.25 21.03 29.99 21.13 26.29 29.54 16.90 30.19 18.10 12.95 16.37 19.61 30.69 Breaking twist 40 38 35 31 36 33 30 29 26 21 19 12 42
50 0C
60 0C
Table3. Yarn properties of chemically modified jute fibre compare to standard values of cotton Commercial or Absorption regain (%) at Desorption regain- absorption regain Sample conventional regain (%) 65% r.h. and 20 0C (%) at 65% r.h. and 20 0C Control 17.10 14.50 1.85 Jute 13.75 12.00 1.50 Cotton 8.50 7.80 0.90 Chemical modification was done in control temperature and that was up to 60 0C. In Table 1 it was found that the bundle strength of different chemically modified samples with different concentrations of Na(OCl)3 at 40 0C, 50 0C and 60 0C were more or less similar but less value than control sample. Bottom and whole portion were near about the control sample, but top and middle portions contained high value. There fore chemically modified jute samples became soft due to lower value of bundle strength. After chemical treatment, tex and fineness of chemically modified jute fibre showed lower value than control sample (Table 2), but whiteness and brightness parameters were increased than original sample. It is a great achievement of any treated sample with lower diameter/ fineness, higher brightness, whiteness value than original one that would be 11
M. Hossen et al
welcome in the field of textile (Werfast, 1966). Lower value of fineness indicates more fine fibre and the finer the fibre, the finer the count that can be strengthened and reasonable end- breakage can be maintained (Morton and Hearle, 1975). Relative Humidity and ambient temperature is an important factor for testing of the different physico-mechanical properties of jute fiber in the laboratories. So it is very essential to control the room temperature and the relative humidity for measuring the different parameters of jute. Jute absorbs lot of humidity from the air and changes its properties. Due to slight change of the humidity and temperature jute shows quite different quality. That is why it is very important for jute research to keep the relative humidity and standard atmospheric temperature. The conventional regain of moisture, Absorption regain and the difference between desorption regain and absorption regain of the comically modified jute yarn, all were decreased to 13.75%, 12.00% and 1.50% respectively due to chemical treatment on the jute fibre as the controlled fibre had 17.10%, 14.50% and 1.85% respectively where the standard values of cotton 8.50%, 7.80% and 0.90% were plotted in the Table 3. CONCLUSION Most of the spinning mills in Bangladesh are cotton based. For diversified textile uses of jute, cotton based spinning technique may be used for making fine yarn using chemically modified jute fibre. After chemical modification by Na(OCl)3, jute fibre showed the physico-mechanical properties very near about the cotton fibre. Therefore modified jute fibre will be suitable to use in cotton spinning system which is opening up a great scope for the commercial use of our golden fibre. LITERATURE CITED Ali, M. Hurmuz. 1993. The Physico- mechanical characteristics of mesta (Hibiscus subdarifa L.) and kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.). B. J. Jute Fib. Res. 18 (1&2): 65-73 Anderson, S. L. 1954. The Wira Fibre Fineness Meter. J. Text. Inst. 45: 312 Booth, J. E. 1976. Principles of Textile Testing. Newnes-Butter-Worths, Boston, London. p-583 Ghosh, P., A.K. Samanta and G. Basu. 2004. Effect of selective chemical treatments of jute fiber on textile-related properties and processibility. Indian J. fib. Text. Res. l-29 (1): 85-100 Hossain, M. A., Abu Siddique Mia and M. A. Salam. 1980. Effect of ammonium bromide and phosphoric acid on jute for fire resistance. B. J. Jute Fib. Res. 5(1& 2): 41-50 Leonard Y. Mwaikambo and Martin P. Ansell. 2002. Chemical Modification of hemp, sisal, jute and kapok fibers by alkalization. Department of Engineering and applied Science, University of Bath, United Kingdom. Appl. Polymr. Sci. 84: 2222-2234 Lyons, W. and James, 1963. Impact Phenomena in Textiles, M. I. T. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, p-13 Meredith, R., 1945. Tensile properties of fibre. J. Text. Inst. 36: 107 Morton, W. E. and J.W.S. Hearle, 1975. Physical Properties of Textile Fibres. Pub. By The Textile Institute, Heinemann, London. p-286 Rahman, K. A. and Md. Kamaluddin. 1995. Chemical modification of jute fabric by woollenisation in padding machine and determination of dye absorption on woollenised jute fabric. B. J. Jute Fib. Res. 20(1): 29-37. Salam, M.A.; A.B.M. Abdullah and Nur Nabi Khan. 1977. Bleaching of jute fibers-III; combination bleaching. B. J. Jute Fib. Res. 2(1): 57-65 Sukur, A., A. S. M. Nazmul Ahsan and M. A. Salam. 1979. Effect of liquid ammonia on jute, Part- A. B. J. Jute Fib. Res. 4(1& 2): 59-66 Werfast, T. 1966. The Textile Students Manual (3rd edition). Published by Sir Isac, London, p-6
12
ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF FIVE SELECTED WEED SPECIES ON SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF CORN
M. A. SAMAD, M. M. RAHMAN1, A. K. M. M. HOSSAIN1, M. S. RAHMAN2 AND S. M. RAHMAN1 Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 1 and 2 Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh Accepted for publication: May 21, 2008 ABSTRACT Samad M. A., Rahman M. M., Hossain A. K. M. M., Rahman M. S. and Rahman S. M. 2008. Allelopathic Effects of Five Selected Weed Species on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Corn. J .Soil .Nature. 2(2): 13-18 An investigation was carried out in typical maize growing sandy loam soil at the Agronomy Laboratory. Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during March to August, 2000. The allelopathic effects of five weed species viz. Polygonum hydropiper L. (W1), Amaranthus spinosus L. (W2), Chenopodium album L. (W3), Cyperus rotundus L. (W4) and Imperata cylindrica L. (W5) on corn (cv. Barnali) seed germination, growth and development were studied. The trial included dried plant parts of five selected weeds (the whole plant, stem, leaf, root and five weed mixture) and weeds aqueous extract (whole plant, stem. leaf, root and five weed mixture) in Petridishes at laboratory condition. These five weed species exhibited inhibition of seedling height and radicle length. Imperata cylindrica affected the seedling height and seedling dry matter production severely than others. Radicle length is affected by Amaranthus spinosus. On the other hand, germination, seedling growth and dry matter production affected maximum by dried mass of stems of five weed species. The results demonstrated the allelopathic potential of five weed species and suggested that those weed species may affect corn seedling growth and development due to the inhibitory effect of allelochemicals, which are present in the dried parts and aqueous extracts of weed.
Keywords: Allelopathic effect, weed species, corn, seed germination, seedling growth
INTRODUCTION Weed is a serious pest that damages most of the crops and grain and is everlasting problem for our agriculture. Weeds present in crop field that compete with crop plants for light, moisture and other essential nutrients, resulting reduce quality and yield of crops and increase the cost of production. Plants can influence each other, by allelopathy which is usually harmful (Boonitee and Ritdhit, 1984); sometimes the effect is beneficial (Newman and Andrews, 1973). Rice (1974) defined allelopathy as any direct or indirect harmful effect by one plant to another through the production of chemical compounds, which escape into the environment. Allelopathic substances are most commonly found in plant extracts and in plant residues of soil, some were found in live plant exudates and as volatile gases liberated from leaves and rhizome (Keeley, 1987). The use of herbicide is problem for health and environmental point of view which pollutes and affects at genetic level and induces on malformation. The principle of chemical weed control thus needs revision. Many plant products are known to inhibit germination and growth of plant, which is essential feature of all herbicides. Therefore, plant product can be a possible alternative for synthetic herbicides and these may be used as natural herbicides (Rizivi and Rizve, 1984). The idea of natural herbicide is the occurrence of allelopathic phenomenon, which refers to bio-chemical interactions between all types of plants. Although allelopathic studies received enormous attention during the past two decades, the idea of using allelopathy in weed control was conceived in the late seventies (Putnam and Duke, 1974) and several workers reported the possibility of using in weed control (Putnam and Frank, 1979; Putnam et. al., 1983). Corn (Zea mavs L.) is an important cereal crop and ranks third in acreage and production among the grain food crops of Bangladesh. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the allelopathic effect of five selected weed species viz. Katanatey (Amaranthus spinosus), Mutha (Cyperus rotundus). Bishkatali (Polygonum hydropiper), Bathua (Chenopodiurn album) and Ulu (Imperata cylindrica) on seed germination and growth of corn. MATERIALS AND METHODS A field study was carried out in the Non Calcareous Dark Grey Floodplain soil at the Agronomy Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during March to August in 2000. The soil used was sandy loam with pH 6.5 and 0.5% organic matter. The treatment included two sets of the experiment were: i) powdered five weed parts and ii) their aqueous extracts in petridishes soil at laboratory condition. The selected weeds were manually collected from the Agronomy field laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh and were oven dried at 80C for 48 hours. Two hundred and fifty gram of each of the five oven dried weeds- stem, leaf, root, whole plant and five weed mixed together and was ground separately. Five gram of each dried sample was taken in 100 ml distilled water. Then it was kept for 48 hours at 50C and filtered with whatman No. 1. The filtrates obtained from these were taken as 5% stock aqueous extracts. The seeds of corn were treated with
13
M. A. Samad et al
vitavax-200 @ 10 g/kg seed. The growing media was sterilized sand. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design. The treated seeds were kept for germination in sterilized petridish (9cm diameter), which filled up with sand, and each petridish contains 25 ml of 5% aqueous extracts in four replications. Only distilled water was used for control. The germination tests were carried out under room temperature at 28020C. Germination percentages, radicle length, and seedling height were measured after 7, 14 and 21 days of seed setting. Four seedlings from one side of each replicated petridish were collected randomly for each harvest to keep records on radicle length, seedling height and dry weights of radicle. The collected data on different characters were analyzed statistically and means were tested by Duncans New Multiple Range Test (DMRT). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Seed Germination Maize seed germination was affected significantly by the allelopathic effect of the weeds. However, there was no significant difference between the weed species in respect of their allelopathic effects on seed germination of corn. Affected by Weed Whole Plant The seed germination was inhibited dry weed parts and aqueous extracts of the five weed species (Table I). The effect of Amaranthus spinosus on germination percentage of corn was the highest (73.17%) and that of Imperata cylindrica was the lowest (83.9%). The effect of others was about to equal. When considered the mean effect of dried weed part and aqueous extracts of five weed species, there was no significant difference between the two means (Table 1). However, the effect of powdered weed parts was higher than the aqueous extracts. Overall, the germination percentage of corn seed was affected by whole of five weed species as compared to control. Table 1. Effects of weed dry parts and aqueous extracts on germination (%) of Maize
Treatments Whole weed part Dry Aqueous Mean part extracts 75.0 73.75 86.25 91.25 82.50 81.75 86.25 97.5 78.75 Dry part 83.75 Stem Dry Aqueous Mean part extracts 80.0 80.0 68.75 66.25 90.0 77.0 86.25 97.5 81.88 76.25 80.0 70.0 Leaf Aqueous Mean extracts 72.5 75.0 80.0 85.0 82.5 79.0 86.25 97.5 74.37 Dry part 88.75 Root Aqueous Grand Mean extracts mean 70.00 88.75 87.50 82.50 81.25 82.00 86.25 97.5 79.37 78.55 85.0 85.0 77.67 80.16
Polygonum 82.5 hydropiper (W1) Amaranthus 72.5 spinosus (W2) Chenopodium 83.75 album (W3) Cyperus 83.75 rotundus (W4) Imperata 82.5 cylindrica W5) Mean 81.5 Five weed 77.5 mixture Control 97.5
All effects are insignificant
73.13 80.0 85.0 87.5 82.0 73.75 76.25 82.5
72.50 81.25 79.37 82.5
71.25 78.75 71.25 83.5 86.25 85.0 78.13 78.5 81.88 77.5 97.5 97.5
83.75 86.25 83.75 86.25 78.75 85.05 81.88 77.25 97.50 97.5
84.37 81.72 83.75 83.94 83.52 80.44 81.87 81.87 97.5 97.5
81.38 79.25 81.88 77.5 97.5 97.5
Affected by Weed Stems Dry weed stems and aqueous stem extract of the five weed species inhibited the maize seed germination. The lowest germination percent of 71.25% was recorded by Chenopodium album and the highest 86.25% due to Imperata cylindrica (Table 1). But there is no significance difference between powdered weed stems and aqueous stem extracts of five weed species. Affected by Weeds Leaves Powdered weed leaves and aqueous leaves extracts of five weed species inhibited the maize seed germination (Table 1). The effect of the Amaranthus spinosus was the highest (72.5%) and that of Imperata cylindrica was the lowest (83.75%). In the case of mean effect of the powdered weed leaves and aqueous leaves extracts of the five weed species, there was no significant difference between the two means. However, in the mean effect of powdered weed leaves and aqueous leaves extracts of the five-weed mixture, powdered weed leaves showed higher effect than aqueous leaves extracts. Similar result was observed by Martin et. al. (1990) who stated that Conyza canadensis intact fresh leaves were inhibitory on maize seed germination.
