SAFETY FIRST.

SAFETY POLICY STATEMENT

Main objective of our company Safety Policy is based on following two concepts. (a) Introducing of impotency of safety work environment to all employees, sub -contractors, service personnel and others who engage in company activities. (b) Introducing of impotency of keeping of good health and good mental condition at every time. In order to achieve the above goal successfully, the company determine to implement the following activities. (a) Giving high priority for the employees safety in all categories and others who engage in company activities. (Sub - contractors, Service person, Visitors) (b) Taking of safety precaution in early and implementing of strategies and improving of strategies relevant to safety. (c) Take step to create an accident free environment (d) Providing of safe equipment and implementing of safety program. (e) Providing of training to work in safe manner to employees and others who engage in company activities. (f) Introducing of safety regulation and law including everybody to follow the law regulation (g) Educate everybody that everybody is responsible for safety. (h) Periodically review, upgrading developing of the safety procedure, safety regulation and law of the company. and

...
Deputy General Manager (Eng ) QS Lanka ( Pvt ) Ltd

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MANAGEMENT SUPPORT
To implement the safe work site successfully company realize that upper Management support and their leadership is very important. Since upper management determine to follow the under mentioned procedures to fulfill the above objective. (a). To maintain a safe work site, providing of concerned resources by upper management and participation for the work site safe activities to demonstrate their supports periodically. (b). Company and supervisors every year establish a safety goals and performance will be assessed. (c). Giving proper safety training to supervisor or officer in charge and under then give training to their work crews. (d). Unsafe behaviors and conditions will be corrected or reject without any delay whenever they are found. (e). Upper management will encourage as much employee participation as possible.

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SAFETY MANAGEMENT
The Company understood that due to following main reasons basically it is compulsory to establish an effective safety management program. (1). To prevent injuries and illnesses. (2). In addition to that, managing safety is to avoid direct & indirect costs that work related, injuries, . illness and property damage incur

Direct cost are expenses directly associated with a work related injury or illness. They include the following cost. (a). Medical Expenses. (b). Medications. (c). Workers compensation benefits. (d). Rehabilitation cost. Indirect cost are all other expenses resulting from work related incidents or illness. They include the following costs. (a). Production losses or delays. (b). Property or product damage. (c). Training. (d). Supervisory time. (e). Administrative time. Apart from that unsafe behavior affect to high cost in physical and mental suffering inconvenience and rupees it is finally effect for the company's profit. In addition to that make it more difficult for the company to compete with other builders, in the open market.

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SAFETY RESPONSIBILITIES AND ACCOUNTABILITY

Safety isn't going to just happen. Individuals have to know what they are responsible, for, and what roles they play. Then they have got to be held accountable for their behaviour. The key individual at the job site is site manager or engineer or crew leader who ever is in immediate in charge.

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SAFETY PLANNING
Our Company safety planning is based on following steps. (a). Safety Training (b). Providing protective equipment. (c). Scheduled inspection. (d). Behavior Observations. (e). Safe job Procedures. (f). Data accountability for safe behavior. (g). Corrective action planning and goal setting. (h). Total employees involvement and support.

Safety training
Sometimes working safety doesn't come naturally. Employees must be educated or taught how to engage in their activities in safe manner. Means how to operate Machine / Power / Tools etc. This education we hope to give using following methods. (a). Speaking engagement by experts in safety. (b). Distributing various publication on safety and Health issues among employees. (c). Displaying audiovisual aids on work place hazards, and technical advice. (d). Providing basic and advance seminars and classes for employees.

Providing Protective Equipment

After providing protective equipment it is necessary instruct and educate. (a). What to wear when. (b). How to inspect it (c). How to wear it. (d).How to get into the habit so it's impossible to forget.

Schedule Inspections
Tools equipment, Method, and procedure have to be looked at every so often to make sure that they are in good shape, that they're safest thing available, and that they haven't started falling apart, been cracked or warped, or had a guard shaken or rusted loose.

Behaviour Observation
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Which are simply audits or slices of work that look closely at the safety aspect of tightly focused behaviors or work task.

Safe job Procedure

That means simply how to do a job or task the right-way, without taking needless risks.

Data Accountability Safe Behaviour

If no one is held accountable for choosing or following safe ways to work, then those ways of doing things may just not happen. Employees must know what expected of them when it come to safe behavior.

Corrective action Planning and Goal setting

Both of these take considerable thinking and advance planning, with input from employees, from Management, and sometime from outside agencies and other sources.

Total employee Involvement and Support

Total employee, that means you, too Management and employees alike it's the only way to make safety every one's responsibility.

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PROGRAMME MEASUREMENT AND REVIEW

When doing programme measurement and review; following factors to be observed. a) Injury or near-miss reduction level b) Displaying of employees safe behaviors c) Safety cost come down level Time to time check the records of site audits, tool box minutes, training sheets and other relevant records and confirmed whether things are actually happening.

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CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS
The causes of accidents are broadly classified as under: 1. Physical causes 2. Physiological causes 3. Psychological causes

1.

Physical Causes

The Physical causes responsible for accidents are as follows : (a) Relating to Machines : (1) The working space on the machine being less obstructs free movements of workers material. (2) The machine being not properly adjusted (3) The machine being unsuitable for the job. (4) The machine being unguarded or improperly guarded (5) Electric motor on the machine not properly insulated. (b) Relating to Tools: (1) Tools being brittle, may break suddenly e.g. blades on a sawing machine. (2) Tools being blunt and worn out due to constant use. (3) Tools used being too small for the job. (4) Tools being without the handle or the handle being loose.

(c)Relating to Materials:
(1)The material being inflammable e.g. use of explosives and petroleum products etc., (2) The brittle material not handled with c are (3)The material being too hot e.g. sewage in the maintenance of sewers. (4)The material used being poisonous and dangerous e.g. acids (5) The material emitting foul gases e.g. sewage in the maintenance ofsewers.
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(d)Relating to Uniform:
(1) Dress being loose (2) The sleeves of the shirt being without buttons (3) The shoes being loose and slippery (4) Protective dress prescribed for a job not used, e.g. tarring outfit while handling hot tar and welding shields while doing welding work.

(e)Relating to Environment:
Following are some of the main causes (1) The floors being slippery (2) Poor lighting conditions (3) Poor ventilation and unhygienic conditions (4) Loose electric cables and live conductors (5) Obstacles and projections in the working area, e.g. a wooden board found Raised in wooden flooring etc., (6) Building used being unsafe (7) Use of unstable and unsafe ladder (8) External noises and disturbances (9)Improper discipline among workers.

2. Physiological Causes : The main causes of accidents on account of poor health conditions are as under: (1) Poor Eye Sight : e.g. a driver while driving a vehicle may not be able to see the obstacle ahead clearly, especially when the light dim A tired worker loses control over his limbs and may meet with an accident

(2)Over Work

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(3) Poor Health

A sound mind is sound body is well known. A man with poor health gets tired soon and sometimes a worker does harm to his body while doing a job which is beyond his capacity. In old age eye sight is poor and quite often one is hard of hearing and general health becomes poor. These factors are responsible for the accident.

(4)Old Age

(5) Intoxication

A worker under the influence of intoxicants like wine, lose or co-workers and one loses control over his mind A handicapped person has more chances of meeting with an accident.

(6)Physical Handicap :

3.Psychological Causes:
The causes connected with the mind of a worker are listed below: (1)Worry
(2)Mental Tension

:A person under strains of worries has least control over his mind.
: Mental tension is caused due to strained relations with superiors

or co-workers and one loses control over his mind

(3) Emotional Attitude (4)Impulsiveness

: A highly emotional man loses balance of mind quickly. : When a person acts under impulse, without proper thinking, the chance of his meeting with an accident increased considerably : A person who gets nervous in a particular situation, losses control over his limbs
: Over confidence many a times causes an accident.

(5) Nervousness

(6) Over Confidence

(7) Carelessness

: A careless worker meets with an accident more often than a conscious worker. : Under fear one loses control over one's limbs.

(8) Fear

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SAFETY TRAINING
Employees need a proper grounding in Safety Management techniques and in safe operating procedure from the start. In view of that company considered to give safety training in following ways. (1). Specially newly recruited persons are selected to give the safety training. (2). Refresher training for regular persons. (3). Arranging of monthly safety meeting. (4). Arranging of tool - box safety meeting. (5). Arranging of safety training for employees how to operate properly, tools, equipment in safe manner and how to use materials which are newly introduced to work site. Further company understand that to a certain extent, skill training is also part of the safety picture and arrange to give skill training for the employees. For newly recruited persons must be given safety training especially in following categories. (a) Safety management principles. (b) Facility safety rules. (c) Material handling and mobile equipment safety. (d) Lockout / Hazardous energy control. (e) Hazardous material communication and handling. (f) Protective equipment and guards. (g) Tools and equipment safety. (h) Ergonomics. (i) Emergency equipment. In addition to regular safety topics that all employees receive, company arrange additional training for supervisor in the following areas. (a). Safety management principles. (b). Behavior observations. (c). Incident investigation. (d). Correction and reinforcement techniques. (e). Effective training method. In fact when planning safety training following are under strict consideration. (a). Identify the training needs of the employees. (b). Decide what the minimum training end result should be. (c). Plan the training session. (d). Prepare the session.
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(e). Decide where to have the training. (f). Train. (g). Verify the training.

Monthly Safety Meeting

Regular monthly safety meeting demonstrate the company's concern for the lives and well being of its employees. This help build a co - operative climate providing employees with the opportunity to contribute ideas and suggestions to improve safety, quality, productivity and morale. The supervisor, safety representative and crew leaders, run the monthly safety meeting with help from, (a). Guest presenters. (b). Manufacture and other mentioned earlier.

Tool - Box Safety Meeting

Tool -Box safety meetings are brief gathering of crews or employees along with their supervisor or crew leaders. They are usually held early in the morning before the crew begin their work day or before they start some specific work.

Suggested safety tool box talk topics

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) Employee accountability. Excavation and shoring. Eye protection : Safety glasses and goggles. Fall protection. Fire prevention. Foot protection. Hand protection and gloves. Hand tool use and maintenance. First - aid treatment. Electrical safety. Confined space. Barricade. Crane and Hoist. Hazardous material. Head protection: Helmet and boots. Hearing protection. House keeping and waste disposal. Ladders. Material Handling and Storage. Personal Protection Equipment. Power tool use and Maintenance. Safety harness and lanyards. Scaffolding. Security : Fire prevention. Skin protection : proper protective clothing. Spill clean up. Slips, trips and falls.

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(28) Suspended load operation. (29) Ventilation. (30) Work place violence.

GENERAL SAFETY RULES

01. No workers below 18 years and above 55 years of age shall be engaged for a job. 02. The workers who are engage in job should be in sound physical condition. 03. When recruiting the workers their Identity card and Police report should be checked. 04. Don't allow children to enter in to work site. 05. Every time to be ensured, weather adequate supervision is provided in working areas. Also ensured weather persons who engage in works behaving without causing anyhazard to others. 06. Reporting for work under the influence of drugs or alcohol to be strictly prohibited. 07. Neat and clean work clothing (suitable clothing ) must be worn at all times. Never wear loose fitting clothing that could be caught in equipment or machinery and also avoid wearing jewelry at the work site. 08. Safety helmet, eye protection and safety shoes or boots must be worn by everybody at the work site at all times, except in designated places outside the construction area. (even drivers, helpers & operators must abide this rule). 09. If you don't know, ask when in doubt about the safe or correct way to perform a job, get instruction from a supervisor or knowledgeable employee before attempting to the task. 10. Running out side vehicle cabs : No employee may ride on running board or hang on to the outside of trucks, front end loaders, backhoes, Bulldozers, tractors or other mobile equipment is running or in motion. Never ride or stand in or on a loader or backhoe bucket to perform work. 11. Unauthorized operation of equipment : Never attempt to operate company equipment or vehicles unless trained in their use and authorized to do so by your relevant officer in charge. 12. Suspended loads: Never walk or stand under or next to suspended loads. Stand clear or material being unloaded from open - sided flat bed trailers. 13. Equipment guards: Don't remove protective guards while tools, Machinery, or mobile equipment are in operation. Never completean equipment maintenance or repair job without
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replacing guards, that had to be removed for servicing , cleaning or repairs. Report damage or missing guards to your supervisor immediately. 14. Persons who engage-in work at 2 - meter or above should wear safety belt and lanyard to be anchored properly, it is better to anchor at the level of shoulder.

