Linear Static Analysis of a Statically Undetermined Beam

Fergyanto E. Gunawan (f.e.gunawan@gmail.com) Department of Mechanical Engineering Toyohashi University of Technology

Objectives:

   

Getting started with ANSYS, particularly, BEAM element type. Manual and automatic mesh generation. Checking and reviewing results. Introduction to ANSYS-APDL programming.

Notes:

Submit any feedback, advice, or suggestions to f.e.gunawanATgmail.com

Module 2: Linear Static Analysis of a Beam

Suggested Exercise Steps:

In the previous tutorial, Linear Static Analysis of a Simply-Supported Truss, you have learned modeling of a truss structure. This tutorial has many similarities with the previous one as shown in following table. Descriptions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Select element type : Dene element properties : Dene material properties : Create nodes Create element Constraints Applied force Solve : : : : : Trus Structure
LINK1

Beam Structure
BEAM3

A E, 

A, IZZ , Height E, 

UX, UY

UX, UY, ROTZ

FG
E

Module 2: Linear Static Analysis of a Beam

Model Description:

Below is a statically undetermined beam that has a clamped support at Point A and a roller support at Point B. The beam is laterally loaded at Point C with a concentrated load, F . Determine the lateral displacement, w, and the reaction forces and moment of the structure?
l a A F C w B

Table 1: Model properties Beam length, l : 1000 mm Beam width, B Beam height, H Loading point, a Poisson ratio, 
Important Notes

: 150 mm : 200 mm : 500 mm : 0.3

Young modulus, E : 210 GPa

You must select a CONSISTENT unit system. For some examples: (a) Length Time Mass Force Stress meter second kilogram Newton Pa (b) millimeter second tonne Newton MPa (c) millimeter millisecond kilogram kiloNewton GPa

I nd that the unit (c) is very convenient for a static or a dynamic analysis because the unit length of mm is often being used in design.

FG
E

Module 2: Linear Static Analysis of a Beam

Exercise Procedure:

ONE FOLDER FOR EACH PROJECT 1. Select an element type: ANSYS Main Menu

Preprocessor
Add

Element Type

Add/Edit/Delete

Beam OK Close

2D elastic 3

2. Dene the cross section area: ANSYS Main Menu

Preprocessor
Add

Real Constants

Add/Edit/Delete

Type 1 BEAM3 OK Cross-sectional area AREA Area moment of inertia IZZ Total beam height HEIGHT OK Close
Note: Comparison of LINK1 and BEAM3
LINK1
LINK1 Nodes Degrees of freedom Real constants I, J UX, UY AREA BEAM3 I, J UX, UY, ROTZ AREA, IZZ, HEIGHT

150*200 150*200**3/12 200

BEAM3

J UY I UX
UY I UX ROTZ

FG
E

Module 2: Linear Static Analysis of a Beam 3. Dene material properties: ANSYS Main Menu

Preprocessor

Material Props
Structural EX PRXY OK 210

Material Models
Linear Elastic Isotropic

0.3

Material

Exit

4. Create two nodes: ANSYS Main Menu

Preprocessor

Modeling

Create

Nodes
1

In Active CS

NODE Node number:

X, Y, Z Location in active CS: Apply NODE Node number: 5

X, Y, Z Location in active CS: Apply 5. Fills those two nodes: ANSYS Main Menu

1000

Preprocessor

Modeling

Create

Nodes

Fill between Nds

< Pick Nodes 1 and 5 >

Apply OK 6. Create four elements: ANSYS Main Menu

Preprocessor

Modeling

Elements

Auto Numbered

Thru Nodes

< Pick Node 1 and then Node 2 >

FG
E

Module 2: Linear Static Analysis of a Beam Apply Repeat the previous operation. OK 7. Dene the analysis type: ANSYS Main Menu

Solution

Analysis Type

New Analysis
Static

[ANTYPE] Type of analysis: OK

8. Apply the boundary condition: ANSYS Main Menu For the clamped support at Point A:

Solution

Dene Loads

Apply

Structural

Displacement

On Nodes

< Pick Node 1 >

Apply DOFs to be constrained: VALUE Displacement value: Apply For the roller support at Point B:
< Pick Node 5 >

UX

, 0.0

UY

and

ROTZ

Apply DOFs to be constrained: VALUE Displacement value: OK 9. Apply concentrated loads: ANSYS Main Menu UY 0.0

Solution
FG
E

Dene Loads

Apply

Structural

Force/Moment

On Nodes
6

Module 2: Linear Static Analysis of a Beam

< Pick Node: 3 >.

