8,2 a

Workehop Manuat
&ct .+-i

trl

,fl
i

'::;:^:rblyk

with

ctamprr. u-o,L?

:,, :::::::::

:t;.*l*****+i*fi Aa.ts C-clampThis.

r

irr*,Ir."."a i,rJl,il:t jaw is shaped like":v-gl".t Engii;;,ffiil;::3 surrr pri nc ip e o r pnnciple of th xT this ., s clamp ir ,r,..rr" r,i,.r. r;:::,ffi I Jff;i;;;;iirlJ *""";'Jrt'l'"-tlj:^rf.jl*.ded screw athe end. The wnrr ",nr'
i i

when grippine i, ."o..11':..11" movable ia.,, io -^.....uired. 1nig. movabre jaw is round

hord work

-t*t+t:,lllil+,;',ffi *t:*r.t *iiilii';ffiLil:fil"TiTi[1t+:;Til

i'rv'

8.ji

;;;,H:'|j,"'l11t"gi1:

o. u.,y o,r,.r

V-6toctr
fr I:

l,
f: j,
i ir

Fig.

g.2 V-block
and

ii
rJ
1

with clamp

Measr.** Tools --'E' r.E ruuts *: :,iVrarking 8.2.2.r surface prate tr," n,tn".J;;;{;;::rT,"'JJ.ff',',:f jff."l_, ,' machined to nne rimits and is used the markins tabre. , Thei.-#:':'r:*1,:'-'-ffi0 ltrlm$ing out,ruii*-1"';";::::-t:o ror tes

Fis.

8.3 c-cramp

,,;.8';";;ffi ;il:ffi r;*,,1_fi,.,j::,l;""Jy#;1",:..r":,;x

.

Fitting

8.3
a

L,]

bench work in a fitting shop or for using in an inspection room. The surface plate is made of cast iron, hardened steel or granite'itone. It is specified by length ' width ' height ' grade. Handles are ided on two opposite sides, to carry it while shifting from one place to another.

Angle plate The angle plate is made of cast iron. It has two surfaces, machined at right to each other (Fig. 8.5). Plates and components, which are to be marked out, may be held inst the upright face of the angle plate, to facilitate the marking. Slots are provided on the angle plate to clamp the work inposition.

Fig.8.4

Surface plate

Fig.

8.5

Angle plate

.3 (Jniyersal scribing block This is used for scribing lines for tayout work and checking lel surfaces (Fig. 8.6). Referring the figure, it may be noted that its spindle cin be quickly to any angle, by an adjusting suew. In some designs, the base of the block will have q shaped groove, to enable the block to rest on round bars if required, to set-off the dimensions the ba-r to the surface of the components... It is a measuring and marking tool for 900 angle. In practice;.it is used for ing the squareness of many typos of small works, when extreme accuracy is not required 8.7). The blade of the try-square is made of hardened steel and the beam, of cast iron or Fig. rfieel. The size of the try-square is specified by the length of the blade.

Fig.8.6

Universal scribing block

Fig.8.7

Try-square

8.4

WorkshoP Manual

,Y

,/

8,2,2.5 Combination se'

It is a

used for cornUination of measuring tools

Fw

Steet

Protmctor
heod

*."trrlng

linear dimensions' angular Ii*.t-i"rt and for checking flatness of *uifu..r" It consists of a rule' square tt.rA;.tnn. head, protractor and spirit r.*i gig. 8.8). This may be used as * gsilEfor heod rule, a square' a depth gauge' *tttlrg mittes (450), for locating. the ..nit. Jn the end of a round bar and for *.ututing and marking angl.eg' The rule grooves' is made oltempered steel with it. combination set is specified by the length of its rule.

re

tuiljllavel

Flg.