15. It is compulsory to wear eye protection while doing works such as, grinding, chipping, welding and gas cutting. 16. Proper lightening to be provided at work places in night time, also to the places at dark even in day time if there any activity to be done. 17. Digging pits to be barricaded till backfilling. Also provide proper access method to reach for work. 18. Don't allow any body to entering to erection zone or dismantling zone, also provide proper barricade to avoid entering to the said zones. 19. Don't allow to throw material from higher places , if necessary provide barricaded keeping safe space and keep signal men to avoid entering by others. 20. Due to wind or vehicle running dust will be formed within site premises, to avoid that water to be sprayed by using bowser or any other method. 21. Electrical main panel board must consist MCB and ELCB. 22. To supply electricity power must be used 3 or 4 core cables and it should be consist earth wire, also construct proper earthing pit. 23. Horseplay is completely prohibited at work place. Except in emergency running at the site is completely prohibited. 24. Don't allow connect bare wire to electrical socket. If need use plug top 25. Even minor accident occur inform it to safety coordinator or site in charge since it will help to avoid such incident in future. 26. Seat belts :' The use of seat belts is required in company cars, trucks, lift trucks, front end loaders and other moving equipment. 27. Scaffolding and riming : all scaffolding and rigging work must be supported and inspected by experienced, competent, individuals in accordance with approved standard and regulations.
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28. Excavation and trenches : All excavating and trench digging must be supervised and inspected by experience, competent individuals in accordance with approval standard and regulations. 29. Practice good housekeeping : When discarding boards always remove or bend down protruding nails. Keep work areas clean as the day progresses. Don't allow debris to be strewn about work areas or to collect on floor or in excavations or basements. 30. Reinforcement rods : Exposed, vertical reinforcement rods and similar protuberances must be shielded with large enough covers to prevent employees or visitors who may accidently fall on to them from impaling or injuring themselves.

31. Don't stack material at access areas and passageways. Also don't stack material such as bricks on dangerous higher places. 32. All tools and tackles, before using must be checked. If any defect inform it to relevant in charge, any way all using lifting tackles must be certified by mechanical Engineer. 33. All tools and tackle shall be tested and have a Identification number, safe working load and date of next test marked on them. 34. A tools and tackles inspection register must be maintained and update regularly. 35. All site vehicles must have reverse horn. (Ex. Earth moving vehicles and equipment) 36. Adequate numbers of firefighting equipment must be at work site, further workers to be given training how to use firefighting equipment. 37. When found unsafe conditions, unsafe act it should be informed to safety coordinator then relevant in charges must attend to correct such incidents immediately.

38. Ladders should be placed and set firmly to avoid slipping. Also fixed ladders should have standard protection cage to avoid fell down, while climbing up or down. 39. Special safety method should be arrange while lifting up 1 down drums which fill with fuel or oil. 40. When doing welding work, welding clamp should be used. Also proper earthing should be done and return cable should be used for earthing. 41. All pressure gauge used in gas cutting apparatus shall be in good working conditions. 42. Eye washing facilities to be provided at site, specially if use chemicals above facilities is
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very important. 43. For hose connection, connectors or hose clamp must be used. 44. At relevant places, warning boards or caution notice should be displayed. 45. For all cranes competent signalmen should be employed for signaling. 46. When tapping power line, junction box must be used, don't cut in between of the power line for tapping. 47. All lifting tools and tackles shall be stored properly when not in use.

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JOB SITE AUDIT

Planned observation and reporting properly should be executed to avoid risk behaviors and such condition basically in job site safety and audits. Since preparing safety audit form relevant to each site condition is very important. In addition to that all members of the company including management to be trained for such activities. Further it is very important to implement the safety program of the company except that come to conclusion of the additional safety system.

Company is going to arrange effective auditing at work site following mentioned guide lines. (a) Giving good knowledge about theory and purpose of auditing to the participant of job site
safety audit.

(b) Instructing to crew leaders ,supervisor, safety representatives and workers doing the audit
should whenever possible recruit a follow employee to help with the observing.

(c) Instructing to auditors need to just observe and talk about safety during the audit or the
benefits and effectiveness will be audited.

(d) Instructing to auditors must prepare for an audit by making sure they know the correct and
safe procedure for which ever operations are going to be observed at times this may reviewing a piece of equipments operating instructions, safe job analysis , or construction method or technique.

(e) Instructing to auditors should look for positions and actions of employees instead of just
conditioned.

(f) Instructing to auditors that unsafe behavior or conditions that could lead to an injury should
be addressed immediately or physically identified / barricaded / stopped. Allowed unsafe situation to continue with auditing which is to identify and correct unsafe behavior and do highlight and reinforce safe behavior though out the work site.
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(g) Instructing to auditors to write down the audit , when finish with the observations a written
record is important to ensure that meaningful information is not forgotten or lost. This will enable corrective action to be planned and completed and allow trends.(safe and otherwise) to be identified.

Activities to audit
Due to unsafe behaviors 85% of accidental injuries occur. Since safety audits to be done during the period of site activities in operation. During this period to be considered employees, subcontractors, typical and untypical activities.

EX:1. Pouring concrete or laying asphalt. 2. Carpentry works. 3. Welding, burning, grinding or other hot jobs. 4. Laying concrete and concrete blocks. 5. Plastering walls. 6. Higher place work \ Ladder use. 7. Lifting and carrying task. 8. Painting walls and ceiling. 9. Hand and power tool usage 10. Delivery and unloading of building material. 11. Mobile equipment operating. In auditing procedure, it is available first review safe job analysis for task or activity and based on that do the auditing. At least following four categories of behavior conditions should be observed in safety audit. (a). (b). (c). (d). Personal protective equipment. Tools arid other equipment. Procedures. Housekeeping.

(a).

Personal Protective Equipment ( PPE )

(a). Check proper PPE is worn or not.

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(b).

Check PPE is worn properly or not.

(b). Tools and Equipment

(a).
(b).

Are the tools adequate for the job ? Are the tools used properly? Could the safety of a particular job improve if different tools were used ? Is equipment being operated with safety guards in place? Is it being maintained in safe condition are ladders free from object? Did mobile equipment operators do. Safety check on their machine before starting works.

(c). (d). (e). (f ).

(c). Procedures
(a). (b). (c). (d). (e). Have the people doing the activity been properly trained. Is equipment locked out and brought to a state of zero energy before being worked on. Do procedures exit for the tasks and does everyone know and use them. Are employees working in safe positions or are they controlling their bodies reaching too far, standing between or beneath objects that could or shift or fall. The reaction to "auditor" question refers to behavior that auditors sometime come across when observing work crews including, adjusting, personal protective equipment (dropping glasses down in to position from a fore head) Changing from unsafe position to a safe stance or stopping some other unsafe

(d). House keeping

(a). (b). (c). (d). Are material and tools kept in an orderly fashion ?, are tools lying around or are they kept in holders or boxes when hot in use, are extensions cords causing tripping. Are spills cleaned up immediately ? Is trash disposed of in a safe manner. Is waste accumulating throughout the work site.

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WORK SAFETY AUDIT FORM

Auditors: __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Job / Tasks Inspected: ________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ Date: _____________ TYPE OF OBSERVATIONS
Personal Protective equipments: -- Eyes and Face -- Ears -- Head -- Hands and Arms -- Feet and legs -- Respiratory Protections-- Operated Safety -- Fall Protection Tools and Equipments: -- Right for Job? -- Used Correctly? -- In safe condition? -- Warning sign? -- Mobile Equipments

Procedures:Housekeeping: -- Safe Procedures Known? -- Safe Procedures may be written down? -- Safe procedures Being Followed? -- Body Positioning Ok -- Reaction to auditors? -- Slipping/Tripping Hazard Removed? -- Tools and Materials Kept Orderly? -- Waste Properly Disposed off?

Safety Observations ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________

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_____________ Followed Up Required : _____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

WORK SAFETY AUDIT FORM

Auditors: __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Job / Tasks Inspected: ________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ Date: _____________ TYPE OF OBSERVATIONS
Personal Protective equipments: -- Eyes and Face -- Ears -- Head -- Hands and Arms -- Feet and legs -- Respiratory Protections -- Fall Protection Tools and Equipments: -- Right for Job? -- Used Correctly? -- In safe condition? -- Warning sign? -- Mobile Equipments -- Operated Safety

Procedures:Housekeeping: -- Safe Procedures Known? -- Safe Procedures may be written down? -- Safe procedures Being Followed? -- Body Positioning Ok -- Reaction to auditors? -- Slipping/Tripping Hazard Removed? -- Tools and Materials Kept Orderly? -- Waste Properly Disposed off?

Safety Observations ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________

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_____________ Followed Up Required : _____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

INCIDENT INVESTIGATION
The reason for conducting investigation is to learn. (a). What happened. (b). Why it happened. So that solutions can be arrived at that will prevent such an incident from happening again. Also, the main goals should be to find factual and objective data, to accurately determine the incident's causes and to develop and map out appropriate solutions for preventing further incidents. On a more fundamental level, incident investigations can be used to help evaluate the effectiveness of the company's overall safety management program and to reveal where additional effects are needed for improvement. In short, all safety incidents should be investigated. (1). Near misses. (2). First - aid incidents (3). No - lost - time recordable injuries and illness. (4). Lost time recordable injuries and illness. (5). Motor vehicle accidents, and of course fatalities. (6). Property damage.

Who should Conduct Incident Investigation

Ideally, an investigation should be conducted by the injured employee's supervisor. But if the crew has a looser organization and there is no direct foreman or supervisor on the site, then crew leader or ranking individual should start the process.

What are Serious Incidents

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) . . . . . . . . . Fatalities. Serious neurological and / or spinal damage. Loss of consciousness. Amputation of a limb or digit. Loss of impairment (weaken \ damage) to vision. Second or third - degree burns over 25 percent or more of the body. Medical treatment or hospitalization of three or more employees. Motor vehicle incidents. More or one recordable injury or illness from the same incident.

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Investigations
Learning the 10 steps to a thorough investigation will acquaint us with the basic incident investigation process. These key steps are, (1). Preparing to conduct investigations. (2). Training the employees who will investigate. (3). Gathering incident - related facts. (4). Analyzing the facts. (5). Developing conclusions. (6).Writing the investigation report. (7). Recommending immediate and long - term corrective actions. (8). Communicating what's in the report. (9). Initiating corrective actions. (10).Following up on recommendations.

Preparing to Conduct Investigation

Arrangement for investigating all categories of safety incidents, from near misses to lost Workday cases should be planned for in advance. Reacting to an emergency with no idea of what to leaves everything up to chance, and the situation will not likely go as well as it could. Also it is necessary to plan to ensure the availability of first and procedure and emergency services.

Training the employees who will investigate

In addition to learning how to investigate incidents and how to use the related incident report forms, everyone who may be called to a worksite incident after math should also receive scene - safe training. Scene - safe training relates to the necessary precautions to take and hazards to look for when responding to accident situations. As part of their training, employees should learn how various pieces of equipment including cameras, measuring tapes, and sketchbooks can be used to help document incidents.

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Gathering incident - related facts

(1).The gathering of facts should begin as soon as possible after the incident occurs. (2).Accurate incident investigation begins as soon after the incident time as possible, when witnesses are nearby, memories are still fresh. (3).Seek pertinent details about, what, why who, when and how the incident occurred. If possible, take photos or make sketch of what happened. (4).Note anything that might have had a bearing on the incident such as tools or materials involved, environmental conditions such as rain, high temperatures, low lighting levels or even distracting noise. (5). Do you need a drill motor's operating manual? or a roofing chemical's material safety data sheet An electric box wiring diagram ? Although gathering this kind of information may seem like over kill while it's being collected, it may come in handy later especially if a serious injury or illness develop from a seemingly minor condition and litigation eventually comes in to the picture.

Analyzing the facts

After all available fact have been assembled, it is important to begin to review them having good judgment. Before coming to conclusion further inquire. (1).What about the witnesses? (2). Are they saying the same things? (3).Isthere any conflicting information? (4).Do the fact support the incident results? (5). Are there any reason to doubt what the witnesses have reported? (6). Have the witnesses given facts or openings? (7). Have all the facts.(even those that may have been discovered at a later time ) be written down and attached to the main incident report.

Writing the investigation report

It will be able to obtain investigation report from local insurance company or you can copy one in this safety manual.

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Having pre-printed forms will ensure that all of the important details are covered during an incident investigation.

Recommending immediate and long term corrective action

This is one of the m s t important parts of the report. It looks towards to the future instead of just documenting the past. Immediate corrective actions are usually taken before the written report is completed and include such measures as tagging out a defective tool, barricading a physical hazard. Corrective action plan should note the individuals responsible for completing the corrective actions along with specific target dates for each recommendation. The sample corrective action follow up form should be filled in an active incident - report file, and tracked until all of its corrective actions have been completed. The incident investigation must ensure that every cause identified in the report is addressed by a corrective action. Each recommendation should cover just one item spelling out precisely what should be done to correct the situation a report may present a list of several recommendation, each separately stated, along with specific required actions.

Communicating what's in the report

After making sure that the report is as complete and accurate as possible, share any relevant information with all employees whose job could be affected by the incidents circumstances. Use information from the incident investigation to help train new employees and as refresher training for long term employees. Major inquiries involving non-company personnel should be reported to relevant insurance and legal representative as soon as possible.

Correcting the situation

(1). The report can be effectively prepared and appropriate corrective action to be

mapped out. (2). An accountability system has to be established.