14
Allelopathic Effects of Five Selected Weed Species on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Corn
Affected by Weed Roots Seed germination percentage was more affected by the Polygonum hydropiper (79.37%) (Table 1) than others but there was no significant difference between powdered and aqueous root extracts of the five weed species. However, powdered weed roots had more inhibitory effect than aqueous extracts of weeds. The results indicate the inhibitory effect of the weeds under control environment. The germination percentage was affected by the allelopathic effect of five selected weed species. Seedling Height after Seven Days of Sowing The effect of the Imperata cylindrica was the highest (11.15 cm) and that of Polygonum hydropiper was the lowest (13.99 cm) (Table 2). However, it was observed that, aqueous extracts of weed whole, stem and leaves were statistically significant. Effect of Aqueous Extracts of the Weed Whole Plants on Seedling Height The allelopathic effects of Chenopodium album and Imperata cylindrica were the highest and that of others were about to equal. When aqueous extracts were mixed with soil, then it was found that plant height were 10.26 and 9.35 cm due to the effects of Chenopodium album and Imperata cylindrica, respectively. The effect of five-weed mixture was the lowest (seedling height was 18.37 cm). The effects of other weeds were statistically identical and their effects were medium as compared to control, where the seedling height was 19.85 cm. (Table 2). Table 2. Effects of weed dry parts and aqueous extracts on seedling height of Maize after 7 days of sowing
Treatments Polygonum hydropiper W1) Amaranthus spinosus (W2) Chenopodium album (W3) Cyperus rotundus (W4) Imperata cylindrica (W5) Mean Five weed mixture Control SE LSD (0.05) Whole weed part Stem Dry aqueous Aqueous Mean Dry part Mean part extracts extracts 12.28 14.94ab 13.61 14.98 13.92ab 14.85 11.36 10.26b 10.81 12.89 14.26 13.22 9.73 11.85 12.39 11.60 19.85 NS 13.46b 11.0 c 12.0 c Dry part Leaf aqueous Dry Mean extracts part Root aqueous extracts 16.65 13.72 15.64 12.60 11.07 13.93 18.37 19.85 NS Grand Mean mean 16.14 13.99 11.93 12.88 13.47 12.66 13.09 13.75 12.59 11.15 13.44 12.86 14.98 14.98 19.85 19.85 NS
13.17 13.36 12.74abc 13.05 15.64 12.63 14.26 9.92bc 12.09 10.15
12.61 13.22 14.27abc 13.74 11.3 15.08ab 7.68c 11.94 18.37a 19.85 2.26 4.82 15.9 13.59 10.75 14.11 13.10 12.95 14.98 11.6 19.85 19.85 NS NS
15.97 13.82ab 14.89 10.22 12.96 11.6 19.85 NS 9.35b 12.45 18.37a 19.85 1.8 3.84 9.78 12.71 14.99 19.85 NS
12.54 bc 11.13 16.72 11.07 c 12.01 18.37 a 19.85 0.56 1.19 11.46 13.82 12.2 14.99 12.47 11.6
19.85 19.85 NS NS
Effect of Aqueous Extracts of the Weed Stems on Seedling Height after Seven Days of Sowing The effects of aqueous extracts of Amaranthus spinosus and Imperata cylindrica were the highest and that of five weed mixture was the lowest. The effects of others were moderately significant and they were identical (Table 2). Effect of Aqueous Extracts of the Weed Leaves on Corn Seedling Height after Seven Days of Sowing The inhibitory effect of Imperata cylindrica was the highest (7.68cm) and that of Cyperus rotundus was the lowest (15.08cm) The inhibitory effects of other weeds were low and statistically identical (Table 2).. It was obvious that allelopathic effects were in all the five weeds and Amaranthus spinosus and Imperata cylindrica showed more than other three weeds. These two weeds significantly affected the corn seedling height. Hossain (1992) observed that the allelopathic effect of Imperata cylindrica on maize seedling growth was the highest. Aqueous extracts of Imperata cylindrica significantly reduced the early growth of maize seedling. The aqueous extracts of leaves and roots were more inhibitory than other parts of weed. Qasem (1993) found that some weed like Amaranthus spinosus and Chenopodium album had allelopathic effect on maize and barley growth. They found when the aqueous extracts of these two weeds were applied in petridishes in laboratory condition, the coleoptiles length reduced in the case of barley and maize. The results demonstrated that the five selected weed species reduced the seedling height. Aqueous extracts were more inhibitory than dried weed mass and the aqueous extracts of leaves were more harmful than that of other parts.
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Effect of Five Selected weeds Dry Parts and Aqueous Extracts on Seedling Dry Matter after Seven Days of Sowing The allelopathic effect of dried weed parts and aqueous extracts of weeds whole plant was statistically significant. The effect of Imperata cylindrica was the highest and that of the Cyperus rotundus was the lowest among the five weed species. When considered the mean effect of dried and aqueous extracts on corn seedling dry weight, there was no significant difference between these two (Table 3). However, the effect of dried weed parts of the five weed mixed was higher than aqueous extracts. This agreed to the findings of Qasern (1993) who observed that the aqueous extracts of Chenopodium album and Amaranthus spinosus reduced the root and shoot dry weight of maize and barley. The allelopathic effects of Imperata cylindrica were higher than the others. The allelopathy affected higher in seedling dry weight as compared to seedling height. Table 3. Effects of weed dry parts and aquous extracts on dry matter production of Maize after 7 days of sowing
Treatments Polygonum hydropiper (W1) Amaranthus spinosus (W2) Chenopodium album (W3) Cyperus rotundus (W4) Imperata cylindrica (W5) Mean Five weed mixture Control SE LSD (0.05) Whole weed part aqueous Dry part Mean extracts 0.17ab 0.20a 0.19a 0.22a 0.12b 0.18 0.18a 0.263 0.03 0.06 0.22a Dry part Stem Aqueous extracts 0.20 0.14 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.16 0.22 0.263 NS Mean 0.195 0.175 0.19 0.145 0.14 Leaf Root Grand Dry aqueous Dry aqueous Mean Mean mean part extracts part extracts 0.17 0.17 0.19 0.25 0.18 0.14 0.14 0.20 0.22 0.09 0.158 0.22 0.263 NS 0.155 0.21 0.155 0.20 0.195 0.19 0.235 0.15 0.135 0.17 0.175 0.184 0.20 0.18 0.21 0.16 0.17 0.14 0.14 0.164 0.22 0.263 NS 0.21 0.18 0.18 0.145 0.185 0.175 0.18 0.18
0.195 0.19 0.21 0.21
0.20abc 0.20 0.13bc 0.16
0.21ab 0.215 0.14 0.12c 0.176 0.22a 0.263 0.04 0.09 0.12 0.14
0.155 0.135 0.174 0.20 0.17 0.20
0.178 0.17 0.20 0.18
0.167 0.192 0.20 0.18
0.263 0.263 NS
0.262 0.263 NS
0.263 0.263 NS
0.263 0.263
Effect of powdered and aqueous Weeds Extracts on Seedling Height after Fourteen Days of Sowing Only powdered mass of weed root affected the seedling height significantly (Table 4). The adverse effect of the Amaranthus spinosus on seedling height was the highest (27.46) and that of Cyperus rotundus was the lowest (39.87). This investigation agreed to the finding of Meissner et. al., (1970) who observed that appreciable reduction in root and shoot growth of barley where previously grown with Cyperus rotundus and attributed reduction due to the biologically active substances contained in the under ground weed parts. Table 4. Effects of weed dry parts and aqueous extracts on seedling height of Maize after 14 days of sowing
Treatments Whole weed part Dry aqueous Mean part extracts 34.61 27.46 33.60 39.87 29.10 32.92 32.40 41.76 NS Dry part Stem Aqueous extracts 34.8 28.31 35.13 36.90 26.76 32.38 32.40 41.76 NS Mean Dry part Leaf Root Grand aqueous aqueous Mean Dry part Mean mean extracts extracts 34.78 32.68 27.37 29.84 31.93 31.32 32.40 41.76 NS 35.36 37.41a 33.20 35.34 39.31 36.81 35.44 36.02 32.40 41.76 NS 35.31 31.74 35.73 37.75 33.83 34.87 35.65 41.76 35.63 31.82 32.15 35.97 31.40 33.39 35.65 41.76
Polygonum 37.41 hydropiper (W1) Amaranthus 35.89 spinosus (W2) Chenopodium 28.47 album (W3) Cyperus 34.27 rotundus (W4) Imperata 33.48 cylindrica (W5) Mean 33.904 Five weed 38.90 mixture Control 41.76 SE NS LSD (0.05)
36.01 36.93 31.67 35.71 31.03 31.01 37.07 32.45 31.29 29.25 33.41 33.07 35.65 38.90 41.76 41.76 NS
35.865 35.94 32.01 31.02 33.07 30.21 34.675 38.93 28.005 33.01 32.725 33.82 35.65 38.90 41.76 41.76 NS
31.85 28.14b 28.79 32.14ab 34.39 38.68a
32.47 32.21ab 32.57 33.716 35.65 41.76 38.90a 41.76 2.87 6.12
16
Allelopathic Effects of Five Selected Weed Species on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Corn
Effect of powdered and Aqueous Extracts of Weed on Seedling Dry Matter Production after Fourteen Days of Sowing The effect of Chenopodium album was the highest and that of five-weed mixture was the lowest on seedling dry matter production (Table 5). It was observed that powdered weed parts (whole plant and stem) had allelochemicals which affected the seedling dry matter production. Table 5. Effects of weed dry parts and aqueous extracts on dry matter production Maize after 14 days of sowing
Treatment Polygonum hydropiper (W1) Amaranthus spinosus (W2) Chenopodium album (W3) Cyperus rotundus (W4) Imperata cylindrical (W5) Mean Whole weed part Dry Aqueous Mean part extracts 0.28a 0.25a 0.19a 0.23a 0.25a 0.24 0.21 0.19 0.19 0.26 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.32 NS Dry part Stem Aqueous Mean extracts 0.24 0.22 0.25 0.28 0.23 0.244 0.20 0.32 NS 0.26 0.235 0.21 0.24 0.22 0.233 0.245 0.32 Dry part 0.22 0.27 0.25 0.22 0.24 0.24 0.29 0.32 NS Leaf Aqueous Mean extracts 0.20 0.25 0.27 0.21 0.24 0.234 0.20 0.32 NS 0.21 0.26 0.26 0.215 0.24 Dry part 0.26 0.25 0.22 0.24 0.18 Root Aqueous extracts 0.24 0.24 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.254 0.20 0.32 NS Mean 0.25 Grand mean 0.24
0.245 0.28a 0.22 0.25ab 0.19 0.17b
0.245 0.237 0.23 0.25 0.215 0.242 0.245 0.32 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.32
0.245 0.20ab 0.225 0.21ab 0.225 0.222 0.245 0.29a 0.32 0.32 0.03 0.07
0.2375 0.23 0.245 0.32 0.29 0.32 NS
Five weed mixture 0.29a Control SE LSD (0.05) 0.32 0.02 0.04
Effect of powdered Weed Parts and Aqueous Extracts of five Selected Weed Species on Dry Matter Production of Maize Seedling after 21 Days of Sowing The effect of the Polygonum hydropiper was the highest and that of five weeds mixture was the lowest. The effect of aqueous extracts of Polygonum hydropiper was the highest (0.207 g) and that of Amaranthus spinosus was the lowest among the five selected weed species (Table 6). The effect of others was about equal. The results indicated that the different weed species had different allelopathic effect on corn seedling dry matter production and they affected at different harvest time. Table 6. Effects of weed dry parts and aqueous extracts on dry matter production of Maize seedling after 21 days of sowing
Treatment Polygonum hydropiper(W1) Amaranthus spinosus (W2) Chenopodium album (W3) Cyperus rotundus (W4) Imperata cylindrical(W5) Mean Five weed mixture Control SE LSD (0.05) Whole weed part Aqueous Dry part Mean extracts 0.195b 0.257ab 0.30a 0.31a 0.207b 0.38a 0.26b 0.24b Stem Dry Aqueous Mean part extracts 0.29 0.21 0.26 0.235 0.27 0.253 0.31 0.39 NS Leaf Dry Aqueous Mean part extracts 0.255 0.235 0.265 0.360 0.26 0.275 0.31 0.39 NS Root Grand Dry Aqueous Mean mean part extracts 0.30 0.30 0.295 0.315 0.235 0.289 0.310 0.39 NS 0.295 0.2575 0.2725 0.27 0.2575 0.26 0.28 0.235 0.268 0.27 0.26 0.26
0.201 0.225 0.3185 0.23 0.28 0.275 0.29 0.24
0.2575 0.33 0.22 0.275 0.255 0.23
0.2925 0.29 0.29 0.245
0.2475 0.22 0.3325 0.245 0.2925 0.235 0.282 0.247 0.3175 0.325 0.39 0.39 NS
0.2375 0.305 0.245 0.325 0.247 0.289 0.3175 0.325 0.39 0.39 NS
0.27ab 0.295ab 0.2825 0.22 0.2664 0.325a 0.39 0.03 0.07 0.2764 0.2714 0.241 0.31ab 0.3125 0.325 0.39 0.05 0.10 0.39 0.39 NS
0.3175 0.31 0.39 0.39
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CONCLUSION Weed parts (the whole plant, stem, leaf, root and five weed mixtures) of selected weed species exhibited inhibition of seed germination, seedling height, radicle growth and dry matter production of corn crops. But among the five weed species Imperata cylindrical and Amaranthus spinosus had a more inhibitory effect on corn seed germination, growth and development in comparison to Chenopodiurn album, Cyperus rotundus and Polygonum hydropiper. In the case of weed parts, stem was more harmful than other parts. REFERENCES Boonitiee, A. and Ritdhit, P. 1984. Allelopathic effects of some weeds on munbean plants (Vigna radiata). Proc. 1st tropical weed science, cont, vol. 2. oct. 22-25. Jat. Yai, songkwa Thailand: 401-406 Hossain, M. A. 1992. Allelopathic suppression of wheat and maize seedling growth by Imperata cylindrical (lin) p. Beaure. Saahad J. of agril. 8(4): 433-439 Keeley, P. E. 1987. Interference and interaction of purple and yellow nutserge (Cyperus rotundus and cyperus esculentus) with crops weed Technology vol. 1(1):74-81 Martin, V. L. ; Mccoy, E. L. and Dick, W. A. 1990. Allelopathy of the crop residues influence corn seed germination and early growth. Agron. J. (DSA) . vol. 82(3) :555-560 Meissner, R. ; Nel. P. C. and Smith, N. S. H. 1970. Influence of red nutsedse (Cyperus rotundus) on growth and development of some crop plants. In proc. Of the 3rd National weeds conf. Of south Africa: 39-52 Newman, F. I. And Andrews, R. E. 1973. Allelopathy among some British grassland speciec II. Influence of soaked exudates on phosphorus uptake. J. Ecol. 65: 399-411 Putman. A. R.; Frank, J. D. and Barnes, J. P. 1983. Exploitation of allelopathy in weed control in annual and perennial cropping systems. J. Chem. Ecol. 9: 1001- 1010 Putman. A. R. and Frank, J. D. 1979. Use of allelopathic cover crops to inhibits weeds. Proc. Ixth int. cong. Plant prorection:580-582 Putman. A. R. and Duke, W. B. 1974. Biological suppression of weeds: Evidence for allelopathy in cucumbers. Science. 185: 370-372 Qasem, J. R. 1993. Allelopathic effect of some weeds on growth of barley and maize. D. irasat. Series b pare and Applied Sciences, 20(2): 5-28 Rice, E. L. 1974. Allelopathy, Newyork : Academic Press. An update Bot. Rev. 45:15-109 Rizvi, S. J. H. and Rizve, V. 1984. Alleopathy: A new strategy in weed control. Proc. Int. cong. Pl. Proctection:1-234
