2.

9 B5 - Protection and Automation

REF. 007
SC 34 WG 34.03

1980

Non-Conventional Current and Voltage Transformers.

For some years new concepts of current and voltage transformers for HV and EHV transmission systems have been investigated and developed to the stages of laboratory models or prototype units installed for trials on transmission systems. One of the aims of this development was to design measuring devices of improved transient performance, as compared with the conventional CT's, CVT's and VT's in order to reliable and faster fault clearance times.

Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros

173 pages , file: 10.4 MB

REF. 008
SC 34 WG 34.01

1983

Harmonisation of Protection Policies for Power Stations and Generators and of Protection Policies for HV Networks.
The power generating units and the transmission network operate as an interactive system. Faults and switching actions in the network cause electrical system transients which stimulate torsional oscillations along the turbine generator shaft. In the past, the generator three-phase terminal short-circuit was considered as the most critical mechanical stress condition for the turbine generator unit.

Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros

44 pages , file: 2.32 MB

REF. 009
SC 34 WG 34.02

1985

Final Report on Computer based Protection and Digital Techniques in Substations.

Digital computer technology has been applied in electric power substations for many years. Data acquisition, alarms, status monitoring and supervisory control systems have all been converted to digital computer systems to some extent, and in many cases these systems are entirely digital in nature. Protection of power apparatus and systems is a function that has been considered for conversion to digital computer technology during recent years.

Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros

54 pages , file: 4.22 MB

REF. 010
SC 34 WG 34.03

1986

Use of Equipment built-in Automatic Testing: Self-Checking and Monitoring with a View to improving Reliability.
The increasing sizes of power networks with increasing transfer of energy and fault current levels have stressed the importance of reliable fault clearing. Great care is taken in circuit design, selection of components, careful production and quality control to assure reliable fault clearing. Nevertheless components in the fault clearing chain will degrade by time or fail suddenly and cause either failure to operate or incorrect operation.

Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros

45 pages , file: 2.28 MB

REF. 011
SC 34 WG 34.04

1986

Evaluation of Characteristics and Performance of Power System Protection Relays and Protective Systems.
This report is intended to provide guidance on the tests required to establish the characteristics and performance of power system protection relays and protective systems, leaving the issuing of a standard to IEC. These functional tests are performed as a part of a type test program. The diversity of types of protection relays and protective systems prevents the definition of a universal type test programme.

Member Price: 60 Euros Non member Price: 120 Euros

101 pages , file: 2.23 MB

REF. 012
SC 34/35 JWG 34/35

1969

Teleprotection.
Protective gear in modern power systems often uses information from various distant points on the power system and the transmission of such information involves the use of telecommunication techniques. The document is aimed at reviewing the principal methods of teleprotection having regard to the properties of the various telecommunication systems.

Member Price: 75 Euros Non member Price: 150 Euros

317 pages , file: 17.3 MB

REF. 013
SC 34 JWG 34/35.05

1987

Protection Systems Using Telecommunication.

Telecommunication connected to or included in protection systems seems to be more common when transmission power systems are extended and developed. The increasing integration of telecommunication in the protections systems necessitates a good overall view of protection and telecommunication problems and of course power system problems as well. This report promotes mutual appreciation of the problems experienced by engineers.

Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros

132 pages , file: 6.69 MB

REF. 038
SC 34 WG 34.01

1989

Digital protection techniques and substation functions.

The report summarises the findings and recommendations of WG34.01, dealing with various aspects of digital computer techniques for protection of electric power systems and the impact of an integrated hierarchical structure on all protection and control tasks. An important part of the report is defining the structure for collection and description of significant test cases for protection and control.

Member Price: 60 Euros Non member Price: 120 Euros

176 pages , file: 8.15 MB

REF. 049
SC 34 WG 34.02

1995

Adaptive protections and control.

The concept of adaptive protection evolved during the 1980's. By then, digital computer based relaying was well accepted. Most relaying functions have been shown to be amenable to digital computer implementation and the satisfactory field experience with these devices has allayed the fears of protection engineers about the survivability of computer relays in the harsh environment of electric utility substations.

Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros

124 pages , file: 3.97 MB

REF. 064
SC 34 WG 34.04

1992

Application guide on protection of complex transmission network configurations.

This guide is primarily aimed at the application engineer who has a basic protection knowledge but needs expert assistance to plan and operate the protection of more complex transmission systems. This publication may however, also be of interest to experienced engineers as it contains recent information collected through analysis of the responses to a world-wide survey questionnaire issued in 1989.

Member Price: 60 Euros Non member Price: 120 Euros

153 pages , file: 6.26 MB

REF. 067
SC 35 WG 35.01

1992

Renewal of existing telecontrol systems.