Apply Direction of force/mom: VALUE Force/Moment value: OK 10. Solve the problem: ANSYS Main Menu FY -1.0

Solution

Solve

Current LS
OK

Close

Checking Results

Important Notes

Always check deformation. Plot undeformed and deformed structure

ANSYS Main Menu. General Postproc

Plot Results

Deformed Shape

KUND Items to be plotted: OK The result is shown Fig. 1.

Def + undeformed

Figure 1: Deformation and undeformed beam.

FG
E

Module 2: Linear Static Analysis of a Beam

Reviewing Results

The Reaction Forces/Moments: ANSYS Main Menu

General Postproc

List Results

Reaction Solu
All struc forc F

Lab Item to be listed: Apply Lab Item to be listed: OK You should obtain:
NODE 1 5 FX 0.0000 FY

All struc mome M

0.68750 0.31250

and
NODE 1 MZ 187.50

The exact solutions, from a textbook, are:

RA RB MA

= = =

2l 2l

F
3

(l a) 2l + 2al a
2

(Force in y-direction at Point A); (Force in y-direction at Point B); (Moment at Point A):

(1) (2) (3)

F
3

a2 (3l a)
2

Fla (l a) (2l a) 2

Substituting the all required data, we obtain: RA = 0:6875 kN, RB = 0:3125 kN, and MA =

187:5 kNmm.

Nodes displacement: ANSYS Main Menu

General Postproc

List Results
Nodal Solution OK

Nodal Solution
DOF Solution Y-Component of displacement

You should obtain: FG

E

Module 2: Linear Static Analysis of a Beam

NODE 1

UY 0.0000

2 -0.19376E-03 3 -0.43403E-03 4 -0.33327E-03 5 0.0000

The exact solution is :

w

= +

F (l a)x2 3(2l a)al (2l2 + 2al a2 )x 3 12l EI F (x a)3 H (x a); 6EI

(4)

that provides, for nodes 1{5: Node 1 2 3 4 5

x (mm)

0 250 500 750 1000

w (mm) 0.000E+00 1.9376E-04 4.3403E-04 3.3327E-04 0.000E+00

Element shear forces and bending moments: ANSYS Main Menu:

General Postproc

List Results

Element Solution
Structural Forces X-Component of force

Element Solution Apply

You should obtain a window that contains:

ELEM= 1 2 1 FX FY -0.68750 0.68750 0.0000 0.0000

ELEM= 2 3

FX

FY -0.68750 0.68750

0.0000 0.0000

ELEM= 3 4

FX

FY 0.31250 -0.31250

0.0000 0.0000

ELEM= 4 5

FX

FY 0.31250 -0.31250

0.0000 0.0000

FG
E

Module 2: Linear Static Analysis of a Beam Element Solution OK You should obtain:
ELEM= 1 2 1 -187.50 15.625 MZ

Structural Moments

Z-Component of moment

ELEM= 2 3

2 -15.625 -156.25

MZ

ELEM= 3 4

MZ

156.25 -78.125

ELEM= 4 5

MZ

78.125 0.0000

ANSYS only provides you numbers, it is your job to interpret those numbers. Figure 2 shows the interpretation of those data obtained above.
0.6875 0.6875
(1)

0.6875

0.6875
(2)

187.5

15.625

15.625

156.25

0.3125

0.3125
(3)

0.3125

0.3125
(4)

156.25

78.125

75.125

0.0

Figure 2: Equilibrium of each element.

FG
E

10

Module 2: Linear Static Analysis of a Beam

Problem definition: 1 2 3 4 5

FE Mesh:

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

0.6875 Shear force diagram: -0.3125 +156.25 Moment diagram: -187.5 -15.625

Finite element sol. Exact solution

78.125

Figure 3: Shear forces and bending moment diagrams: comparison to the exact solutions.
Automatic Meshing

Important Notes

In the structural analysis, three quantities that a nite element analysis provides are the displacement, the strain, and the stress. The displacement is the most accurate among them, and the stress is less accurate. The displacement does not strongly aected by the mesh size, but the stress does. Therefore, in the fracture mechanics analysis, the formula of the stress intensity factor that expressed in term of the displacement should be used, not that in term of the stress or the strain. In the structural design, the stress is important; therefore, you should do a mesh sensitivity analysis to obtain an accurate calculated stress and to see how the mesh size aects the stress.