18
EFFECT OF GAMMA RAYS ON YIELD AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF LARGE SEEDED CHICKPEA
K.M.R. KARIM1, A.K.M.R. ISLAM1, M.M. HOSSAIN1, H.M.S. AZAD2 AND M.W. RAHMAN3
1 Scientific Officer, Banmgladesh Sugercane Research Institute, Ishurdi, Pabna, 2Scientific Officer, Cotton Farm, Sadarpur, Dinajpur, 3Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
Accepted for publication: May 30, 2008 ABSTRACT Karim K.M.R., Islam A.K.M.R., Hossain M.M., Azad H.M.S. and Rahman M.W. 2008. Effect of Gamma Rays on Yield and Yield Attributes of Large Seeded Chickpea. J .Soil .Nature. 2(2): 19-24 A pot experiment was conducted at the Plant Breeding Division of Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh during November to February. Fresh seed of two genotypes (Binasola-2 & CPM-834) of chickpea were irradiated with ten different doses of gamma ray including a control viz. 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 Gy from 60Co source. The seeds were sown in pots and yield and yield attributes were studied in M1 generation. All the characters showed significantly different effect for the different doses. Flowering and maturity occurred earlier in treated population than the control. Due to 700 Gy dose the number of branches were recorded the highest. The number of pods/plant and seeds/pod reduced due to higher doses of gamma rays. But 300 Gy and 100 Gy caused the increase of 100 seed weight and seed yield/plant than control, respectively. Protein percentage of M1 seeds was higher in 400 Gy treated plants.
Key words: Gamma-ray, radiation, yield and yield attributes
INTRODUCTION Among the pulses chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important one. It is also known as gram, Bengal gram or Chola. It is the earliest domesticated crop in the Mediterranean and middle Eastern region (Vavilov, 1951). On the basis of cultivated area chickpea stands 19th position amongst the important crops and is grown in 34 countries of the world. In Bangladesh it is the third major pulse crop after grasspea) and lentil (Islam, 1981). Pulses cover about 546833 ha of the cultivated area of Bangladesh of which chickpea occupies 16650 ha. (BBS, 2000). `There are two distinct types of chickpea are recognized; small seeded deshi better adapted to the East Asian region including the Indian subcontinent, and large seeded Kabuli adapted is the middle East and the Mediterranean region (Saxena and Singh, 1984). In the Indian subcontinent the crop is grown during winter on the soil conserved from the preceding monsoon season (Ali, 1986). In spite of its importance and well adaptability in the agroclimatic conditions of Bangladesh, the hectrage and per hectare productivity are decreasing gradually because the crop has received less care by researchers in comparison to other cereal grain crops. The guidelines to get maximum return from this crop can encourage the farmers to cultivate chickpea to decrease the percentage of protein scarcity chickpea give more yield of protein in kg/ha than some of the crops, even than that of our major food crop, rice (Brock and Autret, 1952). Variability in the population creates the chance of selection for desirable improvement. Induced mutagenesis can be used to create variability as the rate of spontaneous mutation is very low. The use of induced mutation has been widely accepted by plant breeders as a tool in crop improvement. The induction of mutation in plant materials can be achieved either through physical or chemical mutagens. Many workers have attempted to exploit somaclonal variation for crop improvement through physical mutagens particularly treated by gamma radiation. The mutation breeding can play an efficient role in developing an ideal plant type having high yield potential (Sarwar et al., 1986). Many workers like Gregory (1961), Kawai (1963), Krull and Frey (1961) and Frey (1964) are of the opinion that mutation breeding may be an alternative and supplement to hybridization as a source of variability. Through effective selection, varieties of better types can be developed out of the mutated population (Nayar, 1968; Srinivaschar and Malik, 1970; Balint et al., 1968). The development of varieties using conventional breeding usually takes a longer time but if conventional as well as mutation breeding program can be taken simultaneously the development of new variety may take a shorter time. Considering the above idea in mind the present investigation was, therefore, taken to study the different doses of gamma rays in creating variability in the M1 population of two genotypes of large seeded chickpea for selecting desirable doses of gamma rays for the specific characters of plants. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was conducted in pot condition at the Genetics and Plant Breeding Division of the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh to study the different doses of gamma rays in creating variability in the M1 population of two genotypes of large seeded chickpea for selecting desirable doses of gamma rays for the specific characters of plants. Soil was collected from BINA farm area and air-dried soil was taken in the
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pot. The test crop included two genotypes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The genotypes are Binasola-2 and CPM-834. In the experiment there were 10 treatments comprising irradiated with 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 Gy 60C0 gamma rays. Each treatment was replicated 5 times. The treatments were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) at the pot yard of BINA, Mymensingh. Data of yield and yield attributes were collected and all the data statistically analysed for each character separately. The mean data of each genotype for different characters were used for statistical analysis. Duncans Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was performed for all the characters to test the significant differences among the means of the genotypes following Steel and Torrie (1960). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Days to first flowering Days to first flowering showed different effect with different doses of gamma ray. This character ranged from 52.12 to 57.23 days. The first flowering was seen at the 200 Gy treated plants. But statistically there were no significant difference among control, 100 Gy, 200 Gy and 300 Gy; 400 Gy, 600 Gy, 700 Gy and 800 Gy. 900 Gy treated plants are the delayed one to set flower. These findings showed that gamma-ray can change the flowering time of the plants. Many of the workers reported earlier that gamma-ray can change flowering either positive or negative direction. Mahala el al., (1990) found that mutagenesis could widen variability to both positive and negative direction which resulted sufficient variability in the treated population that could be utilized for selection of early or late flowering plants. Early flowering chickpea varieties are required to minimize the cropping period which will increase the cropping intensity. The result of the present study offers a good scope for isolation of desirable plants of chickpea with earlyness in days to flowering from the gamma ray treated population in M1 generation for selecting in M2 population. Number of primary branches/plant Number of primary branches ranged from 1.83 to 2.43. The maximum primary branches were obtained from 700 Gy treated plants. It was significantly different from all other doses except 100 Gy. 400 Gy treated plants were similar with 500, 600, 800 and 900 Gy. 100, 200 and 300 Gy treated plants did not show any difference with the control plants. The minimum primary branches were observed for 400 Gy treated plants. Similar observation was made by Malik et al., (1995) Number of secondary branches/plant The range of secondary branches was 2.51-3.63 under different doses of gamma ray. The maximum secondary branches 3.63 (Table 1) were recorded at 700 Gy of gamma ray followed by 800 Gy. The minimum secondary branches were obtained from 200 Gy treated plant. Besides this the result showed that control, 100 Gy, 300 Gy, 500 Gy and 600 Gy showed no statistical significant difference. 800 Gy and 900 Gy; 500 Gy and 600 Gy showed no statistical significant difference. Similar result was obtained by Malik et al., (1995) Days to maturity Days to maturity were the highest in 600 Gy treated plants (Table 1). 100 Gy treated plant showed the lowest duration for plant maturity. 400, 600, 800 and 900 Gy showed no significant difference for this character. There are a good number of similar reports of developing early maturity mutant varieties of chickpea (Shaikh et al., 1982; Shamsuzzaman and Shaikh, 1991) and in rice (Hakim et al., 1988). The duration of maturity of all the existing varieties of chickpea in Bangladesh is long. Farmers are not much interested to grow long duration crops which interferes the other crops. Besides this, in Bangladesh chickpea is affected by hailstorm and early monsoon at mature stages which drastically reduces the yield. Here, cropping intensity can be increased only by developing early maturity varieties through induced mutation. Plant height at maturity The plant height was higher in the treated population than the control. Plant height ranged from 23.47 to 29.31 cm. The highest plant height 29.31cm (Table 1) was recorded in 800 Gy treated plants. 700, 800 and 900 Gy treated plants are statistically similar. 300, 400, 500 and 600 Gy was also same. Athwal et al. (1970) created variability in plant height in chickpea through gamma radiation, which supports this result. The result indicated that the mutagen could cause both positive and negative genetic variability in plant height. Selection than could be made for both tall and short variety.
20
Effect of Gamma Rays on Yield and Yield Attributes of Large Seeded Chickpea
Number of pods/plant Number of pods/plant showed distinct significant difference among all the doses except 300 Gy and 500 Gy. The highest pod number 54.30 was obtained through 100 Gy treatment and the lowest was through 900 Gy (Table 1). The range of pods/plant was from 6.00 to 54.30. The second highest pods/plant was in control. The reduction in mean of number of pods found in most treatments may be attributed to induction of more mutation with negative effects. Number of seeds/pod The range for number of seeds/pod was 0.96-1.19. The highest number was for control, 100 Gy and lowest for 900 Gy (Table-1). Control, 100, 200 and 400 Gy; 400, 500 and 600 Gy; 700, 800 and 900 Gy had no statistical significant difference. With a over view from this result it can be said that the number of seeds/pod decreased with increasing of doses of gamma ray. 100 - seed weight The range of 100-seed weight was 26.00 - 29.83 gm. The highest seed weight was obtained from 300 Gy treated plants and the lowest was in control (Table 1). 200- 800 Gy treated plants showed the statistically similar result though the values were different. Increasing of 100-seed weight through mutation in M1 generation was reported by many workers. Dhopte et al., (1974) irradiated some chickpea cultivars with gamma ray and observed noticeable changes in 100-seed weight. Table 1. Mean performances of different characters of two chickpea genotypes after irradiation
Doses No. of secondary branches /plant (No.) 2.82 d 2.81 d 2.51 e 2.83 d 2.71 de 2.78 d 2.95 cd 3.63 a 3.25 b 3.18 bc 0.24 Days to maturity (No.) 107.1 cd 106.3 cd 106.0 d 108.6 bc 111.6 a 108.6 c 111.9 a 110.9 ab 112.3 a 111.7 a 2.23 Plant height at maturity (cm) Pods/ plant (No.) 47.55 b 54.30 a 37.35 c 26.70 e 22.35 f 26.25 e 32.55 d 27.9 e 12.00 g 6.00 h 3.90 Seeds/ pod (No.) 100-seed weight (g) 26.00 b 27.95 ab 28.55 a 29.83 a 28.46 a 28.96 a 29.33 a 28.36 a 29.07 a 27.90 ab 2.12 Protein percentage Seed yield/ plant (g) 14.25 b 16.80a 11.40 c 8.55 e 7.50 f 8.85 e 10.50 d 7.80 f 3.15 g 1.65 h 0.90
0 Gy 100 Gy 200 Gy 300 Gy 400 Gy 500 Gy 600 Gy 700 Gy 800 Gy 900 Gy LSD
23.47 e 24.62 de 26.44 cd 25.23 cd 25.98 cd 26.05 cd 26.98 bc 28.36 ab 29.31 a 28.81 a 1.66
1.19 a 1.19 a 1.19 a 1.11 b 1.16 ab 1.11 b 1.11 b 1.02 c 0.99 c 0.96 c 0.06
20.63 c 21.87 ab 21.63 ab 21.01 bc 21.91 a 21.40 a-c 21.24 a-c 21.05 a-c 21.34 a-c 21.28 a-c 0.75
Protein percentage of the seed Protein percentage ranged from 20.63 - 21.91 %. The highest percentage of protein was recorded at 400 Gy treated seed and lowest was in control. Except control and 300 Gy the other doses showed no statistical significant different with 400 Gy. Dhopte et al., (1974) performed an experiment by irradiating chickpea, where he also observed significant differences in protein percentage of seeds in various doses. So it can be said that there is a great possibility for improvement of protein content in chickpea genotypes by using gamma ray. Seed yield/plant Seed yield/plant ranged from 1.65 to 16.80gm. The highest yield was obtained through the plants treated with 100 Gy and the lowest yield was at 900 Gy. 300 and 500 Gy 400 and 700 Gy showed statistically similar result. The other doses showed significant difference. Higher seed yield mutant of chickpea was reported by a number of researchers (Dhopte et al., 1974; Abdulomonov and Nigmatullin, 1978; Shaikh et al., 1982) Interaction between genotypes and different doses of radiation for different characters Days to first flowering Days to first flowering ranged from 46.01 to 63.05 days. The earliest flowering was observed when CPM-834 was irradiated with 100 Gy gamma ray, it showed no significant difference with other treatments in the same genotypes except 900 Gy and it was only similar 500 Gy of Binasole-2. When Binasola-2 was irradiated with 800 Gy, which took the longest duration for flowering and this, was statistically similar with the treatments 300 Gy to 800 Gy. For both of the genotypes flowering was observed earlier than control in the irradiated population. 21