The utilisation of digital computers in electric power control systems is now widespread around the world. On the basis of the acquired experience the operating life of a telecontrol system ranges from 10 to 15 years. Several factors intervene over the years to render the telecontrol system obsolescent. The hardware is certainly one of the main reasons.

Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros

31 pages , file: 1.7 MB

REF. 084
SC 34 WG 34.05

1994

Application of wideband communication circuits to protection. Prospects and benefits.

The document starts with a general introduction dealing with the trend towards digital communication and the need for wideband communication, giving a brief comparison of the different transmission media and an overview of the different types of protection systems. It also gives a short survey of the present practices and future trends and presents some opportunities for new applications.

Member Price: 60 Euros Non member Price: 120 Euros

92 pages , file: 4.97 MB

REF. 087
SC 34 WG 34.06

1994

Maintenance and management of protection systems.

The growing size and complexity of power systems generate increasing needs for maintenance and management efforts to optimise investment and renewal costs. On the other hand the rapid development of information technology can provide a new approach to reduce life cycle costs. SC34 has considered these aspects from the point of view of protection and control systems.

Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros

61 pages , file: 3.31 MB

REF. 088
SC 23 WG 23.05

1994

Design and maintenance practice for substation secondary systems.

The report deals with the main features of substation secondary systems. It includes in its scope relay-based and computer-based equipment. The emphasis in much of the report is on large-scale transmission substations. However, many of the systems discussed are applicable also to subtransmission and distribution level substations even though they are generally less complex.

Member Price: 60 Euros Non member Price: 120 Euros

101 pages , file: 4.71 MB

REF. 128
SC 34 WG 34.08

1998

Protection against voltage collapse

This report marks a milestone in the actual comprehension of the complex phenomenon called "voltage collapse" in power transmission systems. It offers an in-depth survey of our present knowledge about this typical system disturbance, restricting the analysis to the so-called "long-term" variant, the one for which it seems most feasible to develop some sort of system protection to cope with.

Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros

80 pages , file: 4.55 MB

REF. 140
SC 34 WG 34.01

1999

Reliable fault clearance and back-up protection.

The scope of the work covers back-up protection policies, including breaker failure protection, for lines, transformers and busbars of a primary transmission network. it defines input data and describes a theoretical and reasonable approach to evaluate the necessity and performance of a general back-up protection system assuming the input data is known. A description of the moste wide-spread and near-future back-up protection systems and the principal advantages and disadvantages of each solution. Application of the previous theoretical approach to the different solutions described.

Member Price: 90 Euros Non member Price: 180 Euros

402 pages , file: 22.2 MB

REF. 159
SC 34 WG 34.10

2000

Analysis and guidelines for testing numerical protection schemes.

The question of how to test numerical relays has become an important topic over the last few years. The protection functions of the relay and the transient currents and voltages are still the same, but it is the present state of technology that offers new possibilities and makes the number of functions in the relay more complex. It is generally agreed that testing numerical protection should be different from older techniques.

Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros

120 pages , file: 0.649 MB

REF. 180
SC 34 WG 34.03

2001

Communication requirements in terms of data flow within substations

Electric utilities all over the world have been undergoing radical changes in their market and regulatory structure. A basic trend in this restructuring process has been the replacement of traditional expansion planning and operation procedures, based on centralised optimisation, by market oriented approaches. A study of communication requirements in terms of data flow within substations covering communication of all functions usually performed i.e. all tasks of protection, control, monitoring, measuring, disturbance recording etc. The complete definition of all communication requirements has to provide the rating guide for existing/coming communication networks/busses and the basis for the definition of standards.

Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros

112 pages , file: 0.679 MB

REF. 187
SC 38 TF 38.02.19

2001

System protection schemes in power networks

The institutional changes taking place in the Electricity Supply Industry all over the world are drastically changing the approach to quality of supply. Where it previous represented a National target it is currently developing towards a purely commercial issue between a supplier and its customers.The aim of the CIGRE WG is to examine quality of supply from the customers point of view instead of from a system approach as has been done in the past.

Member Price: 60 Euros Non member Price: 120 Euros

190 pages , file: 2.43 MB

REF. 192
SC 34/35 JWG 34/35.11

2001

Protection using telecommunications

Deregulation in both the telecommunication and electric power industry, together with new telecommunication network technologies and advances in numerical protection, has resulted in the need to reconsider traditional methods of delivering teleprotection schemes and their associated bearer services. Fibre-optic technology is commonly deployed in new telecommunication networks for inter-station communication and utility-owned and public telecommunication networks from third parties are available for protection purposes.