Following up on recommendation
It is important to follow up. It is good idea to maintain a tickler file and ensure that recommendations are completed by specific target dates. Be certain to document any corrective actions that are taken. Refer to the corrective action follow up form until everyactionitem has been completed.

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INCIDENT INVESTIGATION REPORT

CASE NO._________

BASIC CASE INFORMATION Incident Date _________________________________ Diagnosis Date ___________ Time ofIncident ________________________________________________________ Location ______________________________________________________________ Task employee was performing at time or incident _____________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Employee's Date of Hire __________________________________________________ Investigation participants__________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Date and time the investigation began _______________________________________ Employee's occupation at time of incident_____________________________________ Employee's supervisor at time of incident_____________________________________

MEDICAL INFORMATION
Specific Treatment Provided_______________________________________________ Treatment Date_____________________________ Treatment Time_______________ Prescription Medicine Dispensed___________________________________________ Initial Treatment Given by_________________________________________________ Health - Care Professional Name and Address_________________________________

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Health - Care Facility Name and Address_____________________________________ Health - Care Facility Phone Number________________________________________

WORKSITE INJURY / ILLNESS REPORT

Name of injured ________________________________________________________________ Social Security Number__________________________________________________________ Incident Date________________________________________ Incident Time_______________ Injured Employees Occupation ____________________________________________________ Describe Injury / Body part(s) Affected______________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Describe How the incident occurred & What Employee was Doing ________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Equipment/ Tool/ Material / Machine Involved _______________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Immediate Corrective Action to Prevent Repeat of Incident______________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Witnesses: Name_______________ Address_________________________________Phone # ___________ Name_______________ Address_________________________________Phone # ___________ Subcontractor Involved? ____________Name & Address_______________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Sub. Employee Name_____________ Address_______________________Phone#___________ Sub. Employee Name_____________ Address_______________________Phone#___________ Prepared by______________________Title____________________ Date__________________
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Approved by_______________________title____________________ Date_________________

INCIDENT DESCRIPTION
Write a detailed narrative of what happened. Include all relevant facts dealing with individual involved,exact locations, tools, equipments, materials ,processes, Procedures and Personal protective devices. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________

INCIDENT CAUSES(S)
Why did this incident occur? Identify the immediate and basic causes(s) which led to this incident __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

CORRECTIVE ACTION Corrective Action(s) Person responsible Date Complete

__________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________

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WITNESS INTERVIEW FORM

Incident Date___________________________________________________________

Name(s) of Injured Persons __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________

Date and Time of Interview ________________________________________________

WITNESS INFORMATION: Witness Name_____________________________________________ Witnesss Number__________________________________________ Witness Address___________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Witness Phone Number_____________________________________ Witness Employee Name ,Address and Phone Number __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________ __________

SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________

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CORRECTIVE ACTION FOLLOW - UP FORM

Name of Injured______________________Incident Date___________ Brief Incident Description ____________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Investigation Findings __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________

Corrective Action(s)

Individual responsible

Date Completed

__________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________ Comments

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__________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE]

Personal protective equipment has limits. It is effective of reducing risk, but it should never be used in the place of safe procedures. A pair of gloves or safety glass, for example ; should never be the only control measure between an employee and an observed risk. They are really a last resort, a last line of defence - something to guard your eyes or hands if something goes wrong.

Head Protection : (A). The main purpose of protective helmets or hard hat is to minimize the rate and level at (B). A second purpose of helmets is to partially protect the head, face and neck from electrical current and from other environmental hazard such as sun - rays snow, wind and extreme temperatures (C). There are two basic types of hard hats. Type - I and Type - II Type - I hard hats have a full brim not less than 1 % inch wide around the entire helmet. Type - I1 hard hats include helmets without brim (Lips) but having a bill or peak in the front to help to protect the eyes and face. There are four classes of Helmets.

Class A :- For general service and protection against impact hazard some defence agains Low voltage electrical current.

Class - B :- For general service and protection against impact hazards plan some defence against
High - voltage electrical current.

Class C :- Some impact protection, but No - voltage protection usually made of aluminium. Class D :- Impact protection, fire resistant and will not conduct electricity. Made chiefly for
fire - fighters.

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Note :- Insist that employees, sub - contractors and visitors present during pre - completion stage or
on site construction activities wear Type - I or Type - 11, Class - A or Class - B helmets.

FACE AND EYE PROTECTION

Most severe worksite optical injuries are caused by foreign bodies entering the eyes bits or pieces of metal, wood, plastic, stones masonry or whatever material is being worked with. Since select and provide suitable eye and face protection for employees working with or near striking tools, grinding or abrasive tools, burning or welding tools, dust or air borne particulates, chemicals and all other equipment, materials and method that pose eye hazards. There are many different kinds and models of face and eye protection. Some of the more common ones include safety glasses with side shields, goggles and face shields. Goggles

3 4

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5
1. GOGGLES, Flexible Fitting - Regular Ventilation
2. GOGGLES, Flexible Fitting - Hooded Ventilation 3. GOGGLES, Cushioned Fitting - Rigid Body
4. SPECTACLES,

Metal Frame - with Sideshields 5. SPECTACLES, Plastic Frame - with Sideshields 6. WELDING GOGGLES, Converse Type - Tinted Lenses 7. WELDING HELMETS

9
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OPERATION
Acetylene Burning Acetylene - Cutting Acetylene - Welding Chemical Handling Chipping Electric (arc) welding

HAZARDS
HAZARDS Sparks, harmful rays, molten metal, flying particles

RECOMMENDED PROTECTORS
7, 8, 9

Splash, acid bums, fumes Flying particles Sparks, intense rays, molten metal Glare, heat, molten metal Flying particles Flying particles Chemical splash, glass breakage Flying particles Heat, glare, sparks, splash

2, 10 (For sever exposure add 10 over 2)

1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7A, 8A
9, 11, ( 11 in combination with 4, 5, 6, in tinted lenses advisable )

Furnace Operations Grinding - Light Grinding - Heavy Laboratory Machining Molten metals

7, 8, 9 ( For severe exposure add 10 ) 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10

1, 3,7A, 8A ( For severe exposure add 10)

2 ( 10 When in combination with 4 , 5 , 6
)

1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10 7, 8, ( 10 in combination with 4, 5 , 6, in tinted lenses ) 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10

Spot welding

Flying particles, sparks

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HEARING PROTECTION
Sound :Sound is any pressure variation in air, water or other substances that the human ear can detect. It is measured in decibels (dBA) for loudness and in hertz (Hz) for frequency. Not all sounds are detectable by human ear. Ultrasound is an extremely high frequency sound (like a dog whistle), and infrasound sound is sound at an extremely low frequency, commonly referred to as vibration. When employees are subject to sound levels exceeding those table levels, feasible administrative or engineering controls shall be used. If such controls fail to reduce sound levels within the levels of the table, personal protective equipment is required. Duration per Day, Hours
8 6 4 3 2 1 1/2 1 1/2 or less

Sound Level dBA Slow Response

90 92 95 97 100 102 105 110 115

Important Hints:
-

(1). Train employees on the dangers of excessive noise exposure on the worksite.

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(2). Conduct a noise survey on worksite task having the loudest noise levels. Test sound levels inside mobile equipment cabs and near all loud activities including with and near compressors, engines, and other power tools and equipment.
(3). Provide comfortable noise - reduction personal protective devices such as earmuffs, earplug, and

canal caps. Train employees on the protective equipments capabilities, limitation use and care. (4). Wherever and whenever appropriate, enforce the use of hearing protection throughout the worksite.
(5). Supervisors and other members of Management must abide by hearing protection rules while working at or visiting the site. There are three main types hearing protection
(1). Earmuffs (2). Ear plug

(3). Canal caps

Again, hearing protection devices cannot just be handed out to employees without any instruction on how to use them. Training must accompany the issuance of protection. Employees should inspect the devices frequently for signs of hardening, shrinking or fracturing and replace them as necessary.

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HAND PROTECTION (HANDS - OUR MOST IMPORTANT TOOLS]

Important Hints:
(1). Most hand injuries result from boredom (tire some) lack of attention and work site distractions. ( Mental confusion or distress) (2). Identify hand hazards at worksite, then train employees on hazard recognition and prevention. (3). Appropriate, well fitted gloves should be worn by employees, whenever possible while facing point of contact hazard (4). Employees should know how to select, wear, inspect and maintain their gloves. (5). Because so many types, styles, and models of gloves are available, it's best to consult with safety distributor who has extensive knowledge in glove applications and selections, and order all company gloves through that individual. Normally personal protective equipment for the hands, is gloves.

Glove type : -

Normally gloves made of canvas, leather, rubber, cloth and numerous modern man - made materials with textured. Palms and fingers for better grabbing power no particular pair of gloves can protect against every possible hand hazard.

Selecting the right gloves: Consider the physical hazards to be encountered determine what risks are most likely to be present in the workers task. Cuts, abrasions, punctures, temperature, chemicals, or others. Then select glove types
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accordingly for example. (1) Abrasion - resistant gloves should be worn when handling rough materials such as masonry blocks, rough plywood and lumber and steel cable. When wrists and arms are exposed to the same materials having abrasion or puncture risk abrasion resistant are protection should also be used such as gauntlets or sleeves. (2) Electricians should wear approved gloves when working on or near exposed Energized electrical parts. Gloves must be inspected and tested at intervals specified by the manufacture. Required voltage ratings of the gloves should be determined depending on the voltage of potential hazard. Written electrical safe work practices designate which task require gloves providing electrical protection. Protective over gloves should be worn to preserve the integrity of the rubber gloves.

(3) Chemical - protective gloves should be worn when handling hazardous chemicals and corrosives, depending on the substance handled and the manufacture's recommendations. (4) Welder's gloves should be worn while welding or burning to protect against heat, Sparks rough objects, and flash burns. (5) Latex or nitrile gloves should be available for individuals trained for emergency response and First - Aid where there is a potential for exposure or blood borne pathogens.

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BODY AND FOOT PROTECTION

General guidelines
(1). Employees should wear close fitting or medium - fitting jeans or durable trousers. (2). Recommend long - sleeved work shirts, accept shirts having nothing less than four inch sleeves. (3). Company supervisors should set a good example by what they wear at the work site. (4). Safety work shoes or boots are a must. (5). Safety footwear having worn soles and uppers must be discarded and replaced. (6).Improperly laced shoes and boots have caused more falls and injuries than construction. employees care to admit. Insist that employees maintain their laces at all times (7). Prohibit the wearing of light duty home - use waterproof boots that are worn over socks. Require water proof boots possessing similar characteristics to safety shoes or boots or light weight pull over boots that are worn over regular safety foot wear.

Work Clothing
Some individuals tend to dismiss clothes as not really being part of employees personal protective equipment. That's mistake, First of all, bare skin is not very durable. Somebody think that working in hot weather, tanning exposure from the sun while considered a handsome asset. But as dermatologist opinion it is definitely not healthy over the long term.

Foot and Leg Protection Considerations

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(1). (2). (3).

Legging protect the legs and feet from welding sparks. Protective leggings should be worn by employees operating a chain saw. Plastic or composite knee pads make kneeling tasks a lot safer and more comfortable for the knees caps.

(4). Heat resistant safety shoes are available to protect roofers, pavers, and other workers exposed to hot temperatures. Safety shoes should be sturdy and have impact - resistant toes. Many come with metal insoles and other guards to better protect against puncture wounds.\ (5). Six and eight inch boots are preferred over the lower models because they will provide Support and protection past the ankles. (6). All employees work longer hours and as they get older shoe comfort becomes an increasingly important factor in reducing fatigue. (7). What about the footwear of visitors, non-workers and others who may access the work site? Generally the hazards they'll encounter, should not be as risky as those faced by company's employees, as long as visitors and other non employees stay out of active heavy work areas. But open - toed, medium or high - heeled shoes or sandals must not be allowed on the worksite. Be careful that employees, when faced with wet and muddy conditions, don't elect to wear inexpensive waterproof boots design for home use. Watch the &laces n safety foot - wear. Some laces attach near the top on metal eyelets that eventually bend so the laces will come loose and flop around.

(8).

(9).

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FALL PROTECTION
Falls consistently cause a proportionally high number of serious injuries and deaths in the Construction industry, year after year. What can be done to protect the company employees?

General Guide lines.

(1) . Set a goal of 100 percent fall protection for the employees, using personal protective equipment and safe work practices and procedures.
(2).

Install guardrails around open floors, walls, and platforms, wherever else falls are possible. The top rails must be sturdy (strongly built) enough to withstand a 200 - pound load.

(3). Train workers in safe work practices before allowing them to work on foundation walls,

roofs, trusses, and exterior wall and floor erections and installations.
(4).

Whenever possible, employ fall protection system like slide guards and roof anchors and alternative work practices when a guardrail system cannot be used. Train all employees to recognize fall hazards, and support the training of competent persons in your crews. Who will be able to set up and maintain effective fall - protection system.

(5).

