1Dipsiner Evan Dipsiner ENC 1102 Leslie Wolcott 10-22-12 Annotated Bibliography In today's society, petrochemicals (petroleum based

chemicals) are the most prominintly used fuel source in the entire world. When petrochemicals combust at a certain heat level their carbon dioxide component is released which then causes hazardous and harmful waste to rise into the atmosphere. This is a known problem and has been the cause of global warming over the past couple decades. [Bittle, J.A., T.J Jacobs, H. Song, and B.T. Tompkins, 2012.] In order to change this dilemma an alternative fuel source is essential. The top choice among alternative fuel sources are biofuels (mainly ethanol, a 2-carbon alcohol, glocuse products, and lipids), which are substances that are refined and made into a more clean, less hazardous, and cost efficient method of fueling things. [Howard Chou, Sung Kuk Lee, Taek Soon Lee, Jay Keasling, 2008]. Addtionally, petrochemicals are a limited substance and unless more oil is found or drilled up out of the ground when it is out, it will soon be obsolete. Therefore, it is essential to find another alternative to petrochemicals. Due to the amount of time given for the assignment I will strictly be writing about replacements of petrochemicals and not about crude oil itself. Furthermore, there is no such competition to who can create the greatest alternative fuel source, many chemists, engineers, and researchers are teaming together and using different methods in order to find an efficient fuel alternative to the limited one at hand. Each method of creating a fuel out of biofuel is unique, biofuels must be treated prior to utilizing them in some some cases they are introduced with strains of microorganisms, placed in an Exhaust Gas Recirculation for rifinery, or even extracted from petrobased chemicals and used as an additive. Lastly, each individual that has given insight of this topic has been a researcher in engineering, chemistry, or biology, a chemical, bio, or mechanical engineer, or some sort of scientist related to biology, chemistry or physics. They have also been from reknown colleges and institutions such as University of California, Berkley

2Dipsiner (#3 in the world) University of California Los Angeles (#6 in the world) all the way to Republic of Korea with the Division of applied life science (#57 in the world). The lexis specific to their discourse community includes many chemical and biological backgrounds which may make it difficult to understand if the reader has no previous knowledge of this field. Atsumi, Shota, and Iara Machado, "Microbial utilization of crude glycerol for the production of valueadded products." Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, Volume 39, Issue 2. February, 2012. In the educational research article written by the authors of Wits Industrial Biotechnology Consortium in Johannesburg, South Africa the writers discuss the importance of finding alternate fuel sources instead of the continuous use of the finite amount of fossil fuels (hydrocarbons). The process that they speak about is not yet proven, however, it is being recreated and will be concluded within the next decade. If this process is able to utilize crude glycerol and use the biofuel as an alternative to petroleum products it will revolutionary. By using refined glycerol by extracting it from biodiesel (roughly 1 liter per 10 liters of biodiesel), the cost efficiency of the alternate fuel source would be reduced exponentially. Virtually, the only cost involved in the value of glycerol would be its transportation fees throughout the country considering it is a mere $.01/lb. By doing this, it promotes the use of biodiesel and therefore reduces the toxicity level in the atmosphere by waning from petrochemicals to biochemicals as fuel sources. It is imperative to acknowledge that the atmosphere is not invincible and the source of petrochemicals are not infinite, therefore, by finding alternatives it will help the economy and the environment.

Bittle, J.A, T.J. Jacobs, H. Song, and B.T Tompkins, "Efficiency considerations for the use of blended biofuel in diesel engines." Applied Energy, Volume 98, pages 209-218. October, 2012.

3Dipsiner In this education research article written by the department of Mechanical Engineering at Texas A&M University, biodiesel is questioned as a reliable fuel alternative to its derivative petrodiesel. By switching to biodiesel products, the amount of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere would be decreased and the previous fuel being combusted would no longer be necessary causing a reduced amount of pollution in the atmosphere. Reduced pollution is one of the main attritubes being looked at for alternative fuel sources along with efficiency and cost. It is important to know that carbon-based petrochemicals are a major factor of global warming and a part of unnecessary energy consumption. Therefore, by finding a fuel alternative that is less harmful to the atmosphere and individuals within it, the economy would prosper and the transportation would not be as harmful to individuals and the Earth. By placing biodiesels inside of an Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR), the machine refines the biofuel into a usable substance. Additionally, this is one method in finding out at which temperatures these biofuels are most dangerous att. It uses a high pressure turbocharged direct inject combustion cylinder to show the the results of the effectiveness in the reduction of gas front the biofuels. By using this method mechanical engineers are creating methods of creating a refined substance that was not available previously.

Chou, Howard, Timothy Ham, Sung Kuk Lee, Taek Soon Lee, Jay Keasling, "Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for biofuels production: from bugs to synthetic biology to fuels." Current Opinion in Biotechnology, Vol. 19, Issue 6. December, 2008. In this educational research article written by members of Joint BioEnergy Institute and the Engineering departments of Bio-Chemical engineering at University of California, Berkeley, the authors, researchers and chemists address how microorganisms are able to infiltrate previous used substances that are used as biofuel such as corn and sugar cane. By creating microorganisms which are able to digest cellulose and turn the end product into a biofuel source.