Before you perform following steps, you have to establish the element type and the material properties. 1. Create two Keypoints: ANSYS Main Menu

Preprocessor

Modeling

Create

Keypoints
1

In Active CS

NPT Keypoint number

FG
E

11

Module 2: Linear Static Analysis of a Beam X, Y, Z Location in active CS Apply NPT Keypoint number 2 1000.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

X, Y, Z Location in active CS OK 2. Create a line: ANSYS Main Menu

Preprocessor

Modeling

Create

Lines

Lines

Straight Line

< Pick Keypoints 1 and 2 >

3. Automatically mesh the line: ANSYS Main Menu

Preprocessor

Meshing
Lines Set

MeshTool

< Pick the line connecting Keypoints 1 and 2 >

OK NDIV No. of element divisions OK Close 10

Preprocessor

Meshing

Mesh

Lines

< Pick the line connecting Keypoints 1 and 2 >

OK 4. Plot the existing nodes and elements: Pulldown Menu:

Plot Plot

Nodes Elements

Now, you should continue with applying boundary constraints and loading; and then, solve. A plot of deformed and undeformed beams are shown Fig. 4.

FG
E

12

Module 2: Linear Static Analysis of a Beam

Figure 4: Deformation of a beam, discretized into 10 elements

Important Notes

In the above model, we discretized the beam into ten beam elements. Therefore, we will have a node at location a = 500 mm where we applied the load. This example gives us two playing rules:

 

have a node at the point where a load will be applied. have a node at the point where an output will be requested.

FG
E

13

Module 2: Linear Static Analysis of a Beam

ANSYS-APDL
The easiest way to construct the APDL code is by copying the ANSYS log le. Table 2 shows the ANSYS log le for the present project. Those important commands are framed. Table 2: A log le of ANSYS; important information are framed.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

/BATCH /input,menust,tmp,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,1 /GRA,POWER /GST,ON /PLO,INFO,3 /GRO,CURL,ON /CPLANE,1 /REPLOT,RESIZE WPSTYLE,,,,,,,,0 /PREP7 !* ET,1,BEAM3 !* R,1,150*200,150*200**3/12,200, , , , !* !* MPTEMP,,,,,,,, MPTEMP,1,0 MPDATA,EX,1,,210 MPDATA,PRXY,1,,0.3 K,1,0,0,0, K,2,1000,0,0, LSTR, 1, 2 FLST,5,1,4,ORDE,1 FITEM,5,1 CM,_Y,LINE LSEL, , , ,P51X CM,_Y1,LINE CMSEL,,_Y !* LESIZE,_Y1, , ,10, , , , ,1 !* /UI,MESH,OFF LMESH, 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

elist,all,,,0,0 EPLOT NPLOT NPLOT NPLOT EPLOT FINISH /SOL FINISH /POST1 FINISH /SOL FLST,2,1,1,ORDE,1 FITEM,2,1 !* /GO D,P51X, , , , , ,ALL, , , , , FLST,2,1,1,ORDE,1 FITEM,2,2 !* /GO D,P51X, , , , , ,UY, , , , , nplot FLST,2,1,1,ORDE,1 FITEM,2,7 !* /GO F,P51X,FY,-1.0 /STATUS,SOLU SOLVE FINISH /POST1 PLDISP,1

I copied those important commands and putted together in a le, after adding some comments and a few modications, we obtain:
/clear /prep7 et, 1, beam3 ! Define element type

r, 1, 150*2500, 150*200**3/12, 200 ! Define element properties

mptemp, mptemp, 1, 0 mpdata, ex, 1, , 210 mpdata, prxy, 1, , 0.3 ! Define material #1 ! Youngs modulus in GPa ! Poissons ratio

k, 1, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 k, 2, 1000.0, 0.0, 0.0 lstr, 1, 2

! Point 1 at (0, 0, 0) ! Point 2 at (1000, 0, 0) ! Create a line connecting Points 1 and 2

FG
E

14

Module 2: Linear Static Analysis of a Beam

lesize, 1, , , 10, , , , , 1 lmesh, 1 finish /solu d, 1,,,,,, all d, 2,,,,,, uy f, 7, fy, -1.0 solve finish

! Divided Line 1 into 10 elements ! Mesh Line 1

! Constrained Node 1: UX, UY, ROTZ ! Constrained Node 2, UY ! Applied force at Node 7 ! Solving

To run the input le: ANSYS Pulldown Menu

File

Read Input from

< Select your le >

OK

FG
E

15