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ANTERIOR PITUITARY
GROWTH HORMONE
Regulatory mechanisms
1. Hypoglycemia
2. Exercise
3. Glucagon
4. Protein meals
5. Stress
1. GH
2. Glucose
3. Cortisol
4. Free fatty acids
ACTIONS
4. Protein metabolism
Anabolic hormone
Positive nitrogen balance
Excretion of amino acids
6. Carbohydrate metabolism
Diabetogenic -- causes hyperglycemia
7. fat metabolism
Catabolic effect -- increases free fatty acids.
Ketogenic -- increases ketone bodies formation by hepatic
oxidation of fatty acids.
APPLIED
Gigantism
Overproduction of GH before epiphyseal closure
Characteristic features
z Tall body
z Giant hands and feet
z Gynaecomastia (bilateral)
Acromegaly
Overproduction of GH after epiphyseal closure
Characteristic features:
z Prognathism – widening of mandible
z Prominent brow --- enlargement of frontal, ethmoid, maxillary and mastoid
sinuses.
z Facies -- thickening of the skin and coarse facial features
z Kyphosis
z Hypertrophy of body organs such as liver, heart, spleen.
DWARFISM
Deficiency of secretion of GH is called dwarfism
Characteristic features
z Slow skeletal development
z Small genitalia
z Immature faces
z Low GH level
ACTIONS
During pregnancy prolactin promotes the growth of mammary ducts that
differentiates into lobules and alveoli that are secretory in nature
POSTERIOR PITUITARY
ACTIONS
Increase permeability of DCT and CD to water
↓
Increase water reabsorption
↓
Urine volume decrease
↓
Urine osmolality increases
Acts via V2 (vasopressin) receptors
Regulation
APPLIED
Cause
z Excessive secretion form posterior pituitary
z Ectopic source such as bronchogenic carcinoma
Characteristic features
z Increase in blood volume due to water retention
z Decrease aldosterone secretion due to increased ECF Volume leading to
hyponatremia
z Increases urine osmolality
Characteristic features
OXYTOCIN
ACTIONS
z Milk ejection from the mammary ducts
z Contraction of smooth muscle of the uterus
Factors increasing oxytocin secretion
z Stimulation of the breasts
z Stimulation of the genital tract
z Stimulation of cholinergic nerve fibers