(6). Through local trade associations and regulatory agencies understand and abide by or exceed current minimum fall - protection regulations.

Where fall hazards exist

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There are plenty of places in the typical construction worksite from which employees can fall. Some of these hazards include. (a). Unprotected leading edges of floors, roofs, and building components under construction. (b). Edges of trenches and Excavations. (c). Roof of all pitches. (d). Finished and unfinished skylights. (e). Stairways, ladders, Scaffolds and other work platforms. (f). Wall openings.

Fall Protection Equipment

There are lot of fall - protection systems and safety equipment on the market with more being developed all the time. Here are some kinds of equipment currently available.

Full body harness :

There are numerous reason to use full body harness (see Fig - 1) instead of belts for personal fall protection. When a fall occurs, belt deliver a vicious Jerk and severe impact to a person's midsection. Which has had disastrous effect to many workers. A full body harness, however will suspend a person in sitting position where the buttock will absorb most of the load.

( Fig - 1 )

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Shock - absorbing lanyards.

Shock - absorbing lanyards are fall protection devices whose jobs begins once a fall occurs. (See fig - 2). They are attached at both ends - one end to a full body harness that someone is wearing and other end to a sturdy anchor point.(fig-2)

Self - retracting life lines.

Self - retracting lifelines are fall - arrest devices using self - retracting cables. They combine locking mechanism with - energy dissipating (disperse) components that allow almost immediate - yet smooth.- fall arrest. Self - retracting lifelines are typically anchored to a point above the back attachment D - ring of full body harness. They're designed for use on jobs on vertical, horizontal or inclined planes. Self - retracting life line involve components that are not able to be fully inspected by the users, the unit should be inspected by the manufacture at least once per year under normal operating conditions. They're easy to maintain but certain precaution must be taken to ensure safety of operation. (1) Lifelines must be inspected before each use. The user should pull out the entire length of cable to check for damage and should pull sharply on the cable several times in order to verify that the breaking mechanism is working properly. (2). The system, must only be used by workers who have been trained by a competent person in its operation and maintenance. (3). To limit the possibility of a swing or pendulum (body suspended so as to be free to swing) the system must be anchored as close as possible to the user's head. (4). Self - retracting life line must not be used with a body belt of any type. They must be attached to the back D - ring of a full body harness for maximum safety.
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(5). When the system is not in use, the cable should be fully rewound into the housing. It should always be rewound slowly. Never let it rewind freely even for a short distance. (6). If an impact load is generated against the unit, it should be taken out of service immediately and sent back to the manufacture for inspection and rectification. (7). Positioning lanyards are generally construct of stretch - resistant three to six foot length that help a person with positioning only. They will prevent someone from getting too close to an edge or other hazard. They are available with a variety of anchorage hooks.

Snap hooks
Snap hook (see fig - 3) can be used as anchoring connectors on positioning devices and on shock absorbing lanyards. They often contain double locking mechanisms to ensure against roll out or other forms of accidental opening. As with all fall - protection devices, snap hooks should be inspected before each use. (1). Determine if the hook gate can be opened without depressing the lock mechanism. Is it can, discard the hook immediately. (2). Check the integrity (soundness) of the spring mechanism. If a reasonable amount of force is not needed to open the gate, or if the gate does not snap back in to place, the spring may be worn or damaged. If so discard the hook immediately. (3). Check for visible sign of damage or wear, if the hook is cracked or otherwise damaged or has been subject to a service impact load, discard the hook immediately. (4). Bear in mind that if the hook has been subject to a load, the device to which it is attached may need to discard as well, depending on the device.

Recommendation for using Fall- Protection Equipment

(1). Determine and evaluate fall risks on the job site. (2). Define an appropriate fall - arrest system for the job to be performed and provide an appropriate plan for rescue. (3). Preferably select all system components from the same manufacture. (4). Ensure that the equipment selected is in compliance with the laws and standard currently in force.
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(5). Check the conditions of use of the system by reading and complying with the instructions supplied with the components. (Fig - 3)

(6).

Provide the user with initial and continuous training necessary for handling, using, maintaining and storing the equipment entrusted to him or her. Select reliable anchorage points located as close as possible to the user, and is possible above the user's head, having a minimum static strength at failure of at least 5,000 pounds. Carefully check each of the system components before each use. Avoid the user's working alone.

(7).

(8). (9).

(10). Store the equipment under conditions that will not alter the system's components. (11). Prevent any modification of a system component without prior agreement from the manufacture. (12). Report any defect, anomaly (irregularity) wear, or fall that might effect a system component. (13). Immediately remove from service any component that has been subjected to an impact load.

Fall - Proofing floor and wall openings

(1). Install guardrails around open floors and walls where the fall distance to the next level is six feet or greater. The top rails must be able to with stand a 200 - pound load.

(2). Construct guardrails with a top rail at 42 inches of height, with a mid rail about half that high. (21 - Inch) (3). Install toe boards when other employees are working below the work area.

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(4).

Cover floor openings larger than two inches square with material that can safely support The working load.

Alternatives to constructing guard rails.

(1). Use other fall - protection systems like slide guards or roof anchors, or alternative safe work practices when guard rail system cannot be used. Wear proper shoes or footwear to lessen slipping hazards. Train workers on safe work practices before performing work on foundation walls, roofs, trusses and where performing exterior wall erections and floor installations. An example of a safe work practice is to have employees wrap their feet and legs around the webs of trusses to lessen the possibility of a fall.

(2). (3).

Working on Roofs.
(1). Check the slipping hazard before getting on to roof surfaces. Slimy algae like moss or similar growths can also create dangerous slipping hazard. Cover and secure all sky lights and openings, pr install guard rails to keep workers from falling through the openings. When roof pitch is over 4 : 12 and up to 6 : 12 install slide guards along the roof eave after the first three rows of roofing material installed. Use fall protection equipment where steep roofs or high ground to eave distances are involved. When storms, lightning, hail, high winds or other severs weather conditions create unsafe conditions, roof must be off - limits to employees.

(2).

(3).

(4).

(5).

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RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
When deals with hazardous materials or concentrations of materials that are harmful to life and health, need to have those hazards professionally evaluated by competent individuals, and also need respiratory plan suitable for the work site.

Important Hints
(1). Respiratory protective devices shall be appropriate for the hazardous material involved and the extent and nature of the work requirements and conditions. (2). Employees required to use respiratory protective devices shall be thoroughly trained in their use. (3). Respiratory protective equipment shall be inspected regularly and maintained in good condition. (4). Work closely with your local physician to make sure each respirator wearer is physically sound. (5). Use only certified respirators where applicable. (6). Clean and disinfect respirators regularly Respirators used by more than one worker shall be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected after Naturally, it is necessary to do careful consideration to whatever respiratory hazards are present or created at the worksite before respirators are selected for employee use. Dust : Solid particles in varying sizes, generally produced by grinding, drilling or blasting operations.
: Solid metal particles of extremely small size. (Generally less than one micrometer in diameter produced by welding and smelting operations). : Formed from atomized liquid with varying particle size, produced by spraying, plating, cleaning and mixing operations. : Like air, gases can spread freely throughout an area, sometimes displacing

Fumes Mists Gases

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oxygen.

Vapors

: Gaseous states of liquid formed at room temperature by evaporation solvents are one example.

TYPES OF RESPIRATOR
(a). Air - purifying respirators : - air - purifying respirators are used only in environment that contain enough oxygen to sustain life, or at least 19.5 % oxygen.They use special filters, and cartridges that remove specific particulates, vapors, and gases from the air. (b). Supplied - air respirators :- These respirators are used in toxic environments, or in environments that are immediately dangerous to life and health. As long as they are equipped with an air cylinder for emergency escape.They provide a supply of air, for extended periods of time, through a high-pressure hose that is connected to an external source of air such as a compressor, compressed air cylinder or portable breathing pump (c). Self- contained breathing apparatus. (SCBA) :- Similar to the SCBA, concept, but designed for use on land instead of under water. SCBA s provide the highest level of respiratory protection available. They protect workers in oxygen deficient atmospheres, in poorly ventilated or confined spaces, and in atmospheres that are immediately dangerous to life and health.

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ERGONOMICS (STUDY OF EFFICIENCY OF PERSONS IN THEIR WORKING ENVIRONMENT)

Ergonomics is considerably more than a set of laws (laws of work) or principles. The application of ergonomics can mean much more than just preventing injuries and illness; an effective ergonomic program can improve productivity and quality, reduce waste, and make individual task physically less demanding. The building blocks of ergonomics include.
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) n) o) p) q) r) s) Lifting training Strength capabilities Hand-Grip techniques Personal protective equipment Specialized tools Duration of tasks Frequency of tasks Posture Body positioning Repetitive motions Body Mechanics Working surfaces Job complexity Equipment Controls Environmental temperature Environmental lighting Vibration Environmental noise Employee involvement

One goal of any effective ergonomic program is to identify which of the above mentioned factors may affect employee abilities or limitations to a point where the chance or error or injury becomes greater than it should be much of the end result of any such program will depend upon employee involvement . A typical ergonomics evaluation starts by identifying risk, .by reviewing past injuries. Then jobs or tasks where employees have received injuries related to possible ergonomic, deficiencies will take priority for analysis. The evaluation process involves, observing the job and measuring or analyzing such elements as weight, distance, exertion time body position, and data from additional job factors. Critical to this
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information is input from the employees performing the work. Once solutions have been decided upon and implemented, follow up needs to be done to confirm their effectiveness. Not all solutions will be successful, so modification may have to be considered after a trial period.

Here's a basic ergonomics model can use, when analyzing jobs or tasks at your work sites.

Step-1 Identify Problem Jobs or Tasks

Identifying problem jobs or tasks requires a complete incident analysis . Use the company's investigation backlog to screen incident report to prioritize jobs for analysis, assigning the highest priorities to the jobs or tasks causing the highest frequency of injuries.

Step-2 Complete an ergonomic Job analysis

If videotaping the task will make studying the activities involved easier, do for identify risk factors influencing the task provide specific measurement of risk factors frequencies, recovery times, weights, distance and similar factors, identify body parts affected by the risk factors.

Step-3 Identify Possible solutions

a) b) c) d) Reduce, force requirement of the task Reduce the frequency of the task Reduce the duration of the task Provide required recovery time.

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SCAFFOLDING
Scaffolding needs to be chosen and erected under the guidance of a trained competent use involves how the units are set up in the job.

Practice good housekeeping procedures

(a). Practice good housekeeping procedures on and near scaffolds. There precious little walk Way space on scaffolds, so keep those surfaces free of tools and debris. (b). When got to stage materials and tools on a scaffold, keep them away from the edge of the platform. (c). During wet weather, mud and slippery gobs of fresh mortar or concrete should be removed from the scaffolds as soon as possible. (d). Remember to remove belongings from the walkways before the scaffolds is moved or altered from below. (e). Avoid tossing or dropping items from the scaffolds. (f ) .Materials should be raised or lowered by a hoist or lift, with a tag - line, if the material could swing and strike the scaffold

General Conditions:(1). Provide ladders or stairs to get on to and off of scaffolds and work platforms safely. (2). Erect scaffolds on firm and level foundations. (3). Finished floors will normally provide a stable base and support a scaffolding load. (4). Scaffold leg must be placed on firm footing and secured from moving or tipping, especially on dirt or similar surfaces. (5). Erecting and dismantling scaffolds must be under the supervision of a competent person. (6). The competent person must inspect scaffolds before each use. (7). Don't use blocks, bricks or pieces of lumber to level or stabilize the footings. Manufactured base plates or mud sills made of hardwood or the equivalent can be used.

Planking:-

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(a). Fully plank or use manufactured decking to provide a full work platform on scaffolds. The platform decking and / or scaffold plank must be scaffold grade and not have any visible defects. (b). Extend planks or decking material at least 6 - inches over the edge, or cleat them to prevent movement. The work platform or planks must not extend more than 12 - inches beyond the end supports to prevent tipping when stepping or working. (c). Be sure that manufactured scaffold planks are the proper size and that the end hooks are attached to the scaffold frame.

Scaffold Guardrails
(1). Use a standard guard rail on scaffold plat - forms that are more than 10 feet above the Ground or floor surfaces. If guardrail are not practical, use other fall - protection devicessuch as safety harnesses and lanyards. (2). Place the top rail 42 - inches above the work platform or planking, with a mid-rail at half that height, at 21 - inches. (3).Install toe boards when other employees are working or accessing below the scaffold.

Scaffold design
Scaffolds must be designed by a qualified person and shall be constructed and used within those design specifications. Aqualified individual is one who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate or professional standing or who be extensive knowledge, training and experience, has successfully demonstrated his or her ability to solve or resolve problems related to the subject matter, the work or the project.

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LADDERS
There are too many important points regarding ladders and scaffoldings.