K.M.R. Karim et al
Number of primary branches/plant Number of primary branches ranged from 1.15 to 3.27. The highest primary branches were observed when Binasola2 was irradiated with 100 Gy gamma ray, though it showed no significant statistical differences with control, 200 Gy, 300 Gy and 700 Gy in the same genotype. The lowest number of primary branches (1.15) were recorded when CPM-834 was irradiated with 200 Gy (Table 2). This showed no significant difference with control, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 and 900 Gy treatment of the same genotype. The two genotypes for all doses showed significant difference between them for number of primary branches. Number of secondary branches/plant The secondary branches of two genotypes differently responded to ten doses of gamma ray including a control. In general, the irradiation with 700 Gy to Binasola-2 generated the maximum secondary branches 3.82, which showed significant difference with other doses to both genotypes. At 300, 400 and 800 Gy both the genotypes showed statistically similar though for the control they showed very distinct significant difference for number of secondary branches. Table 2. Interaction between genotypes and different doses of gamma rays for different characters
Doses 0 Gy 100 Gy 200 Gy 300 Gy 400 Gy 500 Gy 600 Gy 700 Gy 800 Gy 900 Gy LSD Days to first flowering (No.) Binasola CPM-2 834 59.12 bc 48.24de 61.22a-c 58.78 c 62.24a-c 62.27a-c 62.37a-c 62.26a-c 62.83 ab 62.61 ab 63.05 a 3.21 46.01 e 45.54 e 46.55 e 47.80de 48.39de 47.74de 48.03de 48.97de 51.42 d No. of primary branches/plant (No.) Binasola CPM-2 834 3.11 a 1.19 e 3.27 a 3.07 a 3.06 a 2.44 b 2.51 b 2.47 b 3.16 a 2.41 b 2.39 b 0.28 1.27 de 1.15 e 1.26 de 1.23 de 1.45 c-e 1.35 de 1.69 c 1.51 cd 1.39 de No. of secondary branches/plant (No.) Binasola CPM-834 -2 3.53 a-c 2.10 j 3.30 cd 3.44 bc 2.95 d-f 2.74 e-g 3.05 de 3.61 a-c 3.82 a 3.24 cd 3.75 ab 0.33 2.33 h-j 1.57 k 2.70 e-g 2.67 f-h 2.50 g-i 2.29 ij 3.44 bc 3.26 cd 2.62 f-i Days to maturity (No.) Binasola-2 120.2 ab 120.00 ab 115.4 c 117.0 bc 121.6 a 120.6 a 121.6 a 119.4 ab 128.1 a 120.4 ab 3.15 CPM-834 94.00 ef 92.60 f 96.60 e 100.2 d 110.6 d 96.60 e 102.2 d 102.4 d 102.8 d 103.0 d Plant height at maturity (cm) BinasolaCPM-834 2 24.99 ef 21.95 g 24.00 fg 27.14 c-e 23.29 fg 24.70 ef 24.87 ef 27.17 c-e 26.83 c-e 25.07 ef 29.34 bc 2.35 25.24 ef 25.75d-f 27.17c-e 27.26c-e 27.24c-e 26.79c-e 29.90 b 33.56 a 28.28b-d
Table 2. Contd.
Doses 0 Gy 100 Gy 200 Gy 300 Gy 400 Gy 500 Gy 600 Gy 700 Gy 800 Gy 900 Gy LSD Pods/plant (No.) Binasola CPM-834 -2 66.30 a 28.65 e-g 61.50 b 50.55 c 31.65 d-e 23.25 i 25.20 g-i 34.20 d 31.65 d-e 10.05 k 5.40 l 3.90 45.15 c 24.00 hi 21.75 i 21.30 i 27.30 f-h 30.90 d-f 24.00 hi 13.95 j 6.60 kl Seeds/pod (No.) BinasolaCPM-834 2 1.27 a 1.12 b-e 1.18 a-c 1.20 ab 1.20 a-c 1.13 b-e 1.12 b-e 1.07 b-g 1.04 e-h 1.00 f-h 0.98 gh 0.09 1.20 ab 1.19 a-c 1.09 c-f 1.20 ab 1.10 b-e 1.15 b-d 1.00 f-h 0.98 gh 0.95 h 100-seed weight (gm) BinasolaCPM2 834 21.71 f 30.30 cd 22.64 f 22.71 f 22.46 f 23.33 ef 22.72 f 21.72 f 23.88 ef 23.00 ef 26.20 e 2.99 33.27 bc 34.39 ab 37.20 a 33.58 b 35.21 ab 36.93 a 32.83 bc 35.13 ab 29.60 d Protein percentage Binasola-2 19.68 f 21.25 a-e 21.77 a-d 19.85 f 21.71 a-d 20.74 c-f 20.56 d-f 19.78 f 21.13 b-e 20.46 ef 1.06 CPM-834 21.58 a-e 22.48 a 21.48 a-e 22.16 ab 22.10 ab 22.05 ab 21.92 a-c 22.32 ab 21.56 a-e 22.10 ab Seed yield/plant (gm) BinasolaCPM-834 2 18.75 a 9.75 e 18.00 b 13.20 c 8.10 f 6.60 h 7.05 gh 6.45 f 7.65 fg 2.40 j 1.35 k 0.74 18.45 a 9.60 e 9.15 e 8.25 f 10.50 d 13.05 c 7.95 f 4.05 i 1.80 jk
Days to maturity The duration for maturity ranged from 92.60 to 121.80 days. The earliest maturity was recorded when CMP-834 was irradiated with 100 Gy gamma ray. It was significantly different at all other doses for both genotypes except control in the same genetype. Binasola-2 at 800 Gy showed the longest maturity period, which showed statistically similarity with other treatments except 200 and 300 Gy. On the aspect of genotypes there were significant differences for all the same doses. 22
Effect of Gamma Rays on Yield and Yield Attributes of Large Seeded Chickpea
Plant height at maturity Response of plant height at maturity was different for two genotypes when they were treated with ten doses of gamma ray including a control. Plant height ranged from 21.95 to 33.56 cm. In general, the application of 800 Gy gamma ray resulted the maximum height, which was recorded for the genotype CPM-834 and this was significantly different from all other treatments for the both genotype. It was similar to both genotypes when irradiated with 900 Gy. The shortest plant was recorded when CPM-834 was not irradiated (i.e. control). The control, 300, 700 and 800 Gy the two genotypes showed significant differences statistically but other doses they did not show any significant difference. Number of pods/plant Number of pods/plant of two genotypes differently responded to the doses of gamma rays. Number of pods/plant ranged from 5.40 to 66.30. The maximum pod number 66.30 was recorded in Benasola-2 when it was not irradiated and it differed significantly with all other observations (Table 2). The second highest was for the same genotype when it was treated with 100 Gy. The lowest number of pod was observed when Binasola-2 was treated with 900 Gy, which was statistically similar with same dose in CPM-834. Both the genotypes at 0 Gy was found distinctly different but at the highest dose there were no significant difference between the genotypes. At 400 Gy the two genotypes showed non significant difference and also showed in control. Number of seeds/pod Effect of gamma ray on two genotypes on the aspect of number of seeds/pod showed significant differences. The number of seeds/pod ranged from 0.95 to 1.27 per pod (Table 2). The highest number was recorded for Bineaola 2 in control, which was similar at 100 and 200 Gy of the same genotype and 200 Gy of CPM-834 . The lowest number was recorded for CPM-834 when treated with 900 Gy, which did not show any significant difference with 700, and 800 Gy for the both genotypes. 100 - seed weight 100 seed weight for two different genotypes responded differently to different ten doses of gamma ray including a control. It ranged from 21.71 to 37.20 gm (Table 2). The highest weight was recorded in CPM-834 when irradiated with 300 Gy and it was statistically similar with 200, 600 and 800 Gy of the same genotype. The lowest 100-seed weight was recorded in Binasola-2 when it was not irradiated (i.e. control), which was statistically similar with all other treatments except 800 and 900 Gy of the same genotype. The two genotypes differed statistically for the same treatment. Protein percentage of seed Protein percentage ranged from 19.68 to 22.48 %. The highest protein percentage was recorded when the genotype CPM-834 was treated with 100 Gy, this was statistically similar with all other treatments of same genotype and 100 Gy, 200 Gy, 400 Gy of Binasola-2. The minimum protein percentage was observed for Binasola-2 in control (Table 2). It was statistically similar with 300, 500, 600 and 700 Gy of Binasola-2. At higher doses the difference was more than the controls of two genotypes. Seed yield/plant Seed yield/plant of two genotypes responded differently to different doses of gamma ray. It ranged from 1.35 to 18.75gm. Maximum yield was obtained from Binasula-2 control (18.75 gm) shown in . It was statistically similar with 100 Gy treatment of CPM-834 (Table 2). These two plants showed significant difference with all the others. Minimum yield was recorded when Binasola-2 was irradiated with 900 Gy. It was similar with 900 Gy of CPM-834. In maximum cases significant differences were observed. REFERENCES Abulomonov,K. and F. G. Nigmatullin. 1978. Mutational changes in chickpea induced by chemical mutagens. Dokl. Akad. Fanhoi RSS Tadzhikistan. 21: 57-60 Ali, M. M. 1986. Plant population and row width on lentils. M.Sc. Thesis. American Univ. of Beirut. 85 p Athwal, D. S.; S. K. Bhalla; S. S. Sandhu and H.S. Brar. 1970. A fertile dwarf and three other mutants in Cicer. Indian J. Genet. PI. Breed. 30: 261-266 Balint, A.; D. Dudits and J. Sudka. 1968. Study of quantitative characters of pea in a mutant population. Nuvenytevmetes, 17: 187-196
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BBS. 2000. A Pocket book of Agricultural Statistics. Bangladesh Burueu of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Peoples Republic of Bangladesh Brock, J. F. and A.Autret. 1952. Kwashiorker in Africa, FAO Nutritional Studies, No. 8. FAO, Rome Dhopte, A.M., P.G. Thombre and V.K. Patil. 1974. Physiological studies of radiation induced mutants in gram. Trop. Agric. 130: 97-105 Frey, R.L. 1964. Actions of radiation on living cells. The Univ. Press. Cambridge p. 418 Gregory, W.C. 1961. The efficiency of mutation breeding. Mutations and Plant Breeding, USA. Nat. Acad. Sci. Nat. Res counc. Pub. 891. pp. 461-486 Hakim, L.; M.A. Azam, A.J. Miah and M.A. Mansur. 1988. Promising rice mutants J. Nucl. Agric. Biol. 17: 125127 Islam, M.Q.; Sarker, A.T., Quader, M. and Begum, K. 1981. Status of chick pea improvement at BARI. Proceedings of the national workshop on pulses at Joydebpur. Dhaka. Ed. Kaul, A.K. 1982. pp. 56-64 Kawai, T. 1963. Mutation in rice induced by radiation and other significance in rice breeding II. Mutation by Radiophosphorus Bull. Nat. Inst. Agric. Sci. (Japan) series 10: 1-75 Krull, C.F. and F.J. Frey. 1961. Genetic variability in oats following hybridization and irradiation crop science 1: 141-146 Mahla, S.V.S.; B.R. Mor and J.S. Yadav. 1990. Induced genetic variability for oil content in mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss). Oil crops Newsletter. IDRC, Ottawa, Canada. No. 7: 13-15 Malik,V.; H.Singh and D.Singh.1995.Gene action of seed-yield and other desirable characters in rapeseed.Annals of Biology (Ludhiana)11(1-2):94-97 Nayar, G.G. 1968. Yellow and seed mutation in brassica junceae induced by radioactive sulphur (35s). Curr. Sci. 37: 412-413 Sarwar, G.; K. Alam,; I.A. Malik and M.A. Rajput 1986. Studies on the effects of the gamma irrigation on Viga radiata (L). Wilczek and Vigna nungo. Bangladesh Journal of Nuclear Agricultural 2: 50-57 Saxena, M. C. and K. B. Singh. 1984. The chickpea. Published by C. A. B. International, Willingford, Oxon, OX10 8DE, UK Shaikh, M.A. Q.; Z.U. Ahmed; M.A. Majid and M.A. Wadud. 1982. A high yielding and high protein mutant of chcickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) derived through mutation breeding. Environmental Exptl. Bot. 22(4): 483-489 Shamsuzzaman, K.M. and M.A.Q. Shaikh. 1991. Early maturing and higher seed yielding chickpea mutants. Mut. Breed. Newsletter. Issue No. 37: 4-5 Srinivascachar, D. and R.S. Malik 1970. EMS induced poly genic variability in line seed. Plant Breeding Abstract. 40(2), No. 2449. pp. 319 Steel, R.G.D. and Torrie, J.H. 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. Mc Graw Hill Book Co. Inc. New York. P. 107-109 Vavilov, N.I. 1951. The origin, variation, maturity and breeding of cultivated plant. (In An annotated bibliography of chickpea Genetics and Breeding 1915.-1983. Ed. Singh, K.B.; Malhotra, R.S. and Muehlbauer, F.J. 1984. ICARDA/ICRISAT joint publication)
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EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS, MOLYBDENUM AND Rhizobium INOCULATION ON GROWTH AND NODULATION OF MUNGBEAN
M.M.H. BHUIYAN1, M.M. RAHMAN2, F. AFROZE3, G.N.C. SUTRADHAR4, AND M.S. I. BHUIYAN5
1
Scientific Officer, RARS, Hathazari, Chittagong, 2Principle Scientific Officer, SSD, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur, 3Scientific Officer, RARS, Ishurdi, Pabna, 4Professor, Department of Soil Science, SAU, Dhaka and 5Lecturer, Department of Soil Science, SAU, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Accepted for publication: June 13, 2008 ABSTRACT Bhuiyan M.M.H., Rahman M.M., Afroze F., Sutradhar G.N.C., and Bhuiyan M.S.I. 2008. Effect of Phosphorus, Molybdenum and Rhizobium Inoculation on Growth and Nodulation of Mungbean. J .Soil .Nature. 2(2): 25-30 A pot experiment was conducted during Kharif, 2005 at the Soil Science Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur. There were four levels of phosphorus (P) (0, 20, 40, 60 kg/ha) and 2 levels of molybdenum (Mo) (1.0 and 1.5 kg/ha) having a common Rhizobium inoculant, one control with no Rhizobium or fertilization and a Rhizobium inoculation only were applied. The performance of Rhizobium inoculant alone was superior to control in almost all parameters of the crop studied. Rhizobium inoculation along with P and Mo significantly increased the growth of plants, number of nodules, dry matter production as well as grain yield of mungbean significantly compared to uninoculated control. Nodulation (nodule number/plant) was the highest with 20 kg P/ha and 1.0 kg Mo/ha. However, P and Mo application at the rate of 40 kg P/ha and 1.0 kg Mo/ha progressively and significantly increased dry matter content of shoot and root of mungbean. Seed yield/plant was positively correlated with the number of nodules/plant. From this point of view, nodule number/plant with 20 kg P/ha and 1.0 kg Mo/ha, and yield and attributes of mungbean combined application of Rhizobium inoculant with 40 kg P/ha and 1.0 kg Mo/ha was considered to be the balanced and suitable combination of fertilizer nutrients for achieving the maximum output through cultivation of mungbean.
Key words: Phosphorus, molybdenum, Rhizobium, nodulation and mungbean
