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Georgios Matheou
The Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations
• Why Care?
– Life can not exist without fluids.
– All biological flows are incompressible, i.e. no bird or fish flies/swims faster
than M=0.3.
– Internal flows are mostly laminar (makes things easier).
• In spite of their simplicity the Navier-Stokes describe flows at very low
Reynolds numbers (creeping flows) up to complicated turbulent flows at
large Reynolds numbers.
• The equations:
– Continuity u 0
u
– Momentum
t
u u p u u T
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The Role of Pressure
x j xi
• The satisfaction of this Poisson equation is a necessary and sufficient condition
for a divergence free velocity field to remain divergence free. The role of
pressure is to enforce continuity, it is more a mathematical variable than a
physical one.
• This observation leads to a strategy of solving the Navier-Stokes equations that
imposes continuity by inverting a Poisson equation for a pressure-like variable.
3
The Problem – Shear Driven Cavity
U lid L
Re
Flow visualization at
Re=0.01. (Taneda,
1979)
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Staggered Grid
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Numerical Method – Exact Fractional Step Method (Chang, 2002)
• Define volume fluxes as Ui=u Si and define the vector q that has the Ui’s in some
ordering. Then the above equation in matrix form is:
Dq 0,
1 0 0 1 1
where : D
1 1 1 0 0
• We can construct a matrix C which is the null space of D, that is D C=0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
C 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1
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Numerical Method – Exact Fractional Step Method (Chang, 2002) (cont.)
G DT
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Finite Volume Formulation
• x-momentum equation
u 1 u u
t i, j
dV uu ˆ
n dS i, j x i, j Re x x y ny dSi, j
pn dS n
1 u
x y
dui , j
dt
2 2
2 2 2 2
y ui2 1 , j ui2 1 , j x ui , j 1 vi 1 , j 1 ui , j 1 vi 1 , j y pi , j pi 1, j
u
y
u
Re x i 12 , j x i 12 , j
y
u
y i , j 1 y i , j 1
2 2
• In operator form:
1 (u ) dui , j
Li , j ui , j H i(,uj) i 1 pi , j
dt 2
Re
• Changing variables from velocity u to volume fluxes U, normalizing in order to
clear the denominator of the pressure gradient, the two momentum equations for the
vector of fluxes q become:
dq
M G Re1
Lq r b
dt
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Elimination of Pressure and Time Marching
ds 1 T
CTMC Re C LCs CT (r b)
dt
t n1 t n 3 1
CT M L Cs CT M L Cs t CT r n r n1 b
2 Re 2 Re 2 2
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Verification – Re=100
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Re=1000 – Grid: 200² - Velocity Field
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Vorticity – Re=1000
t=1.00 t=2.25
t=7.25 t=14.75
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References
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