General ladder use

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) Inspect ladders before each use, and after they fall or when they are mishandled in any way. Are the steps secure and clean ? Is anything broker or loose. Are the side rails free of cracks and splinters. Do the locks secure the base and fly section of an extension ladder. Do the ropes for raising the fly section work properly. Immediately tag out, arrange to repair, or destroy and discard defective ladders. Positioning ladders correctly is important. Avoid using metal ladders near electrical equipment. Wood ladders can be coated with clear protectants, but they should not be painted. (The paint could cover up and prevent cracks or other defect from being seen). Allow only one person on a ladder at a time. Avoid carrying tools, materials, and other supplies up a ladder. Avoid using ladders as extra pieces of scaffolding their weight capacity isn't accurate in a horizontal position. Ladders should not be placed in front of door opening toward the ladder unless the door is locked, blocked or otherwise guarded. Keep manufactured and job - made ladders in good condition and free of defects. Use ladders only for what they were made, not as platforms, runways or scaffolding planking.

Straight or extension ladders (1).Realize that the proper ratio of vertical height to the ladder support point to the horizontal distance of an extension ladders feet away from the foundation is 4 to 1. that's also called the one quarter rule. This rule will result in a proper 75.5' ladder angle which affords optimum balance and stability.

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(2). An extension ladder must extend at least 3- feet past the roof line if it's user will be climbing on to the roof. (see fig - 01). Never stand any higher than the third step from the top on a straight or extension ladder. (3). Short ladders should never be spliced together to provide long sections. (4).If a ladder must be placed on uneven ground, a leveler should be used. (Rubber feet are available for use on concrete or other potentially slippery surfaces). (5). Before active use, an extension ladder should be tied off at the bottom, middle and top to prevent the ladder from moving or slipping. (6). Never try to move a ladder while somebody on it. (7). Never allow employees to climb too high on a ladder. That means not standing higher than the second, step from the top of a step ladder, or the third step from the top of an extension ladder. (8). When storing extension ladders, if hung horizontally they should be supported about every 6 feet. Be sure to avoid hanging and storing other items on or from a ladder. (9). Recommend that two employees carry straight or extension ladders.

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MOBILE EQUIPMENT
Normally various types of heavy equipment are available for earth moving, lifting of material and similar takes at a work site. Most of them require similar precautions and share comparable safe operating procedures.

Fundamentals of safe operation.

(1). Know the capacity and operating characteristics of the machine so that it can be kept under control at all times. (2). Preparation checklists should be completed before work begins. The best checklists usually come from the machine's operator's manual. (3).Never modify or remove any part of the machine except for servicing and make sure that those components are reinstalled and inspected before operation resumes. (4). Wear the seatbelt and other applicable operator safety restraints. (5). Keep others away from the operation - and that goes no matter how experienced the operator is. The working ends of heavy equipment are no places for hands, feet and heads of fellow employees on the ground to be near. (6).Look before backing up. (7).Carry the load as low as safely possible. Suggested personal protection for an operator includes a hard hat, safety shoes, safety glasses and side shields at a minimum, hearing protection, reflective clothing, wet - weather gear (Depending on the working condition and if the unit has a cab) and perhaps a respirator. The same goes for jewelry that can catch in moving parts. Make sure that the unit is supplied with a fire extinguisher and that a first - aid kit is nearby.

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Safe Operator
(a).The operator and ground helpers must understand all signs, flags and marking. They need to know what hand, flag, horn, whistle, siren or bell signals mean and they should discuss operator to ground helper / spotter communication before the job begins. (b). Does the operator know how to operate all of the equipment on the machine. Does he or she understand the purpose of all the controls, gauges and indicators. What about the rated load capacities, speed range, braking and steering characteristics turning radius and operating clearness.

Know the work area

As much as possible, learn the lay of the land before operating. (1). Keep in mind that rain, loose gravel or stone, soft ground and similar conditions can change with weather conditions. Which can affect the operating capabilities of a machine. Exercise caution when crossing ridges, side hills, logs, ditches, deep and loose gravel and similar impediments to smooth travel Never work a machine beneath over hangs, under energized power lines or where there is a danger of a stockpile, rock or earthen slide.

(2).

(3).

(4). When operating the machine inside a building, know what clearances you will encounter - Overhead, in doorways and in aisles plus the weight limitation of floors and ramps. (5). Plan the work knows where to make pickups lifts and turns. Before raising a full loaded bucket, know where to dump it, and always carry the load low. Check overhead, check the clearances of doorways, canopies and overheads. Know exactly how much clearance you, have under power and telephone cables. Never approach power lines with any part of the machine without permission from relevant authority state or provincial institutions. (6). Check underground for all digging, drilling and trenching operations. Know the location of underground cables gas lines and water and drain pipes.

Dump Trucks Safety guidelines include.

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(1).An operator waiting to get loaded by a frond - end loader, backhoe or excavator should remain in the cab. (2).Extremely important for drivers to use three point entries and exits from their vehicles. (3).Dumping a load of stone where it's wanted can often be complicated by over head electrical lines, phone lines, cable television lines and other utility installations. Remember that the bed of a tandem or triaxle dump truck can be raised lawfully high and make it a point to see that there's plenty of clearance before the dump occurs. (4).Keep window glass and rear view mirrors clean and frost free, because visibility is such a critical part to safe - dump truck operations.

General guidelines for working with or around mobile cranes include.

(1). Never allow individuals to work beneath a suspended load. (2).Use tag lines with suspended loads to help direct the placement of those loads. (3).Know the basic hand signals of crane operation. (4). Inspect all lifting slings, chokers, wire ropes, hooks, clamps and related attachments and other rigging before each use. All hook require safety latches. Damage slings and other rigging need to be destroyed or removed from the work site as soon as possible. (5). Edge pads or softeners must be used when lifting loads having sharp edges to prevent damage to the rigging and to get a firmer grip on the load. (6).Allow no employees to hitch rides on slings or other rigging attachments that are lifted off the grounds. (7).The areas within the crane's swing radius and the areas beneath the lifting action, must be barricaded to limit employee access and prevent accidental entry. (8).Safe clearances must be maintained between all parts of the crane plus its payload, and energized power lines and equipment. If there's not proper clearance, the power line have to be either moved or shut down by authorized personnel - usually employees of the local electrical utility. (9). Outriggers must be extended fully and set on firm ground or sturdily prepared pads or bases. The operating locations needs to be far enough away from shoring, excavations, trenches, foundations, underground utilities and any other area that could be affected by the weight and vibration action from the crane and its loads.
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(10).Rated load capacities must be legibly displayed with paint, decals or other conspicuous method. The load capacity never be exceed.

HAZARDOUS ENERGY CONTROL

There are numerous sources of energy depending on activities going on at the work sites. Many different energy sources and -their associated hazards can be present there

Energy Sources :
(1) Electrical (2) Mechanical Potential (energy that derive their power from gravity ; compression or other stored mechanical forces) (3)Hydraulic (4)Pneumatic (5) Chemical (6) Thermal (Heat that come from electrical combustion, chemical action, Mechanical friction or other sources. (7) Radiation (Radiation is energy consisting as alpha, beta, neutron, gamma and X - rays .)near the top of the list of dangerous work site energy sources is electricity. Consider the following pointers for preventing electrical fires. Carefully inspect electrical system, outlets and cords. Follow good housekeeping practices, keep potential fuel source away from electrical equipment. Perform maintenance on electrical equipment faithfully follow manufacturers recommendation for component replacements - Cleaning, filter changes and all repairs. Don't overload circuits and outlets Don't operate equipment that has greater energy demands than your electricalsystem is Engineered to supply

Personal Protective Equipment :The most effective way to safe guard employees is to make sure they are thoroughly trained to avoid accidental contact with electricity. They need to de- energize a system being worked on or to just stay away from live electrical parts. Is that isn't possible, the task must be performed by qualified
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electricians who are wearing personal protective gear and following established safety rules and procedures. None conductive personal protective equipment should be chosen by employees working with or around electricity. Leather gauntlet gloves can be worn over rubber insulated gloves.

None metal hard hats can offer protection whenever there's a potential of head coming in to accidentals contact with an energized source. Safety glasses with side shields should be worn when there's the possibility of spark and small particles flying through the air. Metal Jewelry such as watches, rings, chains, and earrings should be avoided when working around exposed energized parts. The metal items could cause serious burns to the skin.

Ground - Fault Interrupters (GFCIS)

Ground fault circuit interrupters shall be used with all construction tools and equipment.

Safe Electrical Work Practices.

(a) Prohibit work on new and existing electrical circuits until all power is shut off and a positive lock out / tag out system is in place. (b) Keep all electrical tools and equipment in safe condition and inspect them for defects. (c) Remove broken or damaged tools from work site.

(d) Protect all temporary power , including extension cords, with ground fault circuit interrupters. Plug in to GF CI- protected temporary power pole, a GFCI. Extension cord to protect against shocks. (e) Locate and identify overhead electrical power lines, Make sure that ladders, scaffolds, equipment, or materials never come with 10 feet of typical residential electrical power lines. (f) Equipment or circuits that are de- energized must be rendered inoperative and must have tags attached at all points where the equipment or circuits could be energized. (g) Flexible cords must be connected to devices and sittings so that strain relief is provided that will pervert pull from being directly transmitted to joints or terminal screws. (h) Worn or frayed electrical cords or cables must not be used. Extension cords must not be fastened with staples, hung from nails or suspended by wire.
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(i) In work areas where the exact location of underground electrical power unknown, employees using Jack hammers bars, or other hand tools that may contact the lines must be protected by insulating gloves, aprons or other protective clothing that will provide equivalent electrical protection.

Out- door electrical safety :

These and similar guidelines should be followed for outdoor electrical use. (a) Make sure out door electrical outlets a weatherproof and protected by ground fault circuit interrupters. (b) All outdoor lighting fixtures, extension cords, and other accessories must bedesign for out door use. Avoid using electric landscaping or other power tools during wet conditions. (d) Keep employees away from power lines, especially when they are working with ladders, dump trucks, gutters, antennas, or equipment that could come in contact with them. When employees must work with a ladder near power lines, they should useonly non conductive ladders made of fiberglass or wood. (e)Underground wires must be located before digging begins. Remember that hazardousprinciples are not solely for electrical equipment.Theprocedure applies to otherenergysources as well. Worksite examples of hazardous energy control include. (a) Unplugging a power saw before changing the blade. (b) Blocking up a backhoe front end while changing a wheel tyre. (c) Removing the ignition keys from construction equipment when the equipment is not in use. (d) Storing sheet materials such as ply wood flat. (e) Keeping excavation spoils piles away from trench edges. (f)Using toe boards on work plat forms and scaffolding. (g) Staging only the minimum amount of materials needed on scaffolds or other elevated areas. (h) Not parking mobile equipment on steep grades

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TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

Power tools cause numerous type of safety related incidents, including eye injuries, head injuries, fractures, cut and lacerations, contusions, and abrasions and strains and sprains. Hand tools because they seem for familiar and harmless to their users, also carry considerable risk when used improperly. Generators, compressors, welders, and similar pieces of equipment that are temporarily set up at the work site must receive similar precautions. Company is ultimately responsible for the safe condition of tools and equipment used by employees. Employees also have a responsibility, too, for using and maintaining tools properly.

Guide Lines:
1) Maintain good house keeping 2) Be aware of environmental hazards (avoid exposing power tools to rain / Don't use power tools in wet or damp environments) 3) Watch out for flammables 4) Protect against electric shocks 5) Keep visitors a safe distance away 6) Put idle tools away 7) Don't force a tool 8) Use the right tool for the job 9) Dresses for success 10) Use safety eye wear 11) Respect the power cord 12) Fasten down the work 13) Avoid over reaching or being out of position 14) Care for your tools 15) Unplug or disconnect tools when not using them 16) Remove adjusting keys and wrenches 17) Guard against unintentional starting 18) Outdoor use extension cords (When tool is used outdoors, use only extension cord designed foroutdoor use)
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19) Stay sharp (Don't operate power tool when you are tired).

Pneumatic or Air Tools

pneumatic tools are powered by compressed air, the include chippers, drills, hammers, and sanders. There are several dangers encountered in the use of pneumatic tools. The main one is the danger of getting hit by one of the tools attachments or, some kind of fastener the worker is using with the tool. Other considerations include: a) Pneumatic tools that shoot nails, reverts or, staples and operate at more than 100 pound per square inch much be equipped with a special deviceto keep fasteners from being affected unless the muzzle is pressed againstthe work surface. b) Eye protection is required and face protection is recommended foremployees working with pneumatic tools. c) Noise is another hazard working with noisy tools such as jack hammersrequire proper, effective use of ear protection. d) when using pneumatic tools, employees must check to ensure that thetool is fastened securely to the air hose by a positive means to prevent itfrom becoming accidentally disconnected. A short wire or positive lookingdevice attaching the air hose to the tool will serve as an added safe guard. Radiator type hose clamps should not be used to fasten hose ends to tool or air sources. e) In general the same precautions, that are recommended for electric cordsshould be taken with air hoses and air hose is subject to the same kindsof damage, accidental striking and tripping hazards. f )Compressed air must be at a pressure of less than 30 psi when used for cleaning. Compressed air at any strength must never be directed at a person.