INTRODUCTION Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) is one of the major pulse crops grown in Bangladesh. It is one of the major protein rich pulse crop grown principally for both human and animal. Mungbean can supplement the cereal-based diet to improve the nutritional value of food and has a special importance in intensive crop production system of the country for its short growing period (Ahmed et al., 1978). In our country, mungbean gives the highest yield under summer planting (Satter and Ahmed, 1995). Fitting them in our usual cropping system and use of seed inoculation with effective Rhizobium strains will produce better nodulation, nitrogen (N) fixation, growth and higher yield. N is the most important nutrient element among the major essential elements. For legume, N is more useful because it is the main component of amino acid as well as protein. Adequate supply of nitrogenous fertilizer is essential for normal growth and yield of a crop. The use of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) technology in the form of Rhizobium inoculants in grain legumes can be an alternative of expensive fertilizer, particularly for improving the production of food legumes in the country. Yield increases in mungbean by 10 to 37 % following Rhizobium inoculation have been reported by many researchers (Rao, 1980; Satter and Ahmed, 1992). An 18 % increase in nitrogenase activity was reported by Kothari and Saraf (1987) from inoculation of mungbean. The N fixation process is influenced by many factors and P is one of them. Rhizobial activities and N fixation is depressed without proper application of P. It promotes early root formation and the formation of lateral, fibrous and healthy roots, which is very important for nodule formation and to fix atmospheric N. It was reported that application of P along with Rhizobium inoculant influenced nodulation and N fixation of legume crops (Solaiman and Habibullah, 1990). Mo application can play a vital role in increasing on the N fixation process by Rhizobium and is responsible for the formation of nodule tissue and increase in N fixation (Sharma et al., 1988). So, it is necessary to examine the effects of different levels of those nutrients and assess their best combination in terms of enhanced N fixation and productivity of mungbean. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of P, Mo and Rhizobium inoculants on nodulation and to know the optimum dose of those nutrients on nodulation with Rhizobium inoculation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The pot experiment was carried out at the Soil Science Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur during kharif season, 2005 using mungbean variety BARI Mung -5. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications having each of the pot was filled with 12 kg of soil. The experiment was carried out with mungbean variety BARI mung 5. Each pot was filled with 12 kg of soil. Total amount of urea and MP was applied to the upper half of the pot soil seven days before sowing. Four levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P/ha) as TSP and two levels of molybdenum (1.0 and 1.5 kg Mo/ha) as ammonium molybdate were applied in the pots two days before sowing according to the
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treatment combinations. The crop was harvested during full maturity. Harvesting was done in two picking within the 20th of May, 2005. From each pot selected plant was collected and then plants were harvested and tied with rope separately and tagged and brought to the threshing floor. All the agronomic practices like weeding; irrigation, mulching, and plant protection measures were performed as and when necessary. Harvesting was done manually. Standard procedures followed for recording and analyzed the data on different yield parameters and means were compared using LSD test at 5% level of significance. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Plant height The effects of P, Mo and Rhizobium inoculant on the plant height of mungbean was found to be positive and significant. The plant height of mungbean ranged from 30.13 to 44.95 cm (Table 1). The highest plant height (44.95 cm) was found with 40 kg P plus 1.0 kg Mo/ha and Rhizobium inoculant, which was statistically higher than other treatments. The lowest value 30.13 cm was recorded with the control. Rhizobium inoculant alone gave higher plant height (32.12 cm) than the control. Plant height increased with the increasing level of P up to 40 kg. Similar trend was also observed with Mo being highest with 1.0 kg/ha. But P with excess Mo also reduces crop growth. Chemical and biologically fixed N is the most dominating factor influencing the plant height. Muhammad et al. (2004) reported that the highest plant height (72.6 cm) was recorded in plot receiving 35 kg P2O5/ha + Rhizobium inoculum on mungbean. Aghatise and Tayo (1994) reported that Mo application significantly increased plant height of soybean compared with control. Root length The effect of different treatments on root length of mungbean was found significant (Table 1). The root length ranged from 6.52 to 11.90 cm. Plants receiving P, Mo with Rhizobium inoculant gave higher root length. The highest root length (11.90 cm) was found with P 60 kg/ha and Mo 1.0 kg/ha, which showed 82% higher root length over uninoculated control. Rhizobium inoculant alone also gave 30% higher root length over uninoculated control. Similar results were also reported by Solaiman (1999). Nodulation Inoculation had a significant positive effect on the formation of nodules. Seed inoculation with Rhizobium markedly increased nodule number as compared to that of the non-inoculated plants of mungbean (Table 1). These results are in agreement with Chowdhury and Fujita (1998). They reported that P application at the rate of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased nodulation. P application promotes early root formation and the formation of lateral fibrous and healthy roots. Individual effect of P application was pronounced in this study. P at the rate of 40 kg/ha produced highest number of nodule and with increasing P rate nodule number plant was decreased significantly (Figure 1). Among the phosphorus levels, P at the rate of 40 kg/ha and 60 kg/ha, respectively along with 1.0 kg Mo/ha produced significant number of nodules (13.50 and 13.00/plant) at flowering stage (Figure 2). However, mean data showed that the highest nodule/plant was observed with P20 (Table 2). Khandaker et al. (1985) reported that nodules per plant were increased significantly in blackgram (Vigna mungo) due to P application at 40 days after germination. Similar results were reported by Satter and Ahmed (1992). Plant receiving Rhizobium inoculation alone or with different levels of P and Mo produced higher number of nodules over uninoculated control. The number of nodules ranged from 6.75 to 13.50 per plant and the increasing trend was recorded upto 40 kg P plus 1.0 kg Mo/ha along with Rhizobium inoculation. Sharma et al. (1995) reported that seed inoculation with Rhizobium and application of 40 kg P2O5/ha in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) either alone or in combination enhanced nodulation over uninoculated control. Chowdhury and Fujita (1998) found that 50 kg P2O5/ha with other fertilizers increased 245% nodule number over control. The effect of Mo alone on total number of nodule per plant was significant (Table 2). From the experiment it was clear that, 1.0 kg Mo/ha produced significantly higher number of nodules per plant than 1.5 kg Mo/ha. The higher number of nodule 12.81 was obtained with 1.0 kg Mo/ha and the number of nodule decreased significantly (11.88) with 1.5 kg o/ha (Table 2). Tiwari et al. (1989) also reported that Mo application gave 75% higher nodule number in chickpea. Number of leaves per plant Inoculated plants produced significantly higher number of leaves with P and Mo (Table 1). Highest number of leaves (22.84) was found with P and Mo level for 40 and 1.0 kg/ha, respectively which was statistically significant with control (19.27). However, inoculation alone (T2), or inoculation plus molybdenum (T3) failed to increase leaves number/plant significantly. It was found that inoculated plants produced higher number of leaves compared to uninoculated plants (19.27).
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Effect of Phosphorus, Molybdenum and Rhizobium Inoculation on Growth and Nodulation of Mungbean
Number of branches per plant The significant effect of P, Mo and Rhizobium inoculant on branches of mungbean were found (Table 1). It was found that the inoculated plants with P, Mo and Rhizobium inoculant had higher number of branches per plant at harvest stage of the crop. The highest number of branches per plant was 5.58 with T5, but statistically similar with T6, T9 and T10. The lowest number of branches 4.40 was obtained in control. It was observed that the higher number of branches was produced by inoculated plants compared to uninoculated control (Table 1). Muhammad et al. (2004) found that the number of branches per plant was significantly influenced with both inoculum and P application. Dry weight of shoot Significant effect of P, Mo and Rhizobium inoculant on shoot dry weight of mungbean was observed (Table 1). The highest shoot dry weight (3.29 g/plant) was recorded in P40+Mo1.0+R at flowering stage, which was significantly higher than other treatments. At flowering stage T3, T4 and T8 were statistically similar. Molybdenum 1.0 kg/ha performed better than higher dose (Table 1). The lowest dry weight of shoot was recorded in control. Rhizobium inoculation increased dry weight of shoot significantly over control. Eusuf Zai et al. (1999) showed that Rhizobium inoculant significantly increased shoot dry weight of chickpea compared to uninoculated control. Mahmud et al. (1997) reported that weight of shoot in lentil significantly increased due to inoculation compared to control. Dry weight of shoot remarkably increased in inoculated mungbean over control as reported by Solaiman (1999). Dry weight of root The effect of P, Mo and Rhizobium inoculant significantly increased dry weight of root of mungbean compared to control (Table 1). Rhizobium inoculant alone and fertilizers along with inoculum produced significantly higher dry weight of root over control. Addition of Mo upto 1.0 kg/ha along with Rhizobium inoculant and phosphorus upto 40 kg/ha produced higher dry weight of root and then reduced gradually. Study showed that dry weight of root positively correlated with total number of nodules (Table 3). Stover yield and seed yield The effect of phosphorus on stover yield of mungbean was influenced significantly at harvest (Table 2). The highest stover yield (26.38 g) per plant was found with 40 kg P/ha, which was significantly higher than other treatments. With increasing P rate, stover yield decreased significantly. The lowest stover yield was recorded 25.78 g/plant with 0 kg P/ha. Manpreet et al. (2004) observed the similar trend in mungbean. Again the single effect of molybdenum on mungbean stover yield was also influenced significantly (Table 2). The stover yields (26.17 g/plant) with 1.0 kg Mo/ha, was significantly higher than the stover yield (25.98 g/plant) recorded with 1.5 kg Mo/ha. Seed yield of mungbean was significantly influenced by different levels of phosphorus (Table 2). The highest seed yield (14.00g) per plant was found with 40 kg P/ha, which was significantly higher than others. The lowest seed yield was recorded in control (10.15 g per plant). Phosphorus at 60 kg P/ha produced the 2nd highest seed yield (12.62g). Yadev and Jakhar (2001) also found similar result on mungbean. Again main effect of Mo on seed yield of mungbean was also significantly influenced (Table 2). The highest seed yield (12.34 g/plant) was found with 1.0 kg Mo/ha and the lowest (11.58 g/plant) was recorded with 1.5 kg/ha. Sfredo et al. (1997) also found same results on soybean. Interaction effect of P and Mo also significantly influenced on the seed yield of Mungbean and are presented in Figure 4. The highest seed yield per plant was recorded with P 40 and Mo 1.0 kg/ha. The lowest seed yield per plant was recorded with T0 and Mo 1.5 kg/ha. In this study seed yield per plant had positive correlation with the number of nodules per plant of mungbean (Table 3 and Figure 3). The highest plant height, nodules per plant number of leaves, branches per plant, root length were produced by the inoculated plants with P and Mo application at the rate of 40 kg and 1.0 kg/ha, respectively. It was found that highest nodule number per plant was observed with 40 and 1.0 kg/ha P and Mo, respectively. Higher dose of Mo (1.5 kg Mo/ha) did not increase nodule number. The highest root dry weight was found with the treatment P60 + Mo1.0 + R. Significantly highest seed yield 14.0 (g/plant) was obtained by P application at the rate of 40 kg P/ha and 12.34 (g/plant) was obtained by molybdenum application at the rate of 1.0 kg/ha. The overall result of the experiment suggested that Rhizobium inoculation had shown positive effect on nodulation and growth of mungbean. Application of P upto 20 kg/ha increased nodulation and upto 40 kg/ha progressively enhanced growth and yield of mungbean. Application of Mo upto 1.0 kg/ha significantly enhanced nodulation, growth and yield, and at 1.5 kg Mo/ha these parameters decreased significantly. There is enough scope to explore and exploit the production of mungbean in Bangladesh through using Rhizobium technology along with phosphorus and molybdenum @ 40 and 1.0 kg/ha, respectively. 27
K.M.R. Karim et al
Table 1. Effect of phosphorus, molybdenum and Rhizobium inoculation no., and nitrogen content and uptake by shoot of mungbean
Treatment Control (T1) Rhizobium(R)(T2) P0+Mo1.0+R (T3) P20+Mo1.0+R (T4) P40+Mo1.0+R (T5) P60+Mo1.0+R (T6) P0+Mo1.5+R (T7) P20+Mo1.5+R (T8) P40+Mo1.5+R (T9) P60+Mo1.5+R (T10) LSD (0.05) Plant height (cm) 30.13 g 32.12 f 33.40 def 34.58 d 44.95 a 37.49 c 32.87 ef 33.79 de 41.32 b 36.33 c 1.299 Root length (cm) 6.52 e 8.54 d 9.45 cd 8.87 cd 11.84 a 11.90 a 8.70 d 9.71 bc 10.52 b 11.72 a 0.893 Nodule number/plant 6.75 f 11.25 d 11.75 c 13.00 b 13.50 a 13.00 b 11.75 c 13.00 b 11.75 c 11.00 e 0.247 Leaves no./ plant 19.27 d 19.54 d 19.70 d 21.37 bc 22.84 a 22.90 a 19.70 d 20.71 c 21.52 b 22.72 a 0.734
on plant height, root length, nodule