8.8

Combination set

/,s,2.2.6s*iberAscriberis,asrl-{-e111]^**iiil}#!.i:iffi:i,l:?il}'H#'T,"i: genet rhe tip orthe s*iber is ish f ir:?,','rHil'J'rnr.u*ed and temp*'Jt "rronstee^I. liif ;fi; t' ground at t 20 to s'. It ;,';'*;;;rilffi ff not reach' ' can lffi
1

r:1p1':ffi:iiil::Tffi11?J

straight end ff;il;e**: :f*frT:TJ3i'ffit: ';*'*r'*e

I

t-he

'1f

Stmiqht end .-*_i',.*

-_.-.\

d)) V ,l
Fig"

8"0 Scriber

or 'Hermaphrodite" This$ used ./g.2.2.7 Odd-leg caliperThis is also r.:alled'Jenny caliper' nnished -'*q':11}T marking parauer rincs from.a

l:l,lY:"r-,li-i;i:liilffiiil[.T:'"[

s-!.lil.g-

Flg.

8.{0

SPring odd'leg caliPer

Flg. 8.11 SPring divider

Fitting . o;r,(:r*,r!^:,"0,::.-Iy^ rffll"l_i: ,h:^calipers.exceptthat its tegs are kept straight

8.5
and

ll:.:l-,:1]l"es, ,:*yrrlln steel.gig. a.1r). rt ir rro, the frreri;;;l; Its size is specified by "iffi;;;d;#?,,irrlil?,'JJ
9 P{nches These are used for makino making

#ii:i,i::::',i:,,1q:Tni:1.*:or"i;.*iie;;i;;#,,ir,,rJ,l,i,'#Lififf etc.

X:

tations on the visible clearly. These are made ofhigh

steel. A punoh is specified by its lenih diameter, say as I 50 ' t e.S nun. tt .onri-rt,
n

r.r,b;j;*q;;#:

o- Oot

punch

cylindrical knurled body, which is plain

i'some length at the top of it. At the other d, it is ground to a point. The tapered point the punch is hardened over a tingtfr LfZO 30 mm.
tt

b- Centrc

punch

Flg.

8,12 punches

illi::,:T1,1;::f :Tll,'-dfri;;lp:1,;;;;;. having 600 included angle (Fig. S f Zaj.

.

punch rhis is used to lightly indent along the layout lines, to locate centre of holes and to r", uii' p,ry"?, ii. pun.r, is ground to a conicar

punchrhis
t0

,:X7,r:^yrll-]]l):

1 dat p ers rhev are indirect measuring,""h ;; ffi;, limensions. are used with the help of a steel rule tJcheck inside ana outsiJe ..urrr.*.nts (Fig. g.l3). mird steer or hardened and tempered low carbon steel, whle ing, fl:#*:":l:f":lirg:red both the tegs orthe caliper are set rs'in;t ,IJlji is,meisured scare and the same can be i_,*:j:':::'::..:y::11r,'leqs rr,.*1.. rerred to another desired pra-ce.

is similarlo the dotpunch, except that it is ground to a conical point having 900 rtis used to mar[ the tocation of t-he holes to ue ar,rea.

;;;;; ;;;

;ffi

th;;'r#;# ffi;:#;JiHtijl',j; *ith;;-h,r;;i; ,pffi;;;;t;;;ri"fi.,,fil::

o-0utside colipers

tu/
Ftg. B.tS Spring calipers

Fitting .

8.9

Blades having lesser number of teeth per cm are used 'for cutting soft materials like aluminum, brass and bronze. Blades having larger number of teeth per centimetre are used fcr cutting hard materials like steel and cast iron.

t
I

byun-skilledorsemi-skifledpersons.

only the teeth are hardened and the rest of the blade is soft and flexible. Thesgare suitable for use

Figure 8.19 shows two types of hacksaw frames and a blade. Hacksaw blades are classified as: (i) All hard and (ii) flexible types. The all hard blades are made of H.S,S, hardened and tempered throughout to retain their cutiing edges longer. These are used to cut hard metals. These blades are hard and briule and can Urei't ea'sity bftwisting and forcing them into the work while sawing. Flexible blades are made of H.S.S or tow attoy steel but

/-ffi

dD

Flg. 8.19 Hacksaw frame with blade The teeth of the hacksaw blade are staggered, as shown in Fig. 8.20 and are known as a .set;' of ieeth'. These make slots wider than the blade thickness, p.ruritirg the blade fro*
are used for removing surplus metal or for cutting thin sheets (Fig. g.21). to l,O%rurbo1, steel of octagonal or hexagonal sectionf Chisels ce annealed, hardened and tempqred to produce a tough shank and a hard r.itirg edge. Annealing mlieves the internal stresses in the metal, The cutting angle of the chisel for j.r.Iuf purpose is
These tools are made from0.9%o

ta,s,{Cnxels Chisels

j;;;r;,

6out 60$

Mr.,
Fig. 8.20 Set of
3,3 Combination

teeth

,\V

d
Fig.