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Electrical Tools
Employees using electric tools must be aware of several dangers; the most serious of these is the possibility of electrocution. Among the chief hazards of electric-powered tools are burns and slight shocks which can lead to injuries or even heart failure. Under certain conditions, even a small amount of current can result in fibrillation of the heart and eventual death. A shock can also cause the user to fall off a ladder or other elevated work surface. To protect the user from shock, tools much either have a three-wire cord with ground and be grounded, be double-insulated, or be powered by a low-voltage isolation transformer. Three-wire cords contain two current-carrying conductors and a grounding conductor. One end of the grounding conductor connects to the tools metal housing. The other end is grounded through a prong on the plug. Whenever an adapter is used to accommodate a two-hole receptacle, the adapter wire must be attached to the hewn ground . The third prong should never be removed from the plug. Double insulation is more convenient. The user and the tools are protected in two ways; by normal insulation on the wires inside, and by a housing that cannot conduct electricity to the operator in the event of a malfunction.

Electrical extension / Flexible cords

Flexible electrical cords shall be connected in such a manner so as to avoid the transmission of strain to joints, terminal screws, receptacles, and plugattachments.\ Electrical cords must not be fastened with staples or hung in a manner that could damage the jacket or insulation. Never wrap an extension cord around a fixed beam or other permanent structure for support . If cords aresuspended, use only nonconductive materials such as plastic ties to secure them. Ground-fault circuit interrupters must be used with all electrical extension cords. Electrical cord and plug connected equipment must be visually inspected before each for defects such as loose parts or damage to the jacket or insulation.Defective units must be removed from service immediately. Flexible extension cords connected to portable equipment must not be used for raising, lowering, supporting, or securing equipment; that is, the cord does not
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handle the load or weight of the load.Achain, cable, or rope must be used. Attachment plug and receptacles shall not be connected or altered in any manner which could prevent proper continuity of the equipment grounding conductor.

The employee's hands should not be wet when unplugging or pluggingextension cords, flexible cords, or plug-connected equipment. Electrical cords and equipment must be protected from high traffic areas and sharp edges. Extension cords that cross pedestrian walkways must be secured so as not to present a tripping hazards.
0:.

Employees must verify proper grounding and polarity of receptacles beforeusing them.

Powered Abrasive Wheel Tools

Powered abrasive grinding,cutting, polishing, and wire buffing wheels create special safety problems because they can throw off flying fragments. Before an abrasive wheel is mounted, it should be inspected closely and sound or ring-tested to be sure that it's free from cracks or defects. To test a wheel, tap it !gently with a light nonmetallic implement. If the wheel sounds cracked or dead, it could fly apart in operation and so must not be used. A sound, undamaged wheel will emit a clear metallic tone or "ring". To prevent the wheel from cracking, the user should be sure it fits freely on the spindle. The spindle nut must be tightened enough to hold the wheel in place, but not tight enough to distort the flange. Follow the manufacturer's recommendations. Due to the possibility of a wheel disintegrating or exploding during startup, the employee should never stand directly in front of the wheel as it accelerates to full operating speed. Portable grinding tools need to be equipped with safety guards to protect workers, not only from the moving wheel surface, but also from flying fragments in case of breakage. Always use eye protection with grinding tools Turn off power when not in use. Never clamp a hand-held -type grinder in a vise.

Jacks
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All jacks - lever and ratchet jacks, screw jacks, and hydraulic jacks-must have a device which stops them from jacking up too high. Also, the manufacture's load limit must be permanently marked in a prominent place on the jack and should not be exceeded. A jack should never be used to support a lifted load. Once the load has been lifted, it must immediately be blocked up. Use wooden blocking under the base if necessary to make the jack level and secure. If the lift surface is metal, place a one-inch-thick hardwood block (or equivalent) between it And the metal jack head to reduce the danger of slippage. To set up a jack, make sure that the base rests on a firm level surface, the jack is correctly centered , the jack head bears against a level surface, and the lift force is applied squarely. Proper maintenance of jacks is essential for safety. All jacks must be inspected before each use, and lubricated regularly. If a jack is subjected to an abnormal load or shock, it should be thoroughly examined to make sure it has not been damaged.

Hand Tools
Hand tools are simple to use. No doubt about that. And because they are, individuals are lulled into a false sense of security with them. Employees can become over - confident and try to expand a tools usefulness by attempting something the tool was not designed to accomplish, and often use the wrong tool for the job due to expediency. Using wrenches as hammers and hammers as striking tools for striking wrenches when working with stubborn nuts are typical examples. Because we assume that everyone knows how to use hand tools safely, little training is done and that translates into a general lack of awareness of users. Among the factors leading to hand-tool safety incidents are; Use of incorrect tools for work being done. This includes the use of "Cheap" or inexpensive tools that fail under normal worksite job conditions. Carelessness and improper procedures followed. Failure to keep tools in good condition and working order Improper storage Most hand-tool-related injuries can be avoided by paying attention to a few basic rules of hand-tool safety: Always protect the eyes from flying pieces and parts by wiring approved eye protection. Safety goggles should be in every tool box and worn for every project, involving hand tools. Use the right tool for the job. Most tools are designed by the manufacturer to perform a specific function. Never substitute or use an inappropriate tool.
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 Use the tools properly, Hammers for instance, are designed to strike objectswith the face, never the sides of the hammerhead. Service and replace tools regularly. All worn and damaged tools should be disposed of properly and replaced as soon as possible. Tools are not to be left on scaffolds, ladders or overhead working spaces when not in use. Throwing tools from one location to another, from one employee to another, or dropping them to lower levels is not permitted. Aconsiderable number of injuries with hand tools occur as they are being carried from place to place, or when they are inadvertently left somewhere and forgotten. Pointed tools and screwdrivers should never be carried loosely in an employee's pocket. Use a tool box or tool belt instead. That can also help prevent tools from being placed haphazardly while employees are working above ground level. Too often they're placed out of sight and forgotten until being kicked or dislodged down onto someone below.

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MATERIAL HANDLING
Instead of putting things helter - skelter across the work site, try to use logic as to where materials, tools, equipment,.and other items should be unloaded and safety and convenience.

General Guide Lines For Material Handling

a) Unloaded and store materials, equipment and tools out of the way, yet in the convenient location possible, arranged in a secure fashion. b) Keep aisles , passageways, and staircases clear for safe walking. c) Combustibles and flammables must be stored so to minimize the potential of fire. d) Plan difficult material or equipment moves in advance. e) Use extra caution with materials, such as sheet supplies, glass, metal banding, compressed gas cylinders, and heavy and bulky items. f) Employees must be trained on the proper use of material-handling equipment such as hand trucks, wheel barrow, temporary conveyors, hoists and chain falls, power tail gates loading dock components, skid- and pallet handling tools. g) Employees need to understand how to perform manual lifting tasks in a safe way. h) Train employees in the proper use of long- handled tools appropriated to their jobs, such as shovels, sledgehammers, log splitter, and rakes.

Storing Materials
Putting things can make a big difference in how efficient the operation. (a) When storing materials, especially watch the storage of materials in tiers; secure various layers to prevent falling that includes wood and bricks, and skid loads of materials such as tiles and even plumbing supplies. (b) Keep aisles and passage ways outside and inside from being blocked by supplies Naturally, stored materials must not block exits and emergency equipment. (c) Combustible/flammable materials should be stored in a manner that will minimize fire potential. They shouldn't be in the way of mobile equipment,or in a place where employees might smoke or perform any hot works a fireextinguisher must be readily available in the area.
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(d) Scaffolds and work plat forms must not be used to store or accumulate piles of materials or debris. (e)Used lumber, when stacked, should have nails removed first.

General Lifting
It is relatively simple to lift items without causing injury. (1) Planning the lift (2) Preparing for the lift (3)Carrying the item (4) Placing the item (5) Other lifting situation.

Handling Sheet Material

When faced with storing and handling sheet materials consider the following points. (1) If possible , store sheet materials flat and keep the stacks low. (2)It is necessary to store sheet materials vertically, keep them in upright racks that are secure enough to handle the weight. (3)When employees are opening banded stacks of sheet materials by cutting steel or plastic strapping or banding instruct them to wear heavy gloves and a minimum of safety glasses with side shields or goggles. (4) When moving large quantities of sheet materials , it is safer to use a lift truckor other material - handling equipment. ( 5 )Employees should wear safety- toed shoes or boots, eye protection and gloves while handling sheet materials.

Handling Bricks And Block

Make a special effort to place skid loads of bricks or blocks on firm level ground.

Handling Compressed Gas Cylinders

(1)Accept only cylinders that are in good conditioned, capped, free from sign of corrosion and legibly labeled. (2) Don't allow cylinders to fall, or to strike each other, or to be transported loose the back of
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pickup truck. Never store or transport compressed gas cylinders in confined, unventilated spaces such as in cabinets, closets, or automobile trunks. (3)Storage tanks containing flammable gases must be grounded to reduce the likelihood of explosion. (4) Store cylinders in low- traffic, out- of - the way places, away from mobile equipment operations. Outside storage location are best keep the tanks upright and secured with a chain or strap so they can't fall. (See- Fig- 01) (5) Cap compressed gas cylinders that are not in use. Caps should only be hand tight. (6) Always consider cylinders as being full even if think or know they are empty.

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Carrying Items Up And Down Stairs

(1) (2) (3) Check is @ere adequate lighting Make sure there is no box of nails can of point, or similar object on the stairs to trip over. Are handrails, even temporary ones, in place.?

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HOUSE KEEPING
Maintaining a neat, organized work site will benefit the company in many ways. Including fewer injuries, less waste - generation and costs, improved moral, higher efficiency and a better public image.

General guidelines
(a). Develop recycling plan for the scrap materials that result from employee's work. (b). Make sure that employees know how important it is to practice good housekeeping at the worksite. (c). Provide the containers, equipment and support needed for an effective house keeping program. (d). Encourage employees to pay attention to proper housekeepingthroughout their workdays. Don't accept sloppy work areas, especially at the end of the workday.

Instruct supervisors and employees to maintain proper housekeeping standard by following four simple steps. (1). Clean all tools, equipment and work areas at the end of each workday, and keep things reasonably clean and orderly while working. (2). Pull all waste in the proper bins or places for efficient safe removal. (3).Keep floors, stairways and aisles free and unobstructed. Report unsafe conditions to the supervisor. Employees should be asked to help keep the house keeping operation going if and when things start getting out of control. (4). Properly stack, store and put away materials, tools and equipment.

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FIRE PREVENTION
There are three basic types of fires to be concerned about, (1). Type A, B, C and D. Type - A - fire : Type - A fires involve the burning of wood, papers, cloth, trash and other ordinary materials. Type - B - fires involve flammable liquids such as gasoline ,oil, paints And lubricants. Type - C - fires occur with live electrical equipment. Type - D - fires involve exotic kind of materials that can catch fire and burn.

Type - B - fire:

Type - C - fire : Type - D fire :

General guidelines for Fire prevention

(A).Train all employees on fire prevention techniques and on the use of fire - extinguishers. (B). Establish a procedure for hot works activities. (C). Store gasoline and other flammable liquids and gases in safety cans and containers out doors or in an approved storage cabinet. (D). To prevent build - ups of fumes and vapors that could cause explosions or fires, avoid the spraying of paint, solvents or other types of flammable materials in poorly ventilated areas. (E). Follow good House - keeping procedures, with routine cleanup and removal of combustible debris from the worksite. Hot Works :"Hot Works" include all welding, soldering, burning and grinding operations and any similar activities that could cause sources of ignition. Precaution against starting accidental fires while hot works activities are in progress include. (a). Inspecting the location where the hot works will take place to make sure no flammable or combustible materials are nearby. (b). Floors and surroundings swept clean of sawdust and debris and wet down if necessary. (c). Combustible that can't be moved should be covered to control sparks. (d). Nearby floor and wall openings that lead to lower levels should be covered to control sparks. (e). Fire extinguishers /Water / Sand must be available at the hot work locations.
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House Keeping
(a). Instruct employees to dispose of rubbish and trash regularly.

(b). Either use or dispose of partially emptied cans of paint, thinner, solvents and other flammable liquids, especially there are no plans for using remands in the near future. Good cans of these materials should be stored away from sources of heat some of these liquids may not be flammable, but their vapors can be. (c). Spills should be cleaned immediately especially sawdust, flammable liquids oil or grease work areas should be cleaned after each use.

Fire Escape Planning

(1). Escape routs such as doors, windows, stairways and hallways must always be kept clear. (2). Escape ladders may be needed upstairs. (3). In the event of a fire, interior doors should be closed to prevent the flames from spreading Doors that feel unusually warm or hot should not be opened. (4). Have the work side policed against careless smoking habits. (5). Remember that smoke and poisonous gases rise with hot air from the flames. Instruct employees to move along the floor where smoke and fume concentrations are the lightest. It's best to hold a wet cloth to the face and take short breaths.