Branches no./ plant 4.40 d 4.67 cd 4.80 bcd 4.92 bc 5.58 a 5.54 a 4.77 bcd 4.88 bc 5.17 ab 5.15 ab 0.399 Shoot wt. /plant (g) 1.55 h 2.22 g 2.41 ef 2.46 e 3.29 a 2.94 b 2.39 f 2.42 ef 2.77 c 2.68 d 0.052 Root wt. /plant (g) 0.25 f 0.28 e 0.31 d 0.35 bc 0.40 a 0.38 ab 0.30 de 0.34 c 0.37 bc 0.36 bc 0.028
*The figures in a column having common letter(s) do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance
Table 2. Effect of phosphorus and molybdenum on number of nodule, stover yield and seed yield of mungbean
Nutrients levels (kg/ha) 0 20 40 60 1.0 1.5 No. of nodules/plant 11.75 d 13.00 a 12.63 b 12.00 c 0.166 12.81 a 11.88 b 0.166 Stover yield/plant (g) 25.78 c 26.01 b 26.38 a 26.13 b 0.15 26.17 a 25.98 b 0.15 Seed yield/plant (g) 10.15 d 11.00 c 14.00 a 12.62 b 0.269 12.34 a 11.58 b 0.269
Phosphorus
LSD (0.05) Molybdenum LSD (0.05)
*The figures in a column having common letter(s) do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance
Table 3. Relationship between different crop characters of mungbean

