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A lie detectors work on the principal that a person who tells a lie is
nervous and under stress under these conditions his body undergoes
some physiological changes.
These includes increases in the blood pressure, heart beat rate and
perspiration on hands and soles. These changes are monitored and
detected by a lie detector.

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Night vision glasses, used for seeing in the pitch dark night, use the little
light available to form an image of sufficient brightness to be screen.
The image is first focused, as in a camera, on to a window which is coated
with special chemicals containing sodium, potassium, cadmium and oxygen
compounds which emit electrons when illuminated.
The electrons so emitted are then accelerated by a series of powerful
electric fields and made to fall into another screen coated with a
fluorescing chemical which glows recreating a much brighter image of the
original scene.
Some night vision glasses make use of infrared radiation emitted by all
objects even in the dark. These radiations are amplified in a similar way to
make night vision possible.

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Crude oil that comes out of an oil well is a thick, dark liquid containing a
mixture of many organic compounds. It cannot be put to use without
refining. The different constituents of crude oil boil at different
temperature. Refining processes may be classified as fractional
distillation separates crude oil into some of its fractions depending on
their boiling points. Some components are separated by solvent
extraction in which an organic solvent is used to extract the substances
especially solids which are then recovered by crystallization or
evaporation of the solvent. Cracking is also a process used in refiners to
produce useful petrochemicals. Here heat and catalyst are used to
break down some of the heavier hydrocarbons to lighter, more useful
fractions.

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AIDS is caused by a virus called human immunodeficiency virus or HIV.

The presence of this virus is detected by screening the blood of a person
for special kinds of proteins called antibodies which are produced in the
body in response to viral infection A characteristic feature of antibody
molecules is that they are highly specific. They bind only to certain
regions of the antigen. This is similar to a key fitting only a specific lock.
AIDS detection tests are actually based on detecting the binding of the
antibodies present in the blood with an artificially synthesized antigen
attached to a solid surface.

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Certain plants which grow in soil poor in nutrients depend on insects for
their nutritional requirement. These carnivores plants use a
combination of deception and a trapping device to get their meals.
Some insects eating plants like the venus fl trap (dionaea musipula)
have leaves moulded into twin blade traps with teeth like projections
on their margins which interlock to trap any insect sitting on the leaf.
Leaves of another plant names drosera have glandes all over them
which secrete a sticky substance to trap insects. The pitcher plant has
fluid filled pitches shaped structure into which unwary insects fall and
drown. All insects eating plants secrete digestive juices to digest their
prey.

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Rain occurs when the water vapour in the clouds forms water drops or ice
crystals large and heavy enough to fall to the ground. This process is hastened
if the cloud has tiny particles of matter for the water vopour to condense on.
Artificial rain produced by introducing these particles into the clouds by a
process called cloud seeding.
Clouds can be seeded in different ways. The seeding agent can be sprayed into
a cloud from an air plane or sent up in a rocket. If the wind is strong enough, it
can be dispersed in the form of smoke from the ground. At cloud temperature
above 0oC solid carbon dioxide or crystals of silver dioxide is used. Water
vapour in the clouds condenses around the seeding agent to form rain drops. If
the temperature is below 0oC ice crystals are formed. When the ice crystals
pass through air warmer than 0oC, they melt and fall as rain. Artificial rain is
best produced from moisture-laden clouds. It cannot be produced from a
cloudless sky.

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2010
Q. Consider the following:
1. Oxides of Hydrogen
2. Oxides of Nitrogen
3. Oxides of Sulphur
Which of the above causes/cause acid rain?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

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2012
Q. What is the role of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the water purification
systems?
1. It inactivates/kills the harmful microorganisms in water.
2. It removes all the undesirable odours from the water.
3. It quickens the sedimentation of solid particles, removes turbidity and
improves the clarity of water.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

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