8.21

Ftat chiset

frrcutting

plier This is made of high carbon I by proper hardening and tempering and is used
as

well

as

for gripping the

*o*

fihas small cutting edges in boththe jaws, which make ffi able to cut small diameter wires. The serrations in lfrc jaws offer the facility for gripping. Due

6ig. a.ZZ;. Serrorims

to its abilities of cutting and gripping, it is named combination plier. Its handles are well insulated,

ich makes it suitable for electrical working.

F19.8.22 Combination ptier

8.14 a
./z

Workshop Manuat

8,2{

Ftnlshlng

Tools

'

8.2.4.1 Files Filing is one of the methods of removing small amounts of material from the of a metal part. A file is a hardened steel tool, having slant parallel rows of cutting edges or 'on its surfaces. On the faces, the teeth are usually diagonal to the edgel One end of the I shaped to fit into a wooden handle. Figure 8.29 shows the parts of a hand file. The hand parallel in width and tapering slightly in thickness, towards the tip. It is provided with double teeth on the faces, single cut on one edge and no teeth on the other edge, which is known as
Foce

8.l

TYPesn

of file file
FIg'

8.29

Hand file

"/ l'g.Z.l.Z

Types of/iles Files are classified according to their shape, cutting teeth and pitch or of the teeth. Figure 8.30 shows the various types of files based on their shape. Table 8.1 types of files and their description and uses.

Z
'
q
Flot file

:T
Hotf-round file

@
Sguofe flle

froundflct

Round file

z
Triongulor file

file

ornrrd

AI
Needle files

Flg. 8.30 Types of fites

fte

surface

[es or teeth [the file is hnd file is

ldouble cut

bwn

as thc

D
bh or gmde le 8.1 gives

Fitting .
a

8.17

'of

14t . I r,r

, t"*'l

\*:

,..

Fig.

8.33

File card

FIg.8.34 Ball-peenhammer

t 2.5.2 Cross-peen hammer It is similar

to ball peen hammer, except the shape of thopeen (Fig. [.35). This is used for chipping, riveting, bending and stretching metals and hammering inside the rJrves and shoulders.

W2.Srtmight- peen hammerThis is similar to cross-peen hammer, but its peen is in-line with

Nqgg!fl

Fig. 8.35 Fig. 8.36 Straight-peen hammer _Fig. 8.35 Cross-peen hammc: t.2.5.4 Screw driver A screw driver is designed to tum screws (Fig. 8.37a). The blade is made of steel and is available in different lengths and diameters. The grinding of the tip to the correct
shape is very important. A Phillips (star) screw driver is specially designed to fit the head of Phillips screws. The end ofthe blade is fluted instead of flattened (Fig. 8.37b). The size of a screw driver is specified by the length of the metal part from handle to the tip.

htd rtd

E<
u

Fig.

8.37

Screw drivers

8.20 .
j , t

Workshop Manual

i,
i,

l.
I

I,.

l
I

$*ry
o-Holding ofile
b

- Filirp hlemol curw

I.
!

I'

d-

Drow

filing Filting

rig. 8.40

@;
o-

m
Stroightness
Fig. B.a1 'Use of try_square b_ Squoreness

8.3.3 Scraping

scraper in both the hands antl then moring it to and

little amount oi metal,, to get perfect flat surface. Scraping operation is carried'out Uy froia-i,rg the Scr-oper

It is an op-eration by r.vhiclr high spots lbft on the sur'lhce of a job alier filing J. oitr., niachining operations, are removetl by using a tool known as a scraper. Scraping is ainred at renroving
only
a

Right hond

Leff hond

lro (Fig. 8.42).

Fi1.8.42

Scraping