Member Price: 60 Euros Non member Price: 120 Euros

175 pages , file: 2.24 MB

REF. 200
SC 34 WG 34.08

2002

Isolation and restoration policies against power system collapse

This report discusses characteristics of severe system disturbances and describes measures applied by utilities against wide-spread blackouts, including currently applied special protection schemes against power system collapse. Normal protective relays used for fault clearance are not considered. Emphasis is placed on: circumstances which could lead to severe disturbances; utilities policies for preventing system collapse; SPS in operation; performance of SPS against disturbances; interaction of SPS and the power system.

Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros

80 pages , file: 0.74 MB

REF. 212
SC 34 WG 34.09

2002

Report on survey to establish protection performance during major disturbances

The objectives of the questionnaire were to review significant disturbances since 1986 (i.e. where load loss exceeded 1 system-minte or generation loss exceeded 10% peak demand) ; identify and categorise the cause and nature of the disturbances ; to collect user experience relating to behaviour of protection and control systems during such disturbances.

Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros

60 pages , file: 0.794 MB

REF. 232
SC B5 WG B5.09

2003

Optimisation of protection performance during system disturbance

Attempts to identify the potential vulnerabilities of protection schemes in the event of major disturbances and recommend strategies to optimise protection performance. Given the rapid pace of technology development reference is also made to possible future improvements in such defence schemes.

Member Price: 60 Euros Non member Price: 120 Euros

180 pages , file: 4.64 MB

REF. 236
SC B5 WG B5.01

2003

Conformance testing guideline for communication in substations

Modern substation automation systems rely on IEDs and serial communication.The objective of the work is to provide guidelines for testing communication in substations up to interoperability, with a view of giving a broader approach and not only answering the case of a specific standard.It covers the test system, the test configuration,the test scenrios for the evaluation of performances,and the evaluation/acceptation criteria.

Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros

30 pages , file: 0.527 MB

REF. 246
SC B5 WG B5.07

2004

The automation of new and existing substations: why and how

.Discusses the impact of modern secondary equipment in substations to utilities. Overall and not individual functions are discussed. It applies to new substations as well as for refurbishment of secondary equipment in existing substations. The purpose is to assist engineers who have not yet had experience with modern secondary equipment. It provides useful information gained by utilities, manufacturers and system integrators

Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros

120 pages , file: 1.32 MB

REF. 270
SC B5 WG B5.O1

2005

Auto-reclosing and local system restoration

The Technical Brochure describes the current state of the art of autoreclosing, examines how it may be further improved, using new technologies and the automatic system restoration. The Brochure contains also the results out of a survey, which collected established local practices, problems and possible improvements from different utilities and manufacturers throughout the world.

Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros

132 pages , file: 1.29 MB

REF. 295
WG B5.17

2006

Relay software models for use with electromagnetic transient analysis programs
Relay models have been used for performing a variety of protection studies. It started with the practices of building prototypes, a practice which remained in use when solid state technology was introduced in manufacturing protection relays and continued even after the introduction of digital electronics technology. Gradually it was replaced by using computer programs that modelled the performance of relays, which purpose was to study the impact of the operation of relays on system performance. Models of relays are now being used in designing relays, analysing system performance and studying the impact of relay operation on system security.

Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros

112 pages , file: 1.55 MB

REF. 307
SC B5 WG B5.09

2006

Remote on-line management for protection and automation

The report handles the application of Information Technology (IT) for the remote, on-line management of Substation protection and automation systems. Examples of core Information Technology that might be applied are presented to highlight the operational advantages of such enabling technologies. It is the belief of SC B5 that remote, on-line management will play a fundamental role in helping utilities to integrate capabilities within a scaleable enterprise.

Member Price: 30 Euros Non member Price: 60 Euros

35 pages , file: 0.64 MB

REF. 318
SC B5 WG B5.22

2007

Wi-Fi

Protected Access for protection and automation

SC B5 commissioned this study to survey applications using Wi-Fi in protection and automation schemes, and the mitigation of security vulnerabilities offered by IEEE 802.11i on system reliability and performance. This paper summarizes the findings of the survey, as well as the results of analysis that suggests specific design requirements and security levels needed for Wi-Fi protected access. The security levels are prioritized in terms of their mitigation of risk related to critical mission protection and automation functions. Specific mechanisms needed to adequately implement Wi-Fi are identified and are related to existing or emerging standards.

Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros

58 pages , file: 1.055 MB

REF. 326
SC B5 WG B5.11

2007

The introduction of IEC 61850 and its impact on protection and automation within substations
IEC 61850 is more than a communication standard and its introduction will have a high impact on substations automation systems and their users. Both the procurement process in the utilities has to be adapted to this kind of systems and the specification has to focus on functions performance and availability. The key role of the system integrator has to be defined from the beginning and is needed with some modifications of his task over the complete life cycle of the system.