Parameter Number of nodules vs dry weight of shoot Number of nodules vs dry weight of root Number of branches vs pods/plant Number of nodules vs plant height Number of nodules vs stover yield Number of nodules vs seed yield/plant n =40 Correlation of coefficient (r value) 0.81 0.75 0.78 0.55 0.92 0.81 r value P0.05= 0.367 P0.01= 0.470
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Effect of Phosphorus, Molybdenum and Rhizobium Inoculation on Growth and Nodulation of Mungbean
13.2 13 12.8 Nodule/plant 12.6 12.4 12.2 12 11.8 11.6 0 20 40 60 80 Nodule/Plant
No. of nodule/plant at M1 level No. of nodule/plant at M2 level 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 20 40
Nodule/plant
M1= 1.0 kg Mo/ha M2= 1.5 kg Mo/ha
60
80
Phosphorus (kg/ha) Figure1. Effect of phosphorus application on number of nodules per plant of mungbean
Phosphorus (kg/ha)
Figure 2. Interaction effect of phosphorus and molybdenum on number of nodule per plant of mungbean
16 Seed yield (g/plant) 14 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 5 12
Number of Nodule/Plant Linear (Number of Nodule/Plant)
Seed yield/plant (gm) at M1 level Seed yield/plant (gm) at M2 level 16 14 Seed yield/plant 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 20 40 60 80 Phosphorus level Figure 4. Interaction effect of phosphorus and molybdenum on seed yield of mungbean M1= 1.0 kg Mo/ha M2= 1.5 kg Mo/ha
y = 4.8763 + 0.6139x R2 = 0.6513
10
15
20
Number of nodule/plant Figure 3. Relationship between nodule number and seed yield of mungbean
REFERENCES Aghatise, V.O. and Tayo T.O. 1994. Response of soybean to molybdenum application in Nigeria. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 64 (4): 597-603 Ahmed, Z.U., Shaikh, M.A.Q., Khan, A.I. and Kaul, A.K. 1978. Evaluation of local, exotic and mutant germplasm of mungbean for varietal characters and yield in Bangladesh. SABRAO J. 10: 48 Chowdhury M.I. and Fujita, K. 1998. Comparison of phosphorus deficiency effects on the growth parameters of mashbean, mungbean, and soybean. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 44: 1, 19-30. Eusuf Zai, A.K.E., Solaiman, A.R.M. and Ahmed, J.U. 1999. Response of some chickpea varieties to Rhizobium inoculation in respect of nodulation, biological nitrogen fixation and dry matter yield. Bangladesh J. Microbiol. 16(2): 135-144
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Khandakar, U.R., Shinde, D.A., Kandalkak, V.S., Jamley, N.R. and Jain, N.K. 1985. Growth, nodulation and yield of rainfed blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) as influenced by phosphate and sulphur application in vertisol. Indian J. Plant Physiol. XXVIII (4): 318-322 Kothari, S.K. and Saraf, C.S. 1987. Nitrate reduction in relation to nitrogenase activity in summer mung (Vigna radiata) as influenced by bacterial inoculation and phosphorus application. Current Science.56: 833-836 Mahmud, M.S., Solaiman, A.R.M., Hoque, M.S. and Hashem, M.A. 1997. Influence of Rhizobium inoculant and nitrogen on nodulation, growth and N uptake of lentil. Ann. Bangladesh Agric. 7(2): 139-143 Manpreet, S., Sekhon, H.S. and Jagrup, S.. 2004. Response of summer mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) genotypes to different phosphorus levels. Environment and Ecology. 22(1): 13-17 Muhammad, D., Gurmani, A.H. and Matiullah, K. 2004. Effect of phosphorus and Rhizobium inocualtion on the yield and yield components of mungbean under the rainfed conditions of D.I. Khan. Sarhad Journal of Agricultural. 20(4): 575-582 Rao, N.S.S. 1980. Role of bacteria in crop production. Indian Farming. 30(7):71, 73 & 75 Satter, M.A. and Ahmed, S.U. 1992. Response of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.Wilczedk) to inoculation with Bradyrhizobium as affected by phosphorus levels. Proc. Commission IV Conference, Bangladesh. 1-3 December, 1992. Pp.419-423 Satter, M.A. and Ahmed, S.U. 1995. Response of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) to inoculation with Bradyrhizobium as affected by phosphorus levels. Proc. Int. Cong. Coom. IV. pp. 419-423 Sfredo, G.J., Borkerf, C.M., Nepomuceno, A.L., and De. Oliveiva, M.C.N. 1997. Effectiveness of products containing trace elements applied to the seed on yield and protein content of soybean seed. Eficacia de products contendo micronutrients. Field crop Abst. 24(4): 237 Sharma, M.S., Upadhyay, M.S. and Tomar, S.S. 1988. Water use efficiency of some rainfed crop on a Vertisol as influenced by soil micronutrients and straw mulching. Ind. J. Soil Sci., 33: 387-390 Sharma, R.D., Pareck, R.P. and Chandra, R. 1995. Residual effect of phosphate and Rhizobium inoculation in chickpea on succeeding maize and fodder sorghum. J. Indian. Soc. Soil Sci. 43 (4): 600-603 Solaiman, A.R.M. 1999. Response of mungbean to Bradyrhizobium sp. (Vigna) inoculation with and without phosphorus and potassium fertilization. Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 17(2): 125-132 Solaiman, A.R.M. and Habibullah, A.K.M. 1990. Response of groundnut to Rhizobium inoculation. Bangladesh J. Soil Sci. 21 (1): 42-46 Tiwari, B.N., Lehri, K.K. and Pathak, A.N. 1989. Rhizobium inoculation of legumes as influenced by phosphorus and molybdenum fertilization. J. Ind. Soc. Soil Sci. 37: 712-716 Yadev, B.L. and Jakhar, S.R. 2001. Effect of tillage and phosphorus fertilization on yield and water expense efficiency of rainfed mungbean. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 49: 1, 193-194
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CROPPING PATTERN BASED FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATION FOR MUSTARD -BORO-T. AMAN RICE CROPPING PATTERN UNDER AEZ-25 AT NANDIGRAM, BOGRA
M. R. A. MOLLAH1, K. M. KHALEQUZZAMAN2, M .M. HOSSAIN3 AND S. M. L. RAHMAN4
1
Scientific Officer, On Farm Research Division, Agricultural Research Station, BARI, Bogra, 2Senior Scientific Officer, Regional Agricultural Research Station, 3Scientific Officer, Pulse Research Centre, BARI, Ishurdi, Pabna, 4Scientific Officer, Citrus Research Station, BARI, Jaintapur, Sylhet, Bangladesh Accepted for publication: June 17, 2008
ABSTRACT Mollah M. R. A., Khalequzzaman K. M., Hossain M .M. and Rahman S. M. L. 2008. Cropping Pattern Based Fertilizer Recommendation for Mustard -Boro-T. Aman Rice Cropping Pattern under AEZ-25 at Nandigram, Bogra. J .Soil .Nature. 2(2): 31-34 An experiment was conducted at Nandigram Multilocation Testing (MLT) Site, Bogra (AEZ-25.) during 200304, 2004-2005 and 2005-06 to determine the optimum fertilizer dose for Mustard Boro-T.aman rice cropping pattern which enhancing total production and profit. Six different doses of fertilizer were estimated from soil test value, BARC Fertilizer Recommendation Guide 97 and Farmers practice. From the average of three years results it was found that the highest grain yield and gross margin were obtained from (T2) soil test base (STB) fertilizer dose for high yield goal (HYG) in all crops and it was followed by IPNS (T3). The lowest grain yield and gross margin from T6 (Absolute control) in all crops. On the basis of yield and economic return, the soil test base fertilizer dose may be recommended for Mustard Boro T. aman rice cropping pattern in the Level Barind Tract soil (AEZ-25) at Nandigram, Bogra. The application of organic manure (4-5 t/ha) once in a year could be suggested for sustaining soil fertility.
Key Words: High yield goal, Mustard, Boro,T.aman, Level Barind Tract soil, Yield
INTRODUCTION Soil fertility is a dynamic property which varies with crops, cropping intensity and input use. More than 50% of our cultivated soil contains organic matter below the critical level (1.5%). Annual depletion of plant nutrients in the intensively cropped area ranges from 180 to more than 250 kg/ha. High and medium high land comprising 60% of total cultivated land which is in most cases deficient in essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and Sulphur. The low organic matter content, higher cropping intensity, improper cropping sequence and faulty management practices are the major causes of depletion of soil fertility. Imbalance use of fertilizer is another serious problem for the country. Previous survey revealed that farmers in many areas in Bangladesh applied nitrogenous fertilizer higher than the recommended dose for some crops. They usually did not use any organic fertilizers. Scarcity of fuel led them to use cowdung and crop residues as domestic fuel. To maintain and improve soil fertility and organic matter content of the soil it felt necessary to use organic manures along with in organic fertilizers as an integrated approach. Nutrients present in soil, added as inorganic and organic sources and the nutrient harvested by crops should be considered to develop a cropping pattern based fertilizer recommendation. Available data indicate that the soil fertility in Bangladesh is declining trend ( Karim et al, 1994; Ali et al, 1997) which is responsible for declining crop yields (Anonymous, 1996; Cassman et al, 1995). However most of the farmers of Bangladesh usually do not apply fertilizer in balanced proportion (Anonymous, 1997). The present system of fertilizer application is mostly based on the nutrient requirement of individual crops ignoring the carry- over effect of the organic or inorganic fertilizers applied to the preceding crop. Organic or inorganic sources of nutrients applied to preceding crop can benefit the succeeding crop to a great extent (Hegde, 1998). The system productivity may become sustainable through integrated use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients ( Singh and Yadav,1992) Therefore, the present study was carried out to find out a cropping pattern based fertilizer dose of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients for Mustard-Boro- T.Aman rice cropping system on the level Barind Tract area (AEZ-25) at Nandigram, Bogra. MATERIALS AND METHODS In On -Farm cropping pattern Mustard-Boro-T.aman trial was started at Multilocation Testing (MLT) Site, Nandigram, Bogra during rabi season of 2003-2004. The experiment was completed 3rd year cropping cycle. Before starting the experiment, one dominant cropping pattern (Mustard-Boro-T.aman) was selected. It was done following discussion with local farmers, DAE personnel and available secondary information. Before conducting the experiment, soil samples were collected from farmers field and then sent to the chemical analysis. The chemical properties of the soil are presented in Table 1.
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Table 1. Soil analysis values of different samples collected from MLT Site, Nandigram, Bogra
Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Average Status
L= Low
PH 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.9 4.4 4.8 4.93
Total N (%) 0.110 0.126 0.097 0.122 0.134 0.110 0.1165 L
Analyzed results K P S m.eq./100g soil micro-gram/g soil 0.07 18.26 8.44 0.06 8.59 12.83 0.06 5.37 9.11 0.10 8.23 13.16 0.11 8.23 15.53 0.08 7.16 11.81 0.08 9.306 11.81 VL L L
OPT = Optimum
ZN 1.42 1.78 0.60 2.71 1.74 1.36 1.60 OPT.
OC (%) 1.10 1.26 0.97 1.22 1.34 1.10 1.165
V L= Very Low
The experiment was laid out following RCBD with six treatments and six dispersed replications. The unit plot size was 60 m2. After getting the results of soil analysis value, fertilizer doses were estimated with the help of soil analysis value as per treatment concerned. The estimated fertilizer doses for Mustard, Boro and T.aman are presented in Table 2. Table 2. Different fertilizer management packages used in Mustard-Boro- T.Aman rice cropping experimentation
Treatment T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Mustard N-P-K-S-ZN-B 60-19-45-19-OPT.-1 84-25-66-24- OPT.-1.5 69-20-61-24- OPT.-1.5 (+5 T CD/HA) 70-20-35-20- 1-0.5 69-15-38-14-0-0 0-0-0-0-0-0 Boro N-P-K-S-ZN 87-17-79-13- OPT. 122-25-111-19- OPT. 107-20-96-19- OPT. 100-15-60-8-0 90-25-40-15-1 0-0-0-0-0-0
pattern during
T.aman N-P-K-S-ZN 60-12-55-8- OPT. 82-15-70-11- OPT. 67-10-55-11- OPT. 75-12-40-5-0 51-15-34-10-0.5 0-0-0-0-0-0
Where T1= Estimated inorganic fertilizer dose for moderate yield goal (MYG) T2= Estimated inorganic fertilizer dose for high yield goal (HYG) T3= IPNS BASIS fertilizer management for high yield goal (Cow dung was used) T4= Recommended fertilizer dose on BARC Fertilizer Recommendation Guide97 (FRG97) T5= Farmers practice (Average of 40 farmers data) . T6= Absolute control. The mustard variety Shati (Local variety) was sown on 25-30 November and harvested on 15-20 February during three years. One irrigation was supplied on 30-32 days after sowing. Entire amount of P, K, S, B and half N of different treatments were applied in different plots during final land preparation. Rest N was applied on 30-32 days after sowing. The Boro rice was transplanted on 20-25 February and harvested on 12-15 June during three years. Entire amount of P, K, S, Zn, CD and 1/3 N of different treatments were applied as basal during final land preparation. Rest N was applied in two equal split on 15-20 days after transplanting (DAP) and 35-40 days after transplanting (DAP). The T.aman rice was transplanted on 12-15 July and harvested on 20-28 November during three years. The 1/3 N and full doses of P, K, S and Zn were applied as basal. The rest N was applied on two equal split on 15-20 DAP and 30-35 DAP. Data on grain yield, yield contributing characters and straw yield of Mustard, Boro and T.aman were recorded and analyzed statistically following Duncans New Multiple Range Test (DMRT). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The effect of different treatments (Fertilizer doses) on grain yield and straw yield of Mustard, Boro and T. aman are presented in Table 3 and 4. The average of three years data showed that the highest seed yield (1.44 t/ha) of mustard was obtained with STB (soil test base) for HYG (T2) closely seed yield (1.38 t/ha) followed by IPNS (T3). The next higher yield (1.18 t/ha) was found in FRG97 (T4). Almost similar yield was recorded from STB for MYG (T1) and farmers practice (T5). The IPNS practice failed to show yield advantages over inorganic fertilizer of same level. The trend over the year is more or less same but yield was drastically reduced in 2003-04 due to cold injury. Because 32
Cropping Pattern Based Fertilizer Recommendation for Mustard -Boro-T. Aman Rice Cropping Pattern under AEZ-25 at Nandigram, Bogra
BARI Sharisa-9 was very susceptible to cold. But the next tow years were sown the mustard variety shati (local variety). In Boro rice, grain yield did not vary appreciably, however the higher grain was recorded from T2 (5.97 t/ha) and T3 (5.52 t/ha). Almost similar yield was obtained with T1 and T4 which slightly higher than T5 (4.93 t/ha). Significantly the higher yield was found in T2 followed by T3. Similarly in T. aman rice, higher yield was obtained from T2 (5.33 t/ha) and T3 (5.06 t/ha). More or less similar yields were recorded from T1, T4 and T5. Over the years data showed that significantly higher yield was obtained from T2 and T3. Regarding straw yield almost similar trend was found in all the crops. Initial nutrient status of the soil showed that the soil of the experimental plot was deficit in NPKS and a considerable response of crops to higher doses of nutrients was observed to some extent. Ishaque et al, (1994) reported that the addition of cow dung along with soil test based fertilizer dose for high yield goal (IPNS) did not increase grain yield as compared to soil test based fertilizer dose for high yield goal (HYG) without manure. Ali et al, (2001) reported that 50% N as cow dung + 50% N as Urea was superior to 100% N as urea or 100% N as cow dung. Kader et al, (1998) reported that a combination of inorganic fertilizers with organic fertilizer (cattle manure) or combination of inorganic fertilizers with bio-fertilizers gave the best yield. Mollah et al, (2007) reported that three years average results of high yield goal (HYG) gave higher yield performance of crops compared to the other treatments. The mean yield performance of Mustared, Boro and T.Aman were 1.11, 5.59 and 3.39 t/ha, respectively. Table 3. Grain yield of crops as influenced by fertilizer levels in the cropping pattern Mustard-Boro-T. aman rice at Nandigram, Bogra during 2003-04 to 2005-06 (Average of three years)
Treat Mustard 0.57b 0.78a 0.71a 0.59b 0.51b 0.29c 2003-04 Boro 7.07ab 7.79a 7.30ab 7.27ab 6.77b 3.19c T.aman 6.02ab 6.68a 6.17a 5.95ab 5.62ab 3.16c Seed/grain yield (t/ha) 2004-05 2005-06 Mustard Boro T.aman Mustard Boro T.aman 1.15b 5.17b 3.78ab 1.23c 3.73b 4.50ab 1.76a 5.59a 4.38a 1.77a 4.52a 4.93a 1.71a 5.55a 4.21a 1.71a 3.71b 4.80a 1.45ab 5.09bc 3.65b 1.51b 3.43b 4.35ab 1.11b 4.74c 3.64b 1.11c 3.28b 3.98b 0.25c 2.86d 2.25c 0.26d 2.24b 2.78c Average of three years Mustard Boro T.aman 0.98 5.32 4.77 1.44 5.97 5.33 1.38 5.52 5.06 1.18 5.26 4.65 0.91 4.93 4.41 0.27 2.76 2.73
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
In a column, similar letter do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance
Table 4. Straw yield of crops as influenced by fertilizer levels in the cropping pattern Mustard-Boro-T. aman rice at Nandigram, Bogra during 2003-04 to 2005-06
Straw yield (t/ha) Treat T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 2003-04 Mustard Boro 2.76b 7.52a 3.02a 7.85a 3.20a 7.52a 2.70b 7.54a 2.59b 6.75ab 1.52c 3.88c T.aman 6.34a 6.88a 6.52a 6.12ab 5.75b 3.51c 2004-05 Mustard Boro 2.83b 5.30b 3.37a 5.85a 3.15a 5.75a 3.36a 5.12bc 3.31a 4.87c 1.16c 2.90d T.aman 4.64a 5.40a 4.88a 5.00a 4.50a 3.50b Mustard 2.90a 3.29a 3.19a 3.17a 3.02a 1.24b 2005-06 Boro 3.73b 4.51a 3.71b 3.43b 3.28b 2.24c T.aman 6.25ab 6.70a 6.00ab 5.50ab 5.08b 3.70c Average of three years Mustard Boro T.aman 2.83 5.52 5.74 3.23 6.07 6.33 3.18 5.66 5.80 3.08 5.36 5.54 2.97 4.97 5.11 1.31 3.01 3.57
In a column, similar letter do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance
Agro- Economic performance Agro-economic performance of different treatments are Mustard-Boro-T.aman rice cropping patterns during 200304 to 2005-06 (average of three years) are presented in Table 5.Cost and return analysis (average of three years) showed that the highest gross return as well as gross margin was obtained from T2 closely followed by T3 .But the fertilization cost was higher in T2 and T3 and therefore, the marginal benefit cost ratio was less in compared to T4 . MBCR was found higher in T4 due to less fertilization cost.
33
M. R. A. Mollah et al
Table 5. Cost and return analysis of different nutrient management packages in Mustard Boro- T.Aman rice cropping pattern at Nandigram MLT Site, Bogra during 2003-04 to 2005-2006 (Average of three years)
Treat T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Average yield of three years (t/ha) Mustard Boro T.aman Seed Straw Grain Straw Grain Straw 0.98 2.83 5.32 5.52 4.77 5.74 1.44 3.23 5.97 6.07 5.33 6.33 1.38 3.18 5.52 5.66 5.06 5.80 1.18 3.08 5.26 5.36 4.65 5.54 0.91 2.97 4.93 4.97 4.41 5.11 0.27 1.31 2.76 3.01 2.73 3.57 Gross return (Tk/ha) 1,27,545 1,49,615 1,40,720 1,29,690 1,18,125 64,245 *Variable Cost (Tk/ha) 11,534 16,068 15,552 10,732 10,669 0 Gross margin (Tk/ha) 1,16,011 1,33,547 1,25,168 1,18,958 1,07,456 64,245 MBCR 5.49 5.31 4.91 6.10 5.05 -
*Fertilizer cost only Inputs: (Tk./kg.): Urea = Tk. 6.00, TSP = Tk. 15.00, MP = Tk. 12.00, Gypsum = Tk. 3.0, Boric acid = Tk. 60.00 & CD = Tk. 0.15, Zinc sulphate = Tk. 65.00, Products = ( Tk./kg.) : Mustard seed = Tk. 20.00, Mustard straw = Tk. 0.50, Boro rice = Tk.10.00, T.aman rice = Tk.10.00, Rice straw = Tk.0.50
Farmers reaction Farmers were very much impressed to have satisfactory grain yield with optimum dose of fertilizer which ultimately reduced the imbalance use of fertilizers and helps to the fertilizer recommendation for this area. CONCLUSION The three years results indicate that the treatment (T2) soil test based (STB) fertilizer for HYG was found agronomically viable and economically profitable .On the bases of three years study, considering the yield and economic return the soil test base fertilizer dose may be recommended for Mustered Boro T.aman rice cropping pattern in the level Barind Tract area (AEZ-25) at Nandigram, Bogra. The application of organic manure (4-5 t/ha) once in a year could be suggested for sustaining soil fertility. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of DANIDA funded SFFP project to conduct this research. We also wish to thank the co-operator farmers for their nice co-operation. REFERENCES
Ali,M.M., S.M.Shaheed and D. Kubota. 1997. Soil degradation during the period of 1967-1995 in Bangladesh.II. Selected chemical characters. Soil Sci. Plant Nurt. 43: 879-890 Ali, S.M.H., M.I. Kabir and M. Begum. 2001. Response of Boro rice to organic and inorganic sources of Nitrogen. Bangladesh J. Train. and Develop. 14 (1&2): 123-131 Anonymous. 1996. Annual Report for 1996. The Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh. Anonymous. 1997. Fertilizer Recommendation Guide97. Published by BARC, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Cassman, K. G., S K. de Datta, D.C. OIK, J.Alcantra, M. Sason, J. Descalsota and Dizon.1995. Yield decline and the nitrogen economy of long term experiment on continuous irrigated rice system in the tropics. pp. 181-222. In: R. Lal and B.A. Stewart (eds) Soil Management: Experimental basis for sustainability and environmental quality. lewis Publisher, London. Hegde, D. M. 1998. Long term sustainability of productivity in rice (Oryza sativa) wheat (Triticum aestivum) system in subhumid ecosystem through integrated nutrient supply. Indian J. Agron. 43(2):189-198 Kader, M.A., A.A. Mamun and S.M.A Hossain. 1998. Raising productivity of rice through integration of organic, bio- and chemical fertilizers. Thai J. Agril. Sci. 31(2):235-242. Karim, Z.,M. M. U. Miah and S. Razia. 1994. Fertilizer in the national economy and sustainable environmental development. Asia Pacific J. Environ. Dev. 1: 48-67. Ishaque, M., G. M. Panaullah, N. I. Bhuyian and P. K. Saha.1998. Integrated nutrient management with inorganic fertilizer and green/organic manures for Boro- T.aman rice cropping pattern. In proceedings National Workshop on Integrated Nutrient Management for Crop Production and Soil Fertility held on 24-25 March, 1998 at Gazipur, Bangladesh. 111-114 Mollah, M. R. A., M.A.A. Rahim, K. M. Khalequzzaman., M.A. Akther and M. J. Islam. 2007. Development of Fertilizer Recommendation for Mustard - Boro T.aman rice cropping pattern under Karatoa Bangali Flood Plain Soils. Int. J. Rural Develop. 1(1): 1-5 Singh, G. B. and Yadav, D. V. 1992. INSS in sugarcane and sugarcane based cropping system. Fert. News 37 (4): 15-22.
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2 (2):01-04 (July 2008)