4Dipsiner A common microorganism that is used to bring out these biofuels is E. coli. When E. coli exchanges with a fuel source it extracts the necessary attributes of the source such as vegetable oils, alcohols, and sugars. By utilizing a microorganism to create biofuels, it makes the process of chemically engineering these sources obselete. The bacteria does the job for the engineer/researcher involved in the field, therefore, the biofuels are created by merging it with a strain of baterium, then the new biofuels are produced. This is an important aspect of chemical engineering because petrochemicals used for fuels are limited whereas biofuels have a potential of being infinite as long as produce and microorganisms are in existance.

Das, P, P.J. Kim, and P. Pramanik, "Preparation of biofuel from aremone seed oil by an cost-effective technique."Fuel, Volume 91, Issue 1. January, 2012.

alternative

In this educational research article written by researchers of MGM Vision Laborities of India, Division of Applied Life Science(Republic of Korea) and Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, (Republic of Korea), argemone oil is tested as an alternative to petrodiesel. Argemone has a higher viscosity level in comparison to its derivative substance (petrodiesel). It was discovered that argemone oil, after its refinery, is closer in relation to petrodiesel than biodiesel is to petrodiesel. Petrobased chemicals are limited in society and therefore need an alternative before they are completely used up . Biofuels, such as biodiesel have been known to be an alternative to petrodiesel, however, argemone oil when refined tested out closer to petrodiesel than its competitor. The runtime of petrodiesel in an engine was proven longer than aremone oil, however, only by milliseconds per boiler horsepower. By doing this experiment argemone oil is definitely going to be considered as a fuel alternative and continued to be refined due to its similarity of use in society, reduction in harmful emissions, and ability to alter petrodiesel to become more efficient.

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Griffin, W.M, , P Jaramillo, H.S. Matthews, and A. Venkatesh, "Uncertainty in Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of United Stattes Coal. Energy and Fuels. Volume 28, Issue 8. August, 2012.

In this educational research article the researchers in the Department of Chemical Engineering of University of California Berkeley address that coalis as a possible alternative fuel source for petrochemicals because of the copious availibility and the energy that it provides when combusted. Without a doubt, coal releases high amounts of carbon dioxide emissions which are harmful to the environment and make the atmospheres toxicity levels raise, which is the main reason why it has not been used as a fuel alternative for petrochemicals in the recent years. However, it is undeniable that the fuel has a higher life expectancy in comparison to other biofuels (lipids) and it is necessary to be tested for further usage. A helpful way to lower the levels of pollution and still use coal as a biofuel is using it as an additive and not just coal by itself. This will lower the amount of chemicals released in the air which is a known cause of global warming.. It is imperative to know that within the major of Chemical Engineering finding alternative fuel sources is of high value because petroleum is not infinite and there needs to be replacements before it's depleted.

Ivanova, Yu, R. I. Kuz'mina, K. E. Pankin, and S. N Shtykov, Comparison of Liquid Biofuels and Petroleum Fuels: Environmental Properties. Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils, Vol 47. No 3. May-June, 2011.

In this educational research article the researchers, chemists in Russian institutions of chemical engineering, and authors speak of alternative fuel sources and the potential safe replacements of fossil fuels. The main issue with using regular crude oil with a petroleum base is that it is not as

6Dipsiner environmentally safe as bio-fuels are. The reason being is the amount of Carbon Dioxide being released is not proportional to the amount of organisms that can synthesize the CO2 efficiently. Additionally, the amount of crude oils available are limited and will need to be replaced before there is a shortage of them. By switching from petroleum products to biofuels, the amount of resources available to provide efficient, reliable, and safe fuel sources will increase. This is critical in the explanation of my discussion of alternatives of petroleum fuel in the Chemical engineering field because fossil fuels are limited and by finding another resource to provide the same outcome would be revolutionary. The authors use date tables that represent the substance and its chemical relationship to the atmosphere, household, and other organisms. In order to replace petroleum these researchers are looking into substances such as fats from animals and plants, and other lipids from oils such as cottonseed, solar oil and synthetic fats. Furthermore, the molecular weight of crude oils are far greater due to the amount of carbon dioxide to oxygen ratio than biofuels have which creates more harmful gases in the air when they combust. By switching to ethanol or methonal the amount of combustion could be increased by 2000mg/m^3 before it became as harmful as crude oils when they are combusted. The main argument is that the toxicity of the biofuels are far less than petroleum products, however, we still use petroleum products as fuel today. Therefore, by swithing to biofuels and finding an efficient way to maintain the substance and combust it in a manner that is less harmful, biofuels will be the fuel of the future and surpass petroleum products.