Fire Extinguisher
(a). Have fire extinguishers inspected at least every month. Keep records of the inspections by fastening a durable tag showing dates of inspections and any recharge that may have been necessary. Look at the pressure gauge to make sure the extinguisher hasn't developed a slow leak that has partially discharged the tank. Does the gauge still read in the safe zone? Is the extinguisher pin still in place lift the extinguisher off it's bracket to check it's overall condition and to make sure it is easy to remove in case of an emergency. Weigh carbon dioxide extinguishers every six months to determine whether the contents are leaking. Don't except contents of regular or multipurpose dry chemical extinguishers in an effort to check them. Once any amount has been used extinguishers should be recharged. If repairs or adjustment are needed have them made by a professional fire equipment company technician. (b). Distribute fire extinguishers to include at least one per floor. Place them near exits and in full view, so that they can be reached quickly and easily. Place extinguishers near any wood burning appliances or portable heating units that are put into service.
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WATER TYPE

FOA M

CARB ON DIOXI DE

DRY CHEMICAL Sodium/ Potassium Bicarbonate Cartridg e operate d Stored pressure Multi ABC Stored pressure Purpose Cartri dge operat ed

Stored pressure

Cartridg e operate d

Wate r pum p tank

Soda acid

Foam

CO

Yes
Class A Fires Wood, Paper, Having Glowing Embers

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No, (but will control small surfac e fires)

No, (but will control small surface fires)

No, (but will control small surface fires)

Yes

Yes

No
Class B Fires Flammable liquids ,Gasoline, Oil ,Paint, Grease

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No
Class C Fires Electrical Equipment Class D Fires Combustible Metals

No

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Special Extinguishing Agents Approved By Recognized Testing Laboratories

Method Operation

of

Pull Pin Squeeze Handle

Turn Upside Down and Pump 30-40

Weigh Gas Cartridge .add water if require Annually

Pump Handle

Turn Upside Down

Turn Upside Down

Pull Pin Squeez e Lever

Rupture Cartridg e Squeeze Lever 5-20

Weigh Gas Cartridge. Check condition of dry Chemical Annually

Pull Pin Squeeze Handle

Pull Pin Squeeze Handle

Ruptur e Cartrid ge Squeez e Lever 5-20

Weigh Gas Cartridg e. Check condition of dry Chemical Annually

Range Maintenance

30-40
Check Air pressure Gauge Monthly

30-40
Discharg e and fill with water Annually

30-40
Discharg e Annually .Recharg e

30-40
Discharg e Annually .Recharg e

3-8
Weigh serve Annually

5-20
Check Air pressure Gauge & condition of dry Chemical Annually

5-20
Check Air pressure Gauge & condition of dry Chemical Annually

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NEAR - MISS AND FIRST AID INCIDENTS

A near miss is an incident that does not result in injury, but that either (I) has the potential for serious bodily harm or (2) results being property or product damage.

Important steps to be taken to reduce near - miss.

(1) (2) (3) Train all employees on near miss incident reporting Instruct all employees to report and investigate near misses in a timely fashion.\ Reinforce the reporting of near misses in a positive manner , and share information learnedfrom the resulting investigation with all employees. Complete near-miss incident corrective actions and report their status to all employees. Do the same for all first-aid incidents

(4) (5)

(6) Minimizing near miss and first-aid is really the key to reducing the overall frequency of working injuries. (6) There is generally a predictable mathematical ratio, based on historical data specific to the company, between the numbers of near-miss and first-aid incidents occurring on the work sites and the numbers of more serious incidents taking place in the site.

Reporting near misses:

Unfortunately, most near misses are not reported and are rarely included in the safety data that companies use to help evaluate the safety program. Due to that there are many reasons, including the following. (a) Lack of meaningful action resulting from similar near-miss incidents that had been reported previously. (b) Fear of discipline. (c) Macho Reputations to maintain Individual may be too embarrassed to report something that they feel resulted from a foolish mistake they made unless employees have a true understanding of why near misses are reported, employees may try to cover up close calls instead. (d) Annoyance of filling out paper work or sitting through incident reviews.

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(e)

The potential interruption of spoiling of a safety record.

The verdict is still out on the benefits of using ' safety incentives as rewards for individuals, screws or teams to achieve low or improved workplace injury rates. Effective handling of near misses requires that they're reported immediately, so corrective action can be decided upon and taken right away. It's recommended that shortened incident form or near miss report (fig-1 ) be used because there isnt much data required as is needed when an injury or illness results.

First Aid
A first-aid incident is a one-time treatment (plus any follow-up visit for the purpose of observation) of minor scratches, outs, burns splinters or similar injuries which may call for minor attention but do not ordinarily require medical care. Not similar with recording and reporting rules frequently confuse the classification of first aid cases.

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FIRST AID
Sometimes an injury - producing accident or work site illness occurs in job - site. Then First - Aid will help to prevent the incident from becoming worse after it occurs. Also minimizing the effect of an incident should be an important part of the safety Management System. Since at job - site pre - arrangement of following areas is very important. (a). Work site First Aid facilities. (b). Emergency medical service facilities. In the arrangement of work site First -'Aid facilities, following guideline is very important. (1). First - Aid supplies recommended and approved by a physician or medical supply company must be available. Trained person should be available if medical facilities are not located nearby. Acompany doctor should be selected who is familiar with the work task and the work site hazard encountered by employees. In the absence of an infirmary, clinic hospital or physician, that is reasonably accessible in terms of time and distance to the worksite, which is available for treatment of injured employees, person who has a valid certificate in First - aid training or equivalent training that can be verified by documentary evidence, shall be available at the worksiteto render First - Aid. Emergency phone numbers must be conspicuously posted and employees informed of their location. First - Aid kit is a must.

(2). (3).

(4).

(5).

(6).

(7)

Proper equipment for prompt transportation of injured person to a physician or hospital, or a communication system for contacting necessary ambulance service shall be provided. Where the eyes or body of any person may be exposed to injurious corrosive materials, suitable facilities for quick drenching or flushing of the eyes and body shall be provided within the work area for immediate emergency use.

(8)

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Wide variety of incident could occur on a construction work site. (1) Unconsciousness. (2) Eye injury. (3) Bleeding. (4) Stopped breathing. (5) Electric shock. (6) Head injury. (7) Heart arrest. (8) Chocking. (9) Bone injury. (10) Poisoning. (11) Burns. (12) Fever (13) Bites 1 Stings. (14). Heat - caused illness.

First - Aid Kit

The First - Aid kit shall consist of materials approved by the consulting physician in a weatherproof container with individual sealed packages for each type of item. The contents of the First - Aid kit shall be checked by the employer before being sent out on each job and at least weekly on each job to ensure that the expended items are replaced. First - Aid kit may be carried in a sturdy metal or plastic case and should include item such as.
1. 1 - pair tweezers. 2. 1 - pair scissors.

3. 4 - extra long bandages.

4.1 - bottle eyewash, 02 oz. 5. 1 - roll of adhesive tape $4 in x 2 % yd.

6.1 - triangular bandage.

7. 2 - pair disposable latex gloves. 8. 2 - eye pads.

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CONFIRMED SPACE ENTRY

Work setting or place with limited access is introduced as confined space. At the same-time, it might be subject to the accumulation of toxic or flammable gases or vapors. It might lack enough oxygen to breathe in. It might have physical hazards such as the potential for soil cave - ins, electrical shock, explosion, falls or object falling from above the point is that confined spaces, because of their confinedness" may inherently be a lot more dangerous than other spaces. Since it is very important to educate the employees to recognize confined spaces and teach them. a) b) What potential hazards confined spaces may possess. How to safely work in confined spaces; including what to do in an emergency.

For the purpose of categorizing confined spaces, there are two Grids; permit required spaces and the less dangerous non-permit confined spaces. Apermit required space has one or more of the following characteristics. a) It contains or has the potential for containing a hazardous atmospherethat is low in oxygen, flammable, or toxic. b) It contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an employee orindividual who enters the space. c) It has an internal configuration in which an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor that slopes and tapers to a smaller cross-section. d) It contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard. Confined spaces encountered in residential construction include such installations as manhole and sewers, pipe assemblies, sump and transformers.

While working hazardoussituation will occur at following areas Manholes and sewers.
A variety of hazards are associated with manholes, including oxygen-deficient atmospheres, explosive atmospheres, and toxic atmospheres, as well as physical hazards such as the potential for falls (cover can be left off or never put on in the first place).

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Pipe Assembles:
Potential hazards include oxygen deficient , atmospheres, welding fumes, or other gases and heat within a pipe can cause heat illness.

Sump
Employees entering sump may encounter oxygen - deficient atmospheres, of atmospheres loaded with hydrogen sulfide or other gases from rotting vegetation. Due to the wet nature of a sump, electricity is a hazard here when power tools or portable lighting are used. Inadequate lighting can also create a hazardous situation.

Electrical Transformers
They often contain a nitrogen purge of dry air. Before they are opened, they have to be well-vented by pumping fresh air in Electrician frequently enter these transformers through hatches on top for various reasons. Testing for oxygen deficiency and toxic atmospheres is mandatory.

Mechanical Hazards
Additional hazards encountered in confined spaces include material or equipment which has the potential for falling into the space from an overhead access way striking employees as they enter work in, or exit the space vibration could cause the materials on top of the space to roll off and strike employees . If a manhole cover has bee removed or if it was not installed in the first place, materials, tools or other equipment could fall into the space; causing injury. These hazards must be controlled by practicing hazardous energy control by eliminating the possibility of an accidental or unexpected starting or energizing of some form of energy which would cause injury. Employees falling into the excavation. This hazard is increased if safe means of access, including ladders or ramp, is not provided.

Hazardous Atmospheres.Harards.
Atmospheres may include oxygen deficiency, carbon monoxide or any other hazardous atmosphere that could reasonably be expected to exit at the particular work site. Keep employees away from digging and listing equipment.

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Employees Access and Warning system

Excavation and trenches that are 4 or more feet deep, need a stairway, ladder ramp, or other safe means of employee access. This means of access must be within 25-feet of lateral travel for any individual worker inside the excavation. Structural ramps constructed solely for employee entrance and exit have to be designed by a competent person. Ramp designed for equipment access must be designed by a competent person qualified in structural design, and be constructed as the design prescribes. Put an effective warning system into place to alert mobile equipment operators when they're approaching a trench or other excavation.

Preparing Considered - Space entries

When formal permit system for entries is no used at least tech the employees to preplan their entries by using a permit style checklist.

Such a checklist should consider

1. Atmospheric testing and monitoring 2. Procedures a) Initial plan b) Stand by person c) Communications / observations d) Rescue e) The work 3. Preparation a) Isolate / Lack out / tagout b) Purge and ventilate c) Cleaning process d) Requirements for special equipment and tools e) Labeling and posting

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4. Safety equipment and clothing a) Head protection b) Hearing protection c) Hand protection d) Foot protection e) Body Protection f) Respiratory Protection g) Safety positioning belts h) Lifelines, harnesses i) Rescue equipment

Confined - Space entry permits.

A typical company preprinted confined space entry permit or checklist contains a number of components

1) The name of the space 2) The permit's activation signature 3) The permits cancellation signature 4) The scope of work to be done under the permit 5) Hazards and exposure symptoms that are expected or that may beencountered. 6) Hazardous energy controls completed 7) Personal protective equipment needed 8) Method of communications used for emergency 9) Sub-contractor work (hazards) 10) Atmospheric monitoring 11) Rescue (retrieval preparations) 12) Entry roster of entrants, observers, and entry supervisors.

General Requirements
The employer much determine whether the work site contains any permit-required confined spaces. And if the workplace does contain them, the employer must then inform employees of the existence of those spaces and their locations and the fact that they are dangerous.

Permit - Required Space Entry Program

a) Prevent unauthorized entry b) Identify and evaluate hazards before entry. c) Establish safe practices, such as isolation, purging, inerting, ventilation, barricades, lockout / tag-out, etc.,
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d) Provide and maintain equipment necessary for safe entry, including testing and monitoring , ventilation, communications, personal protection, lighting, barriers, ingress and egress, and resave. e) Test permit space and document results f) Maintain acceptable condition in permit space g) Provide at least one attendant outside permit space for duration of entry operation. h) Identify duties of each employee and provide training. i) Implement proper procedures for rescue j) Establish a written system for preparation, issuance , use and cancellation of permits k) Coordinate entry operations, during multiple employer entries. l) Review entire entry program at least annually, unless, previously reviewed at conclusion of specific entry.

Rescue Services You can elect to use on- site or off-site beam. If on-site.
a) Must be properly trained in entry procedures, rescue procedures, and PPE requirement. b) Permit space rescues must be practiced at least annually from similarly configured spaces. c) Must be trained in basic first aid and CPR, and have at least one member currently certified in those procedures.