BIODYNAMIC MANAGEMENT IN SODIC SOILS

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2008 Green World Foundation (GWF)

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73.13 80.0 85.0 87.5 82.0 73.75 76.25 82.5

72.50 81.25 79.37 82.5

81.38 79.25 81.88 77.5 97.5 97.5

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0.195 0.19 0.21 0.21

0.20abc 0.20 0.13bc 0.16

0.155 0.135 0.174 0.20 0.17 0.20

0.178 0.17 0.20 0.18

0.167 0.192 0.20 0.18

31.85 28.14b 28.79 32.14ab 34.39 38.68a

J. Soil. Nature. 2(2): July 2008

0.245 0.28a 0.22 0.25ab 0.19 0.17b

0.2375 0.23 0.245 0.32 0.29 0.32 NS

0.201 0.225 0.3185 0.23 0.28 0.275 0.29 0.24

0.2575 0.33 0.22 0.275 0.255 0.23

0.2925 0.29 0.29 0.245

0.3175 0.31 0.39 0.39

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on plant height, root length, nodule

LSD (0.05) Molybdenum LSD (0.05)

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J. Soil. Nature. 2(2): July 2008

13.2 13 12.8 Nodule/plant 12.6 12.4 12.2 12 11.8 11.6 0 20 40 60 80 Nodule/Plant

No. of nodule/plant at M1 level No. of nodule/plant at M2 level 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 20 40

M1= 1.0 kg Mo/ha M2= 1.5 kg Mo/ha