Member Price: 75 Euros Non member Price: 150 Euros

111 pages , file: 1.676 MB

REF. 329
SC B5 WG B5.18

2007

Guidelines for specification and evaluation of substation automation systems

The aim of the brochure is to provide guidelines for the preparation of substation automation specifications. It gives also supporting information and methods for the evaluation of the different offers submitted by the bidders.

Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros

90 pages , file: 1.51 MB

REF. 355
SC B5 WG B5.03

2008

Fault and Disturbance Data Analysis including intelligent Systems

The Technical Brochure presents an overview on the requirements for monitoring the system protections and the dynamic performance of electric power system, combining the possibilities and characteristics offered by local instrumentation with the adequacy of system dynamic simulation studies.

Member Price: 25 Euros Non member Price: 50 Euros

53 pages , file: 8 MB

REF. 359
SC B5 WG B5.15

2008

Modern Distance Protection Functions and Applications

The document aims at providing up to date information and essential material that will directly benefit protection engineers and other professionals interested in modern distance protection devices and their application. It focuses on improvements over previous technologies, discusses the principles of adaptive functions and covers the functional integration aspect in modern distance protection devices.

Member Price: 75 Euros Non member Price: 150 Euros

251 pages , file: 4.9 MB

REF. 401
SC B5 WG B5.32

2009

Functional Testing of IEC 61850 Based Systems

Introduction of IEC 61850 standard requires new waysto test their performance. The TB describes a structured method to specify functional tests on systems based on this standard. An object oriented approach is proposed. Conformance and interoperability tests are not treated, being already standardized.

Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros

152 pages , file: 1.03 MB

REF. 402
SC B5 WG B5.94

2009

High Impedance Faults

High Impedance Faults (HIFs) have been a challenge for pro-tection engineers for a long time. The TB presents the current experiences, worldwide, and the methods used or pro-posed for detecting HIFs. It assesses their state of progressand their degree of implementation, in order to guide the users in the optimization of the protection schemes.

Member Price: 25 Euros Non member Price: 50 Euros

40 pages , file: 0.647 MB

REF. 404
SC B5 WG B5.13

2010 In HV Substations

Acceptable Functional Integration

The TB discusses functional integration in substation protection and control systems, its advantages, disadvantages and impact on reliability, engineering, maintenance and testing. A paradigm shift requires development of new skills and organisational changes. One of the primary tasks was to prepare, perform, analyse and report an industry survey (utilities and manufacturers) on the acceptable level of Functional Integration.

Member Price: 45 Euros Non member Price: 90 Euros

98 pages , file: 1.13 MB

REF. 411
SC B5 WG B5.10

2010

Protection, Control and Monitoring of Series Compensated Networks

The TB reports the work done over years 2002 - 2009. It focuses on the secondary equipment for compensated networks, as well as on the relevant issues related to series capacitors and associated equipment installed on series capacitor banks. The case studies and the survey results included in the report inform the reader about the current practices of different utilities worldwide.

Member Price: 70 Euros Non member Price: 140 Euros

150 pages , file: 2.09 MB

REF. 421
SC B5 B5.34

2010

The Impact of Renewable Energy Sources and Distributed Generation on Substation Protection and Automation
The TB reviews anti-islanding methods, together with the methodology for the protection performance assessment. It also presents a comparative analysis of the different practices for the protection schemes and settings. Finally, challenges and opportunities of the new protection and generation technologies that permit an effective integration of large scale DG are identified.

Member Price: 115 Euros Non member Price: 230 Euros

224 pages , file: 6.97 MB

REF. 424
SC B5 B5.20

2010

New Trends for Automated Fault and Disturbance Analysis

The TB starts with a justification of why automation of fault and disturbance analysis may be needed. Then it focuses on three important questions: the present status, the future needs, and the requirements for future solutions. The final section deals with the implementation issues. Conclusions and recommendations indicate the automated analysis is feasible and desirable.

Member Price: 55 Euros Non member Price: 110 Euros

125 pages , file: 4.78 MB

REF. 427
SC B5 B5.38

2010

The Impact of Implementing Cyber Security Requirements using IEC 61850

To better understand the impact of cyber security on IEC 61850 systems, B5.38 surveyed existing (and workinprogress) standards, reports and technical papers to assess the quality of the solution offered. The assessment describes the strengths and weaknesses of each solution from a protection engineers point-of-view. A gap analysis shows where further research is needed.

Member Price: 81 Euros Non member Price: 162 Euros

91 pages , file: 2.81 MB