If you are using an Off-site team or service, you must

(a)Inform rescue service of hazards they may confront. (b) Provide rescue service with access to all permit spaces so they can develop appropriate rescue plans and practice rescue operations. (c )If injured entrant is exposed to substance with a required MSDS (Material safety data sheet) or similar documents, it shall be made available to medical facility treating entrant.
.,

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Nonentry Rescue
Retrieval system or method shall be used whenever entry is made, unless the retrieval equipment would increase overall risk on entry or would not be of value. Each entrant shall use a chest, or full body harness, with retrieval line attached at the center of back near shoulder level or above head. The other end of retrieval line shall be attached to a mechanical devise or fixed point outside of permit space for immediate use. Mechanical device shall be used to retrieve personnel from vertical - type permit spacemore than 5feet deep.

Responsibility of Entry Supervisor

(I) Knows what hazards may be faced during entry. (2) Verifiers that acceptable conditions for entry exist. (3) Stop the entry when the job is completed or hazardous conditions develops. (4) Makes certain that rescue are available (5) Prevents untrained or un-authorized person from entering.

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EXCAVATIONS AND TRENCHES

Excavating is a deceiving, dangerous business It's deceiving because most employees will look at a -3, -4, -5 and even 6-seet deep trench as something they could easily climb out of it is they had to. The truth is that even a shallow trench, is the sides collapse unexpectedly, can overcome and suffocate the strangest employee working within it. Is worker dont see it collapsing worker can't jump out of the way. It only takes a matter of minutes without oxygen for a fatality to occur. Excavations and trenches are required for numerous reasons in the construction industry. Typical projects includes building basements, installing foundations for buildings, and laying pipes for various drain, sewer, water, phones, electric, and gas lines. Those information's are very valuable for safe operation in excavation work. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Traffic Proximity of structures and their conditions Soil Surface and ground water Water table Overhead and under ground utilities Weather.

These and other conditions can be determined by job-site studies, observations, test boring for soil type or conditions, and consultation with local officials and utility companies. Before any excavation beginning the employer must determine the estimated location of utility installations, including sewer telephone, fuel, electric and water lines that may be encountered during digging by inquiring relevant authorities. Is they can't respond properly the work may be proceed with caution. To find the exact location of underground installation, worker must use safe and acceptable means. If underground installations are exposed it is required that they be "removed", protected, or properly supported.

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Collapse as an excavation or trench resulting from:

1) The intrinsic nature of the ground: This refers to mechanical stability of soil and unstable ground result from the soil's lack of strong cohesive properties and weak angles of internal friction. Layered or non-homogeneous ground can consist of different layers of soil which may enable cave-ins to be easily set off.

2)

Over loading at the edge of the excavation of trench.

Material or equipment dangerously stage too close to an excavations perimeter edge can cause cave-ins. Existing buildings or fixtures can also be weakened or undermined by an excavation.

3)

The Presence of Water

Increased humidity will usually result in reduced stability of excavation or Trench walls surface water can run in, or water can permeate in from the ground Heavy rains can also have dramatic effect on soil stability.

The Presence of mobile equipment and Machinery.

The use of earth moving and lifting equipment can place excess loads along the edges of an excavation. Vehicles travelling near the edge of excavations are too common on construction sites, sometimes because there's not much clearance between existing buildings trees, or other obstructions. There can be difficulty in maneuvering heavy equipment due to lack of soil stability near a the excavation other related hazards include noise, exhaust gases and Vibration from the equipment and machinery.

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Precautions Required: Materials or equipment that could fall or roll into an excavation should be kept at least2-feet from the edge, or should be kept from falling in through the use of retainingdevices. Operating their equipment adjacent andparallel to the perimeter edge. From inside aback-hoe, bulldozer, or front-end loader, an operator may not be able to see the edgeof the excavation until it's too late. Stop-blocks, barricades, hand signals and similar system will work if communicated toall employees and operators. It's also a good idea to slope the surrounding area adjacent to an excavation away(descending) from the perimeter edge.

Protective System
For excavations and utility trenches that are unstable or more than 5-seet deep. Useprotective systems such as spoils placement, sloping and benching, sealing shoring,shields or trench boxes, and water management. Unless a soil analysis has been completed, the earths slope in an excavation or trenchmuch be at least 1-112 units of horizontal run to every unit of vertical rise if no otherprotective systems are in use.

Protective System Options

(1) Spoil placement (2) Sloping and benching (3) Sealing (4) Shoring (5) Shields (6) Water management Classification of soil types must be based on at least visual analysis and one manualtest. A competent person trained and experienced in soil mechanics must perform the tests. Visual analysis includes and inspection of the entire worksite location, looking for cracks in the ground, evidence of underground disturbances or fixtures, layered soils, or the presence of water, vibration, or any other detriments to a sound excavation.

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Stable rock
Stable rock is natural solid mineral matter that can be excavated with vertical sides and remain in fact while exposed of course, its awfully tough to dig or to cut or blast.

Type-A Soil: Type -A soils are cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength of 1.5 tons per square foot (tsf) or greater examples include clay, silty clay loam and sandy clay loam. But none of the above soils would still qualify as type -A'S if (a) The soil is fissured, or (b) The soil is subject to vibration from heavy traffic, pile driving, or similar effects. (c) The soil has previously been disturbed. (d) The soil is part of a sloped, layered system, where the layers slant into the excavation angle.

at

Type- B soil:Type B soils are cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength greater than 0.5 tsf but less than 1.5 tsf or granular cohesion less soils including angular gravel. (Similar to crushed rock) silt, silt loam, sandy loam, and in some cases, silty clay loam and sandy clay loam as well as some previously disturbed soils, dry rock that is not stable, steeply sloped layered soils, and the soils, above which except for their deficiencies - would otherwise qualify as type - A'S

Type - C Soil:Type -C soil are cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength of less than 0.5 tsf. They are granular soils including gravel, sand and loamy sand, or submerged soil or soil worse.

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SIGNS, SIGNALS, BARRICADES AND TAGS

SIGNS : Are the warnings of hazards, temporarily or permanently affixed or placed, at Locations where hazards exists. SIGNALS : Are moving signs, provided by workers, such as flagmen, or by devices, such as flashing lights to warn of possible or existing hazards. Horns and alarms can also be considered signals. BARRICADES : Are obstructions to deter the passage of persons or vehicles. TAGS . Are temporary signs, usually attached to a piece of equipment or part of a structure to warn of existing or immediate hazards.

"Danger" Signs Danger signs (see fig - 011 shall be used only where an immediate hazard exists. anger signs shall include red as the predominating colour for the upper panel; black outline on the borders; and a white lower panel for additional sign wording. Danger signs identify something with a very high risk, and the word "Danger" always appears in white letters in a red oval on a black background. When employees see a danger sign they should know that there is some immediate danger in the area, and should take special precautions to prevent a serious accident, injury, or even death. Danger - Hard Hat Area (see Fig -2 ] Danger - Construction Area, KEEP OUT (see Fig -3 ) Danger - OPEN TRENCH (see Fig - 4) Danger - Corrosive Liquids, Wear Protective Equipment.

" Caution " Signs

Caution signs (see Fig -5 ) should be used only to warn against potential hazards or to caution against unsafe practices. Caution signs have yellow as the predominating colour; black upper panel and borders; yellow lettering of "caution" on the black panel, and the lower yellow panel for additional sign wording. Black lettering should be used for additional wording. When you see a caution sign, you know that there are either potential hazards that call for you to take proper precautions or you're being cautioned against unsafe practices. Standard colour of the background is yellow; and the panel, black with yellow letters. Any letters used against the yellow background should be black. As with danger signs, a caution sign may have more information below the word "caution" concerning the particular hazard, unsafe practice, or proper precautions. For example :

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Construction Area - Caution -Watch Your Step (see Fig -6) Caution - Watch for Moving Equipment (see Fig -7) Caution - Automatic Equipment Will Start Without Warning ,.

When you see a caution sign, the situation isn't as immediately dangerous as when you see a danger sign. But there's definite risk, and employees or visitors should take - precautions to avoid having anything serious develop.

Safety Instruction Signs

Safety instruction signs, when used, should be white with a green upper panel with letters to convey the principal message. Any additional wording on the sign should be black letters on the white background. Safety instruction signs deliver a useful safety instruction or suggestion.

Safety First - Wear your Goggles While Sawing (see Fig - 8) Safety First - Ear Protection Required in This Area. Be Careful - Walk, Don't Run Safety First - Keep the Worksite Clean.

Temporary Guardrails and Barricades

Although temporary guardrails and barricades are often associated and used with methods of of fall protection, they also can stand alone as important work site safety aids. . Temporary guardrails provide protection against the possibility of falling through an opening in a floor, roof, or wall, open-sided-platforms or catwalks, stairways, or to prevent an employee from entering an area where other hazards may exist. They're usually constructed of two-by-four lumber, 42 inches high with a midrail at 21 inches, rail supports spaced at intervals no greater than 8 feet, and toe boards wherever the danger exists of items dropping onto employees who may be working below.

Barricades can consist of items such as sawhorse-style plastic barricades (see Fig - 01 ), barricade lights (see Fig - 02 ), safety - orange cones (see Fig - 03), posts and chains or ropes (see Fig - 04 ), and yellow and black barricade caution tape (see Fig - 05 ), and red danger tape. Barricades are used to notify employees and prevent unauthorized access to areas where temporary hazards exist.

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Yellow and black "Caution" tape is the most widely used barricade tape. It's frequently employed for barricading. Trenches and other excavations. Open manholes and sewers Places where employees are working overhead Areas where only designated employees are allowed to enter, such as confined space entry, asbestos removal, or around the working space of hydraulic hoes, cranes, or similar heavy mobile equipments. Other temporary conditions that may pose hazards to employees.

(Fig 01)Small Plastic Barricades

( Fig 02)Barricades Light

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Floor or Roof Opening Covers

Floor or roof openings should be blocked over with a cover of sufficient strength to withhold the weight of employees, tools, equipment, and what ever may be placed upon the cover. The cover must also be fastened or secured by some positive method to prevent it from being accidentally dislodged.

Accident - Prevention Tags

Accident - prevention tags must be used as a temporary means of warning employees of an existing hazard, such as defective tools or equipment. They shall not be used in place of, or as a substitute for accident prevention signs. Specifications for accident-prevention tags (see Fig. 07 ) include :

(Fig 03)Safety Cone

(Fig04)Barricade posts and chain

(Fig05) Caution Tape

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Basic Stock(Background) White White Yellow \ White

Safety Colours(Ink) Red Black and Red Black Black

Copy Specification(Letters) Do not operate Danger Caution Out of order Do not Use

White tag - white letters on red square White tag - white letters on red oval with a black square Yellow tag - yellow letters on a black background White tag - white letters on a black background

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(Fig01)Danger-Sign Design

(Fig01) Danger- Sign Design

HARD HAT AREA

(Fig02) Danger -HARD HAT AREA

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CONSTRUCTION

AREA

KEEP OUT
( Fig03) Danger- CONSTRUCTION AREA , KEEP OUT

OPEN

TRENCH

(Fig03) Danger- OPEN

TRENCH

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(Fig05)Caution- Caution sign Design

CAUTION
WATCH YOUR STEP

(Fig06) Caution- Watch Your Step

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WATCH YOUR
MOVING EQUIPMENT
(Fig07)Watch for Moving Equipment

WEAR YOUR GOGGLES WHEN SAWING

(Fig08) Safety message sign

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SITE SECURITY
It is very important to clean -up the work place at the end of the day by employees in the work + site, means either remove barricades or post potential hazard. So that unsuspecting tress passers won't get injured during off hours.

Important Hint
At the end of a workday, it is preferable to completely remove as much equipment and tools from a site as possible.
(1).
( 2 ) . Just

because employees won't be at the site during off hours doesn't mean that protective device can be removed. Stairways still need handrails, new glass still needs papers or mask to distinguish it and debris should not be left scattered about.
(3). Open trenches and other excavation must be barricaded. So that no tress passers eventhey

shouldn't be on the site fall in to them. If possible, illuminate the perimeter of buildings, even before all of the walls are up. Consider motion - detection lamps positioned in key front and back entrance area..
(4).

Immobilize all piece of mobile equipment park on level ground in illuminated area. Lower buckets, blades and attachments to the ground. Remove keys from ignitions or place lookout covers over push button starters. Lock cabs if possible.
(5).

Need dangerous sign, and lots of them. That convey the concept that the site is hazardous to all unauthorized personnel. No - Tress passing " is not really specific enough to frighten some sight seers. Other sign ideas to frighten sight seers include messages that say " Restricted area \ Monitored by Video Camera ". (Is need to avoid considerable vandalism or theft put up closed circuit television equipment to monitor the ground).
(6).

For some reason may be its psychological neater sites tend to attract fewer tress passers. ,Keep piles or stacks of material orderly. Materials or tool scattered about are more likely to be pilfered.
(7).

(8). Arrange for the services of someone who lives next door or across the street or down the road to

keep an eye on the site at night and on weekend; when your crews are not there, supply the watchers with the company's emergency number or let them know how to reach some one in management.

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