Keasling, Jay, Sarah Rodriguez, and Fuzhung Zhang, "Metabolic engineering of microbial pathways for advanced biofuels production." Chemical biotechnology and Pharmaceutical biotechnology, Vol 23, Issue 6. December, 2011.

7Dipsiner In this educational research paper written by members of the Department of Chemical Engineering, Berkeley, CA, the chemists and authors speak of different metabolic paths for synthesizing biofuel production. The main discussion throughout the article is by "transporting petroleum based fuel sources through a source of liquid transportation fuel," biofuels are released. Such examples of these statements are proven by bioethanol which is fermented from corn. Without the liquid transportation pathways the bioethanol would not be extracted from the vegetable(fuel source). It is important to understand that by finding ways to convert agriculture or create strains of bacteria to alter the chemical balance of biofuels, will create more opportunities for fuel sources. The authors use statistical information from (Trends in Biotechnology and Current Opinion in Biotechnology) to provide support towards the claim that adding a bacteria to a target fuel can create an alternate fuel source. Farnesol which is fermented with E. coli creates Diesel/jet fuel in 48 hours. This relates to the Chemical engineering field because in order to find alternate fuel sources there needs to be innovation in the ways biofuels are created.

Liao, James C and Yajun Yan, "Engineering metabolic systems for production of advanced fuels." Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. Volume 36, (471-479). January, 2009.

In this informational research article written by the Department of Biomolecular engineering at UCLA, the professors discuss the finite amount of carbon based fuels and global warming in relation to the need of new fuels. Bioethanol products have been 94% of the biofuels used as of 2006 (Mol, A.P.J). Thus, ethanol has always been part of the fuel alternative scheme and society is looking for an addition to ethanol as petrofuel alternative. Alcohol and lipids such as vegetable oils from plants have the physiochemical attributes that allow the combustion of them which in exchange releases energy that can be used to fuel. However,

8Dipsiner they do not have as high as an energy density so a lot more is needed in order to perform the same process as petrochemicals. It is important to my major to know that there are other sources out there that provide the same attributes as petrochemicals because alternative fuel sources are a major aspect of chemical engineering. Without fuel alternatives, when carbon fuels are used up there will be nothing to replace them as the engines that are used to test this biofuels/fuel alternatives run on carbon fuels.

Limayem, Alya and Steven Ricke, "Lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production: Current perspectives, potential issues and future prospects." Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Volume 38, Issue 4. August, 2012.

In this educational research article written by Department of Food Science and Safety at the University of Arkansas there is a debate whether food sources such as vegetables and natural-non petrochemical fuel sources are the best idea for fuel alternatives, even if they are the most prosperous sources available at the moment. The ability to use alternative fuel sources such as Cellulosic biofuels instead of fuels derived from food is a definite possibility. The only issue at the moment pertains to the cost of engaging in new studies to find out whether it is the most efficient method of creating food in order to create more sources. Instead of using microorganisms to ferment the fuel source and create a biofuel, the Cellulosic method creates a steam explosion mixed with an agent to pretreat the material used for the fuel source. Pretreatment is an important aspect of chemical engineering, many individuals do not understand that a product isn't able to be utilized immediately after it is produced, it needs to be pre-treated first.

Schmidt, L.D, P.J. Dauenhauer, Chemical engineering:hybrid routes to biofuels. Nature, pages 914915. June, 2007.

9Dipsiner In this online research journal written by members of the Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, these two give their expert insight between the two methods of creating biofuels. There are mainly two ways to produce biofuels, the first way is chemically and the second way is biologically. By using enyzymes to break down starch and cellulose into glocose, the glocose can then be placed together with a microorganism to ferment in order to create ethanol (the leading biofuel). The ethanol is a major proponent of biofuel and is used to create biodiesels. Producing biofuels with a chemical perspective however is much different. Instead of fermenting an enzyme with a microorganism, there is the use of thermochemical reactions and catalytic methods which additionally reduce the amount of hazardous waste going into the environment. Glocose converted in a thermochemical reaction can be 100-1000 times faster than the biologically method. Therefore, the chemical process is the more efficient method due to the faster production rate and less harmful waste.

Stephanopoulos, Gregory, Challenes in Engineering Microbes for Biofuel Productions. Science. Vol.315 Issue 5813, pages 801-804. February, 2007. This online research journal was written by Gregory Stephanopoulos Principal Investigator at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the Bioinformatics & Metabolic Engineering department. Stephanopoulus speaks of the various ways of creating biofuels as a fuel alternative and their benefits in comparison to their derivative product, petrochemicals. One way to produce a biofuel is by using microorgasnism to ferment sugars into ethanol. Another way is by using a fermentation tank that causes cellulosic materials to undergo change of carbohydrates into monosaccharides and changes the carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol which can be used as a biofuel. The factors that make these materials useful is their enzyme, carbon, and glucose content, without that they would be useless in producing biofuels.