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PITUITARY GLAND

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

GROWTH HORMONE

ALSO CALLED SOMATOTROPHIC HORMONE


Synthesized by acidophil cells of anterior pituitary.
Secreted episodically with diurnal variation, peak occurs at night time after
sleep.

Regulatory mechanisms

GH releasing hormone and GH inhibitory hormone.

Factors increasing GH secretion

1. Hypoglycemia
2. Exercise
3. Glucagon
4. Protein meals
5. Stress

Factors decreasing GH secretion

1. GH
2. Glucose
3. Cortisol
4. Free fatty acids

ACTIONS

1. Stimulates skeletal growth through somatedins.

2. Before epiphyseal closure, GH stimulates increase in linear skeletal growth.


3. After epiphyseal closure GH accelerates bone thickening through periosteal
growth.

4. Protein metabolism
Anabolic hormone
Positive nitrogen balance
Excretion of amino acids

5. Increase reabsorption of Ca+, Na+, and K+ from kidneys.

6. Carbohydrate metabolism
Diabetogenic -- causes hyperglycemia

7. fat metabolism
Catabolic effect -- increases free fatty acids.
Ketogenic -- increases ketone bodies formation by hepatic
oxidation of fatty acids.

8. GH increases growth of thymus

APPLIED
™ Gigantism
Overproduction of GH before epiphyseal closure

Characteristic features
z Tall body
z Giant hands and feet
z Gynaecomastia (bilateral)

™ Acromegaly
Overproduction of GH after epiphyseal closure

Characteristic features:
z Prognathism – widening of mandible
z Prominent brow --- enlargement of frontal, ethmoid, maxillary and mastoid
sinuses.
z Facies -- thickening of the skin and coarse facial features
z Kyphosis
z Hypertrophy of body organs such as liver, heart, spleen.
DWARFISM
Deficiency of secretion of GH is called dwarfism
Characteristic features
z Slow skeletal development
z Small genitalia
z Immature faces
z Low GH level

Adrenocorticotropic Hormpne ACTH


PROLACTIN

Synthesized by acidophil cells of anterior pituitary

Factors increasing prolactin secretion


z Pregnanacy – Prolactin levels in blood start increasing during first trimester of
pregnancy and reaches peak concentration at term
z Breast stimulation leads to release of Prolactin Release Factor (PRF), causing
increased prolactin secretion
z Exercise
z Sleep- Prolactin secretion increases during sleep
z Hypothyroidism- TRH is increased that stimulates PRF and prolactin
secretion is increased in primary hypothyroidism
z Dopamine antagonist , serotonin agonists increase prolactin level

Factors decreasing prolactin secretion


z Prolactin Inhibitory Factor (PIF) is released by hypothalamus that inhibits
prolactin secretion
z Dopamine agonists

ACTIONS
During pregnancy prolactin promotes the growth of mammary ducts that
differentiates into lobules and alveoli that are secretory in nature

POSTERIOR PITUITARY

(I) ANTI DIURETIC HORMONE [ADH]


(II) OXYTOCIN
ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)

ADH is synthesized in cells of supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus and then stored


in posterior pituitary. ADH is subsequently released by impulses from hypothalamo-
hypophysial tract.

ACTIONS
Increase permeability of DCT and CD to water

Increase water reabsorption

Urine volume decrease

Urine osmolality increases
Acts via V2 (vasopressin) receptors

At high doses cause s peripheral vasoconstriction

Regulation

Factors stimulating secretion of ADH

1. Hypovolemia MOST POTENT STIMULUS

2. INCREASED PLASMA OSMOLAITY

FACTORS INHIBITING ADH secretion


1 Increased blood volume
2. CO2

HPOVOLEMIA due to hameorrage, shock, dehydration



STIMULATES ADH SECRETION

ADH cause INCREASED WATER REABSORPTION FROM DCT AND CD
INCREASED PLASMA OSMOLALITY

STIMULATES OSMORECEPTORS IN HYPOTHALAMUS

STIMULATES ADH SECRETION

APPLIED

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)

Excessive secretion of ADH

Cause
z Excessive secretion form posterior pituitary
z Ectopic source such as bronchogenic carcinoma

Characteristic features
z Increase in blood volume due to water retention
z Decrease aldosterone secretion due to increased ECF Volume leading to
hyponatremia
z Increases urine osmolality

DIABETES INSPIDUS (DI)


Two types
z Central DI- Partial or complete failure to secrete ADH
z Nephrogenic DI- Decreased or no response of kidneys to ADH

Characteristic features

z Polyuria- Decreased water reabsorption by DCT and CD


z Polydipsia

OXYTOCIN

It is synthesized in hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary gland.

ACTIONS
z Milk ejection from the mammary ducts
z Contraction of smooth muscle of the uterus
Factors increasing oxytocin secretion
z Stimulation of the breasts
z Stimulation of the genital tract
z Stimulation of cholinergic nerve fibers

Factors decreasing oxytocin secretion


z Stress
z Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system

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